In this thesis we look further into Oxfam and Action Against Hunger’s use of the concepts of accountability and participation, how the concepts are informing the programming of humanitarian interventions as well as their materialization in the implementation of the programs in Chad. The study is based on a literature review with secondary sources as the basis of the research material. Scholars debating the concepts provide for the point of departure and the case study is based on the project and program proposals from the organizations themselves. The thesis attempts to demonstrate Oxfam and Action Against Hunger’s degree of fulfilment of the frameworks relating to accountability and participation currently available, in regards of two ongoing interventions in Chad. The result of the research positively demonstrates that the organization uphold their commitments on paper, and to some extent invites the reader to understand the practical action used to adhere to the concepts. It further indicates a lack of insight into what level of accountability and participation which is upheld prior to the identification of activities and the methodology uses in the needs assessment.

By investigating the foundation of the Jesuit Vice-Province of West Africa (VPAO), this dissertation analyzes how a global Roman Catholic men’s religious order adjusted to political and ecclesiastical changes in the wake of African independence movements, the Second Vatican Council, and the Generalate of Pedro Arrupe. Although the founding of the VPAO attempted to harmonize the work of the Jesuits in Africa with a renewed Jesuit global ethos, it stumbled over the meaning and application of Africanization, a stated priority for the Roman Catholic Church since the time of Pope Benedict XV. This dissertation argues that prior to the creation of the Vice-Province, in 1973, Jesuits emphasized different aspects of Africanization in their two largest missions of Chad and Cameroon. French Jesuit Frédéric de Bélinay founded the Chad Mission. In the missionary context of establishing the Catholic Church in Chad, his successors Joseph du Bouchet, Paul Dalmais, Henri Véniat, and Charles Vandame adopted a “bottom-up” Africanization or vernacularization that included building churches, educating the masses, biblical and catechetical translations, and the production of grammars and religious art. The Jesuits de-Latinized the liturgy, Christianized the yondo (Chad’s initiation rite), and raised up lay personnel able to carry out the work of evangelization. They failed, however, to build a local clergy and Chadian leadership for the church. In Cameroon, with its particular context of mission devolution and nation building, the Jesuits emphasized the “top-down” Africanization of leadership. They developed the field of African Studies, and trained a Cameroonian diocesan clergy and an elite generation of public servants. However, western Jesuit missionaries generally remained unwilling to cede leadership positions to their African colleagues. The failure of European missionaries either to build a local clergy in Chad or to promote a Cameroonian leadership demonstrated an incomplete Africanization that carried over into the creation of the VPAO. The first Cameroonian Jesuits Eboussi Boulaga, Engelbert Mveng, Meinrad Hebga and Nicolas Ossama expressed great disappointment at the creation of the VPAO. They believed that the leadership and territorial map of the VPAO were symbolic of a neocolonial organization, and a setback to Africanization. Thus, the Cameroonian reception of the VPAO represented a local resistance to Jesuit globalism as defined by western ecclesial authorities. / 2022-06-30T00:00:00Z

This study is a multimodal discourse analysis of how involuntary celibates, commonly known as incels, use memes in their discourse to create a group identity. The study focuses on memes used on the internet forum Incels.is. Through an examination of 100 threads on the forum the study has picked out the 7 most frequently used memes for analysis. The study concludes that the memes allude to themes of humor, anger, hate, fixation with appearance, hopelessness and dejection. These themes appeal to feelings that help create a sense of community and in-group-think, which excludes the “other” and creates an echo-chamber where the group's ideas and opinions aren’t challenged and therefore become more extreme.

if (){then ();} else {();} uses eight microphones to record sounds from the room for the entire duration of the exhibition. All sounds are archived and then called upon in seemingly random intervals and played from twenty-four speakers set up in the room. The recordings are then layered allowing the past and present to exist simultaneously, creating an interaction with the passage of time. Using analogue methods, mathematics, electronics, and coding languages I am interested in creating interactive sound environments inviting participants to help create the work. Playing with aural phenomena, I focus on basic methods of producing and processing sound to stimulate human interaction and play.

