Studien är utförd i form av ett examensarbete vid JTH (Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola) i samarbete med komponentgruppen på Husqvarna AB. Syftet med arbetet var att genom en produktutvecklingsprocess hitta en annan metod för att fästa centrifugalkopplingen på motorsågen 560 XP. På Husqvarnas motorsågar drivs sågkedjan och oljepumpen med hjälp av en centrifugalkoppling som i dagsläget fästs med ett skruvförband på vevaxeln. För att dagens koppling inte skall lossa under drift rekommenderas ett åtdragningsmoment på 20–25 Nm. Till nästkommande produktgeneration har detta höjts till 30–40 Nm vilket försämrar produktens servicebarhet samt att risken för att ha sönder kopplingen under demontering ökar. Därav uppkom behovet av ett nytt sätt att fästa kopplingen på. Lösningen borde klara de ökade lasterna samt förbättra servicebarhet genom underlättad montering och demontering. Genom en förstudie bestående av genomgång av befintlig produkt och intervjuer med insatt personal på Husqvarna samlades information in om problemet. Det användes för att sammanställa en konstruktionskriterielista med de krav som borde och önskades uppfyllas. De viktigaste kraven visade sig vara att kunna överföra vridmoment, förhindra att förbandet lossar under drift, minimera ett eventuellt åtdragningsmoment samt att erbjuda montering och demontering med verktyg som medföljer motorsågen vid inköp. Vidare utfördes en konceptstudie för att hitta en potentiell lösning till problemet. Genom en brainstormingprocess producerades drygt 20 koncept och idéer som sedan sållades och utvärderades med metoderna genomförbarhetsbedömning, Go/No-Go och Pughs matris. Koncepten bedömdes utefter kraven i konstruktionskriterielistan där ett koncept valdes att vidareutvecklas. Det valda konceptet var ett splinesförband som förhindrade axiell rörelse med hjälp av ett E-clip och fjäderbricka. Styrkorna hos detta koncept låg speciellt i att åtdragningsmomentet kunde elimineras, vilket underlättade montering och demontering. E-clipet hanterades enkelt med motorsågens medföljande verktyg. Beräkningar och grov konstruktion av konceptet utfördes därefter. Det visade sig vara svårt att dimensionera splinesförbandet inom de designbegränsningar studien ställt upp för att minimera påverkan av övriga komponenter i systemet. Skjuvspänningarna i vevaxel och splineständer blev höga på grund av säkerhetsfaktorer för utmattning och användningsområde. Höga nog att överstiga vevaxelmaterialets maximalt tillåtna skjuvspänning flera gånger om. För att minska dessa spänningar behöver troligtvis designbegränsningarna överskridas vilket leder till stora omkonstruktioner. Dock rekommenderas Husqvarna att fortsätta studera konceptet mer detaljerat och ingående innan det utesluts. Vid jämförelse med befintlig lösning har slutsatsen kunnat dras att skillnaden i skjuvspänningarna mellan båda lösningarna inte borde vara så stora som teorin säger. Detta öppnade upp flertalet förslag på fortsatt arbete. Bland annat att göra datorstödda simuleringar på en detaljkonstruktion av konceptet för att kunna göra mer noggranna hållfasthetsbedömningar. En riskbedömning borde även göras för att öka medvetenheten om de risker och konsekvenser konceptet för med sig. / This study is performed as a final thesis project at School of Engineering, Jönköping University in collaboration with the Global Components Group at Husqvarna AB. The purpose of the work was to find another way to attach the centrifugal clutch to the chainsaw model 560 XP. On Husqvarna's chainsaws, the cutting chain and oil pump are driven by a centrifugal clutch that currently is fastened with a screw joint on the crank shaft. To make sure the clutch won't come loose during operation, a tightening torque of 20–25 Nm is recommended. For the next product generation, the tightening torque has been raised to 30–40 Nm which will worsen the serviceability. Furthermore, the risk of breaking the clutch during disassembly will increase. This led to the need of a new way of fastening the clutch. The solution should withstand the increased loads as well as improve the serviceability through easier assembly and disassembly. Information about the problem were collected through a pilot study, including a review of the current product and interviews with involved personnel at Husqvarna. This was used to compile a list of necessary and desirable requirements for the solution. The most important requirements proved to be the ability to transfer torque, stop the joint from getting loose during operation, minimize the tightening torque as well as offering assembly and disassembly with the including tool upon purchase. Furthermore, a conceptual study was carried out to be able to find a solution to the problem. A brainstorming process generated just over 20 concepts and ideas that later were screened and evaluated with various well proven methods, such as Go/No-Go and Pugh's matrix. The concepts were evaluated against the requirements specified in