Background: Diarrhea is the passage of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day. Globally, it is the second-leading cause of death among under-five children, accounting for 9% of all under-five deaths, and kills more young children than Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), malaria and measles combined. In developing countries, an estimated 1.8 million people die annually due to diarrheal diseases, and more than 80% of them are children under 5 years, while 88% of these deaths are in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There are limited studies that investigate the prevalence and factors associated with diarrhea in SSA despite the health burden. Method: The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) children’s recode dataset of 2015 for Chad was used for this study. The predictor variables were; age of child, source of drinking water, maternal highest level of education, drank from bottle with nipple, and the outcome variable was diarrhea recently. Descriptive statistics for all variables were completed, and Chi-square analyses were conducted to determine associations between predictor variables and the outcome, diarrhea recently. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were completed to determine factors that predict diarrhea in the last two weeks. Odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values were reported. Results: The total sample size was (N=16,710). About 3292 (19.70%) children had diarrhea, 13418 (80.30%) children had no diarrhea. A high prevalence of diarrhea in under-five children was observe particularly in those who drink water from unprotected well (1070 cases), had mothers with only primary level of education (796 cases), and did not drink from bottles with nipple (2961 cases). Based on the age of child, the odds of having diarrhea were over 60% lower in children 3 years old and below [aOR = 0.39, C.I (0.279-0.538), p <.0001] compared to 4 years old and above. Based on the source of drinking water, children that drank from a protected spring were 74% less likely to have diarrhea [0.26, 0.084-0.827, p=0.0223] compared to those that drank from other sources. The study also showed that children that drank from bottles with nipple were 16% less likely of having diarrhea [0.84, 0.726-0.968, p=0.0166] compared to those that did not drink from bottles with nipple. However, maternal highest level of education had no significant association with the odds of having diarrhea in these children. Conclusion: Caregivers should ensure absolute hygiene and provide safe drinking water to under-five children, especially those above 3 years who may easily access contaminated water sources themselves. We also encourage the use of bottles with nipple heads for drinking in children. Further studies are needed in SSA on other factors influencing diarrhea risk in those under five.

In April 2021, the military in Chad seized power upon the death of its President Idriss Deby whiles in the field fighting the rebel group Fighters of the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT). By the end of 2021, soldiers had toppled elected governments in Mali, Guinea Conakry, and Sudan. The African Union and its relevant sub-regional organizations reacted by suspending all the countries above from participating in its activities as provided for in its constitutive act with a curious exception of Chad. Using a qualitative content approach of the African Union Peace and Security Council communiques and press releases, this research investigates the factors that influenced this inconsistent response of the AU. The central argument that is defended in this research is that the African Union put security considerations ahead of good governance by considering the unique security challenges in the Sahel region and Lake Chad Basin and the importance a stable Chad plays in the sub-regional fight against violent extremism. This is reinforced by the influence of France’s support to the military in Chad, the silent of the sub-regional economic community of Central Africa on the ongoing situation in Chad and a divided Peace and Security Council of the African Union. This thesis employs constructivism and rational choice theory as a theoretical framework.