the pilot study and one single concept was chosen for further development. The chosen concept was a spline joint that prevented axial movement with the help of an E-clip and a spring washer. The strength of this solution was mainly the elimination of the tightening torque, which led to easier assembly and disassembly. The E-clip was easily handled with the tool provided in the purchase. Calculations and a rough design were then performed. It turned out that it was hard to dimension the spline joint within the design limits stated to minimize the impact on the other components in the system. The shear stresses in the crankshaft and the spline teeth ended up high because of safety factors for fatigue life and type of application. High enough to exceed the maximum allowable shear stress of the shaft material several times. To lower these stresses, the design limitations will most likely have to be exceeded which leads to extensive design changes. However, Husqvarna are recommended to continue the study on this concept in more detail before it is to be precluded. Comparison with the current solution led to the conclusion that the differences in shear stresses between the both solutions shouldn't be as big as the theory claims. This opened a series of suggestions for future work. For instance, computer aided simulations of a detailed design of the concept would more accurately evaluate the strength of the concept. Furthermore, a risk assessment should be performed to address all the risks and consequences the concept brings with it.

En stor andel av restprodukterna från skogen används i kraft- och fjärrvärmeverk. I kraftvärmeverket i Lugnvik används skogsbränslen som grot, bark, spån och rundtimmer vilka omvandlas till värmeenergi eller elektrisk energi. I förhållande till de andra skogsbränslena är rundtimmer energieffektivt att transportera, möjligt att lagra och har högre energidensitet än övriga nämnda skogsbränslen. Dock så finns en begränsad möjlighet till torrhaltsbestämning av rundtimmer och idag görs energibedömningen på inkommande lass med hjälp av ett omräkningstal oberoende av kvalitet, trädslag eller torrhalt. Därmed finns osäkerheter kring energiinnehåll och torrhalt vid beställningar samt lagerhantering. Denna studie syftar därmed till att utveckla och precisera bedömningen av energiinnehåll i rundtimmer för att möjliggöra energieffektivare bränslehantering. En kartläggning av energivärdet i ingående rundtimmer gjordes genom bedömning av relevanta parametrar för energivärdet. Torrhaltsmätning utfördes med motorsåg med spånuppsamlare samt genom flisning och uttag ur flisad stack. Energivärden beräknades därefter med hjälp av torrhalterna. Studien kunde inte visa på rötans inverkan på energivärdet, däremot visas stor variation i energivärde mellan trädslagen gran och björk beroende på skillnad i torr-rådensitet. Torr-rådensiteten varierade också tydligt inom trädslagen. Torrhaltens variation uppgick till ca 20 % mellan lassen och har generellt en avgörande betydelse för energivärdet. Studien visar också på att motorsågsmetoden främst är representativ för mätningar över större partier och kan fungera bra för exempelvis lagerinventering. Studien belyser vidare att energiomvandling bör göras med hänsyn till tre torrhaltsklasser. Genom visuell bedömning av torrhalten matchas rådensiteten med bedömd torrhaltsklass och lassets energiinnehåll beräknas. / A large proportion of forest residues is used in district heating and combined heat and power plants (CHP). The CHP in Lugnvik, Östersund, uses wood fuels such as bark, chips and roundwood which is converted into heat or electricity. In relation to the other wood fuels, roundwood is energy efficient to transport, possible to store and has higher energy density than the other forest fuels mentioned. There is, however, limited possibilities for dry content determination of roundwood and today the energy assessment of incoming loads is made with one conversion factor regardless of quality, tree type or dry content. Thus, there is uncertainties in ordering and inventory management connected to energy content and dry content. This study aims to develop the assessment of energy content in roundwood to enable more energy efficient fuel management. An analysis of the energy value in incoming roundwood was done by assessing relevant parameters for the energy value. Dry content measurement was carried out both with a chainsaw with chip collector and by chipping and extraction from chipped stack. Dry content was then used to calculate energy values per load. The study could not show the effect of rot on the energy value, however, there is a large variation in energy value between spruce and birch due to difference in dry-raw density. The dry-raw density also clearly varied within the tree species. The dry content variation amounted to about 20% between the loads and is of general importance for the energy value. The study also shows that the chainsaw method is primarily representative of measurements across larger lots and can work well for inventory management. The study further highlights that energy conversion should be done regarding three dry content classes. By visual assessment of the dry content, the raw density is matched with the estimated dry content class and the energy content of the load is calculated. / <p>2020-06-05</p>

The following essay applies an intersectional lens to the character analysis of Jade, the main character in Stephen Graham Jones’ My Heart Is a Chainsaw (2021), as it aims to introduce EFL students to the principles of the intersectional theory framework. As Jade, as a way of dealing with her reality as an abused and marginalized young part-Native American adolescent, obsessively frames her real-life experiences in a slasher movie context, the novel explores the themes of identity, marginalization, empowerment through the way Jade sees herself in relation to the Final Girl: the archetypal female protagonist featured in slasher movies. By analyzing the contrasting relationship between Jade and the concept of the Final Girl, students engage with the intersectional premise that it is the complex and dynamic interplay between Jade’s gender, race, class, and circumstances that dictates Jade’s subjectivity and inability to identify with the agentic and empowered Final Girl. As Jade ultimately transforms into her own version of a Final Girl, the essay argues that her transformation represents how a marginalized character claims her identity and becomes the protagonist of her own narrative.

This report deals with a thesis in product development and design. This degree project was a final course on the program "Mechanical Engineering - Product Development and Design" at Jönköping University - School of engineering, and was conducted together with Husqvarna Group AB. The project has been carried out by Daniel Flyckt and Oscar Lernstål. The project has been to design and develop a prototype that will help the customer see the fuel level in Husqvarna's chainsaws in an easier way. Today’s solution is a viewing window on one of the sides of the tank. This viewing window partly fulfils its function, but there is definitely room for improvement. The viewing window has had productionrelated problems and it costs Husqvarna money because it becomes an extra step in the process to get a complete for the chainsaws that are ready to use. In order to get a better idea of how to solve the problem with the fuel indication interviews and a competitor analysis were made. This gave a better overview of the project and also gave insight of how competitors had solved the same problem. After that a requirement specification was written to get a solid base in the project. This requirement specification was to great help during the project and used when the concepts that we developed were to be evaluated. Last but not least it was time to make the model that past the screening of the concepts. Catia (a CAD program) was used and the prototype was printed in a SLS and SLA machine. The end result of the project was a prototype that could be tested under simpler conditions, with clearly improved properties in terms of being able to give an indication of fuel. / Denna rapport behandlar ett examensarbete i produktutveckling och design. Detta examensarbete var en avslutande kurs på programmet ”Maskinteknik – Produktutveckling och design” på Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola och genomfördes tillsammans med Husqvarna Group AB. Projektet har genomförts av Daniel Flyckt och Oscar Lernstål. Projektet har gått ut på att utveckla och ta fram en prototyp för att på ett nytt sätt se bränslenivån i Husqvarnas motorsågar. På äldre motorsågar som Husqvarna har sålt finns i dagsläget inget sätt att se mängden bränsle i tanken och dagens lösning innebär att man sätter ett siktfönster på en av tankväggarna. Detta siktfönster uppfyller delvis sin funktion, men det finns definitivt möjlighet till förbättringar. Siktfönstret har haft produktionsrelaterade problem och det kostar givetvis Husqvarna pengar eftersom det blir ett extra steg i arbetet att få en färdig tank till motorsågarna. För att få en bild av hur problematiken såg ut runt bränsleindikationen på morsågen gjordes intervjuer och en konkurrentanalys. Detta för att få en bättre överblick men även för att se hur konkurrenter hade löst samma problem. Senare skrevs en kravspecifikation för att få något att falla tillbaka på under arbetets gång. Denna kravspecifikation användes framgångsrikt när koncepten som togs fram i projektet skulle utvärderas. Sist men inte minst var det dags för att CAD:a upp den modell som gick vidare i gallringen av koncepten. Programvaran Catia användes och prototypen printades ut i en SLS-maskin respektive SLA-maskin. Slutresultatet av projektet blev en prototyp som kunde testas i enklare förhållanden. Med klart förbättrade egenskaper vad gäller att kunna ge en indikation på bränsle jämfört med enbart ett siktfönster.