Les perturbations sont des événements séparés dans le temps qui modifient une population, un écosystème ou un paysage, en changent la structure, le milieu physique et le fonctionnement. Ces événements font partie intégrante de la dynamique des écosystèmes, mais les hommes en ont changé le régime par l’agriculture, les travaux de génie civil, etc. Elles sont devenues une menace pour la biodiversité. C’est ainsi qu’une étude a été menée pour évaluer l’influence du projet de pipeline Tchad-Cameroun sur les assemblages de termites, cinq ans après son achèvement.<p>Les recherches ont été menées dans les écosystèmes de savane et de forêts camerounaises via deux méthodes d’échantillonnage. La méthode des transects belts d’Eggleton et Jones (2000) a permis de collecter 99 espèces de termites (36 transects dans 4 écosystèmes) ;en complément à celle-ci, la méthode quantitative des carottages de Wood et Sands (1978) a permis de récolter 70 espèces de termites (480 carottes). La différence de richesse spécifique résulte du sous échantillonnage par la méthode des carottages parce que certains habitats susceptibles d’abriter des termites ne sont pas explorés.<p>Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’infrastructure a perturbé sensiblement les paramètres texturaux, la densité apparente, les propriétés hydriques et la matière organique du sol. Il a diminué la richesse spécifique globale des termites, et essentiellement celle des humivores. Il a augmenté la densité des termites du groupe II et diminué celle des termites du groupe IV mais la densité globale des termites n’a pas été modifiée. En fait, les milieux témoins que nous avons échantillonnés étaient déjà moyennement dégradés avant la pose de l’oléoduc.<p>L’étude de l’évolution de la litière de Milicia excelsa en litter bags a permis de montrer que ni le l’infrastructure ni la variabilité des écosystèmes n’exercent un effet sur la vitesse de décomposition de cette litière ;en revanche, la dimension de la maille, autorisant ou non le passage des termites, a montré que ceux-ci interviennent pour environ 20 % dans la perte de masse de la litière.<p>L’apport expérimental d’infusions à base de Chromolaena odorata et d’Alchornea cordifolia a sensiblement abaissé le rapport C/N du sol mais n’a eu qu’un effet très limité sur les assemblages de termites.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce mémoire présente l'étude du signal phytolithique de sédiments mio-pliocènes du Tchad(Afrique Centrale) datés entre 7-2 Ma, et contemporains des Homininés anciens Sahelanthropustchadensis et Australopithecus bahrelghazali. Une calibration de la relation plantes-phytolithes-solspour l'Afrique tropicale subsaharienne actuelle a d'abord été réalisée pour apprécier la signatureenvironnementale des phytolithes dans le registre fossile. L'analyse des assemblages phytolithiques de98 espèces de graminées (Poaceae) a permis d'élaborer trois nouveaux indices phytolithiques à partirde 43 types propres aux Poaceae. Testés sur une base de 57 sols/sédiments modernes du Tchad, cesindices permettent de tracer les associations graminéennes aquatiques du Lac Tchad, les associationsmésophytiques des milieux humides soudaniens, et les associations xérophytiques des milieux secssahéliens. L'analyse des assemblages phytolithiques des sols/sédiments actuels considérés dans leurensemble a permis d'évaluer le potentiel de ce proxy à caractériser la physionomie des formationssoudano-sahéliennes modernes. La calibration a été appliquée à l'étude d'un enregistrementsédimentaire discontinu du Lac Tchad (6-2 Ma) (forage de Bol, 13°N/14°E) et à celle de 18 niveauxpaléontologiques du Djourab (7-3.5 Ma) (16°N/17°E). Les résultats indiquent la présence de savanesintermédiaires à fermées et de zones de végétation aquatique dominantes à 7 Ma dans le Djourab, puisde savanes plus ouvertes et sèches à 3.5 Ma. Une phase de bas niveau lacustre est enregistrée entre3.6-2.8 Ma à Bol, et un pic d'aridité à 3.2 Ma. Enfin, les résultats montrent l'existence de graminéesen C4 au Tchad depuis 7 Ma. / This thesis dissertation is dedicated to the study of the phytolith signal of Mio-Pliocenesediments from Chad (Central Africa) dated between 7-2 Ma, and contemporary to the early Homininspecies Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Australopithecus bahrelghazali. A calibration work studyingthe relationship plants-phytoliths-soils in modern sub-Saharan tropical Africa was carried out in orderto assess the environmental significance of the phytolith signal in the fossil record. Phytolithassemblages produced by 98 sub-Saharan grass species (Poaceae) were analyzed and the results led tothe development of three new phytolith indices defined from 43 types specific to Poaceae. Tested on adatabase of 57 modern soil/sediment samples from Chad, these indices allow drawing aquatic grassassociations of Lake Chad, mesophytic grass associations of wetlands from the Sudanian domain, andxerophytic grass associations of drylands from the Sahelian domain. The analysis of modern soilphytolith assemblages (total assemblages) was used to assess the potential of this proxy to characterizethe physiognomy of the Sudano-Sahelian vegetation types. The calibration had been applied to thestudy of a discontinuous sedimentary record from Lake Chad (6-2 Ma) (Bol core, 13°N/14°E) and of18 paleontological levels from the Djourab (7-3.5 Ma) (16°N/17°E). The results indicate thedominance of intermediate to closed savannas and areas of aquatic vegetation at 7 Ma in the Djourab,and more open and dry savannas at 3.5 Ma. A limited lacustrine stage is recorded between 3.6-2.8 Maat Bol, and a shift of aridity at 3.2 Ma. Finally, the results show the existence of C4 grasses in Chadsince 7 Ma.

Depuis le XVe siècle l'Italie a été une terre d'élection de collectionneurs, des particuliers dont certains ont très tôt placé leurs collections à la disposition du public. Les curieux collectionnent les objets dans pour la plupart des cas pour des raisons de pouvoir, de politique ou encore d'option religieuse, mais pas dans un souci de conservation. Cependant le développement de réseaux de sociabilité et de commerce au XVIe siècle a fait des cabinets de curiosité une réalité européenne. A la mort des collectionneurs, certaines collections sont vendues et d'autre transformées en musée dès le XVIIe siècle, d'autres sont aussi, au XVIIIe et au XIXe siècle, à l'origine des collections conservées actuellement dans les lycées et universités. L'histoire des collections européennes, y compris au regard de l'évolution la plus récente des musées, permet de réfléchir à ce que peuvent et doivent être aujourd'hui des collections, et pour ce qui concerne leur conservation et les conditions de leur étude, et pour ce qui est de leur ouverture au public. Or suite aux découvertes paléontologiques majeures en Afrique, et dans le but de gérer et de valoriser les collections générées, de nombreux musées nationaux s'installent dans les capitales et changent de représentation muséographique pour devenir de véritables muséums orientés vers des développements de recherches scientifiques. C'est également à travers ces découvertes que le monde entier et les africains eux-mêmes ont pris conscience de la diversité et de l'immense richesse naturelle et patrimoniale de ce continent. Les collections paléontologiques du Tchad présentent un intérêt scientifique très important, qui résulte de leur impact sur les connaissances de l' « Origine et l'Histoire de la Famille Humaine ». Sur plus de 20 000 spécimens fossiles mis au jour par la MPFT, 18343 sont inventoriés et numérisés, dont 316 types et figurés. Une base de données de ces spécimens types a été construite avec ces types et figurés sous Access est mise en ligne sur le site du CNAR et des catalogues ont été également établis et imprimés au cours de ce travail. Ces collections constituent aujourd'hui une des plus riches collections paléontologiques d'Afrique Centrale, en particulier pour la période du Mio-Pliocène (de -7,3 à 3 Ma), génèrent aussi un enjeu socio-culturel indéniable. Une réflexion est menée et des pistes sont proposées pour assurer non seulement une vraie politique de conservation mais aussi de valorisation, notamment auprès du grand public. Notre thèse entend contribuer à la réflexion sur l'avenir des collections africaines, notamment tchadiennes. / For the XVth century Italy was a playground of favourite of collectors, private individuals among whom some very early placed their collections at the disposal of the public. The curious collect objects for the most part of the cases for reasons for being able to, of politics or still religious option, but not with the aim of preserving them. However the development of networks of sociability and business in the XVIth century made cabinets of curiosity an European reality. When the collectors die, certain collections are sold and of other one transformed into museum from the XVIIth century, others are also, in the XVIIIth and in the XIXth century, at the origin of collections kept at present in high schools and universities. The history of the European collections, including with regard to the most recent evolution of museums, allows to think about what can and have to be collections today, and as regards their preservation and the conditions of their study, and as for their opening to the public. Yet further to major discoveries in paleontology in Africa, and with the aim of managing and valuing these collections, numerou national museums settle in capitals and museum representation change to become real museums oriented developments of scientific research. It is also through the paleontological discoveries in Africa that the whole world and the Africans became aware themselves of the diversity and the immense natural and patrimonial wealth of this continent. The paleontological collections of the Chad present a very important scientific interest, which results from their impact on the knowledge of the " Origin and the History of the Human Family ". On more than 20 000 fossil specimens brought to light by the MPFT, 18343 are inventoried and digitized, including 316 types and figured, a database was built with these guys and figured in Access is posted on the CNAR Site and catalogs on these type specimens were also developed and printed in this work. These collections constitute one of the richest paleontological collections of Central Africa today, in particular for the period of Mio-Pliocène (from 7,3 to 3 My). Also generates an undeniable socio- cultural issue. A study is conducted and trails are proposed to ensure not only a true conservation policy but also of valuation, including the general public. Our thesis intends to contribute on second thought on the future of the African, in particular Chadian collections.

<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left">As a case study, the paper analyzes the Bank&rsquo / s role in the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Oil Pipeline project (the project) in which the Bank has been involved since the year 2000. The paper presents the lessons, challenges and implications from this protection of human rights.</p> </font></font></p>