The cutting links on chainsaws needs to be sharpened regularly to retain its sharpness. The most effective way is to use a machine wheel grinder. However, due to high friction there is a high risk of tempering the steel and damaging the sustainability to wear, resulting in a dull cutting edge. In order to develop a grinding method that produces a good result every time, a series of parameters were tested in order to determine which combination of these generated the best grinding results. With all parameters established the results shows that the attributes of each grinding wheel are the main parameter controlling the grinding result. This project investigates the attributes of different grinding wheels and their impact on grinding results. By comparing the energy each grinding wheel uses to perform the same amount of work, each grinding wheels suitability is rated based on its performance.   The calculations and the results from the analyses and tests show which of the grinding wheels performed the work with the lowest amount of increased energy.

The main objective of this thesis was to develop appropriate strategies and find factors that affect the usability of parameterized designs. This was accomplished by investigate the user-interface and how it is designed to meet the user's information needs. The thesis also embraces the basic theories in terms of investigation, cognitive design principles and human behavior patterns in the interaction with the machine. The approach has led to an explorative investigation in this subject area. The thesis also had the purpose to achieve more efficient ways for development of motor chainsaws at Husqvarna AB's department Global Cutting Equipment. That can be achieved through reduce costs of development per sold unit. To reduce cost depends to what extend the program is helping the user to achieve goals during the design execution. The thesis also includes an investigation of the factors that affect the design of such a program. To explore appropriate strategies was a theoretical design process implemented in the study. From the perspective of technology has the author utilized knowledge in engineering design and programming. The program approach utilized was Visual Basic languish in Visual Studio enviroment for the user-interface and a Catia V5 CAD-platform for the chainsaw design. The result is a program which could use reconfigured parameters as needed to create customized designs correctly and effectively. This thesis has also resulted in appropriate principles for the design of a user-friendly interface that were up for the task to be a supporting tool through the execution. It has also been established appropriate tools and methods for analysis and optimization of the program. The author feels that the results of methods and principles in this study were of high reliability and can therefore be applied to other projects, even if the results only are valid for this specific case. / Huvudsyftet med detta examensarbete har varit att utveckla lämpliga strategier och finna faktorer vilka påverkar användarvänligheten för en parametriserad design. Detta åstadkomms genom att undersöka hur användarformulärets gränssnitt ska utformas för att möta användarens informationsbehov. Examensarbetet omfattar även grundteorier vad gäller undersökningsmetoder, kognitiva designprinciper och människans beteendemönster i interaktion med maskin. Tillvägagångsättet har inneburit en explorativ undersökning i detta ämnesområdet. Examensarbetet har även haft syftet att åstadkomma effektivare utvecklingsprocess av motorsågskedjor för Husqvarna AB’s avdelning Global Cutting Equipment. Detta kan åstadkommas genom minskade kostnader i utveckling per såld enhet. Att reducera kostnader påverkas av vilken omfattning programmet hjälper användaren att uppnå mål under exekveringen. Examensarbetet inkluderar även en undersökning av faktorer vilka påverkar designen i ett sådant program. För att undersöka lämpliga strategier i genomförandet har en teoretisk designprocess använts. Ur tekniskt perspektiv har författaren även använt kunskaper inom konstruktionsdesign och programmering. De använda programmen i genomförandet har varit Visual Basic språk i Visual Studio miljö för användarformuläret och en CAD-plattform i Catia V5 för kedjekonstruktionen. Resultat är ett program vilken skulle kunna omkonstruera designen korrekt och effektivt med parametrar efter behov. Arbetet har även resulterat i lämpliga principer för designen av ett användarvänligt gränssnitt vilken kan klara uppgiften att vara ett hjälpande verktyg under exekveringen. Det har även fastställts en del lämpliga verktyg eller metoder för analys och optimering av programmet. Författaren upplever även att resultaten av metoder och principer i denna studie, var av hög reliabilitet och kan därför appliceras på andra projekt, även om resultaten bara är giltiga för denna specifika studie.

Logosol AB i Härnösand, Sverige är en sågverkstillverkare som bland annat utvecklar bandsågar och kedjesågverk. Målet med detta examensarbete är att effektivisera kedjesågning i längsgåendesågning genom att justera skärtänderna på sågkedjor. För att åstadkomma detta undersöktes mätningar på sågsnitt där mått togs på hastighet och effekt. Mätningarna utfördes på träslaget gran i två olika tjocklekar där befintliga original sågkedjan jämfördes med modifierade sågkedjor. Utifrån detta identifierades några faktorer som påverkar hastigheten positivt. Faktorerna är att det går fortare att såga på längden med större avstånd mellan skärtänderna på en sågkedja. En betydande ökning av hastigheten vid sågning kan observeras där större avstånd mellan skärtänder visar sig ge bättre resultat vid längsgåendesågning av tjockare stockar. Hastigheten ökar betydligt mer i modifierade sågkedjor jämfört med effektökningen vilket i sin tur ger en minskad energiförbrukning också. Det finns ingen synlig skillnad på snittytans utseende mellan original sågkedjan och modifierade sågkedjor. De lämnar inga ränder efter sig, skapar inga rester från virket på kanten utan går rakt och fint genom hela sågsnittet. / Logosol AB in Härnösand, Sweden is a sawmill manufacturer that develops, among other things, band saws and chainsaw mills. The aim of this thesis project is to enhance the efficiency of chainsaw milling in longitudinal sawing by adjusting the cutting teeth on the saw chains. To accomplish this, measurements were conducted on saw cuts, capturing data on speed and power. The measurements were performed on spruce wood of two different thicknesses, comparing the existing original saw chain with modified saw chains. Based on this, several factors that positively affect speed were identified. It was found that sawing longitudinally is faster with larger distances between the cutting teeth on a saw chain. A significant increase in speed during sawing can be observed where larger distances between the cutting teeth yield better results in longitudinal sawing of thicker logs. The speed increases significantly more in modified saw chains compared to the increase in power, resulting in reduced energy consumption as well. There is no visible difference in the appearance of the cut surface between the original saw chain and modified saw chains. They leave no marks, create no residue from the wood on the edge, but rather cut straight and smoothly through the entire saw cut.

<p><strong>Background</strong></p><p>This thesis is conducted for Husqvarna AB with the aim to map the Laotian market for them in terms of market potential for forestry power equipment. In order to provide decision material for further action I was asked to give a description of the Laotian forestry sector; research potential harvesting volumes; analyze the competitive situation; describe the general business conditions in Laos; and provide some insight as to how Husqvarna can enter the Laotian market.</p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Method</strong></p><p>The method I have used for collection of information is two-fold. The empirical data has mostly been derived via interviews with forestry officials and companies involved in forestry. The theoretical review and collection of secondary data has been performed by research of books, journals, reports, newspapers and online sources. The research methodology can accordingly be labelled "the actor approach" which methodology is based on understanding social entireties. An important element in this approach is a process referred to as the hermeneutic circle - a process in which new knowledge is continuously incorporated into the understanding and used as base for further research. An important part of the method is my personal experience of Laos, from which I consider myself being able to base some conclusions.</p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Theoretical Review</strong></p><p>Foreign market entry can generally be made in four modes: Exporting, licensing, joint ventures, or sole ventures. Foreign market entry strategies may involve adapting the marketing strategy. It may also necessitate product adaption.</p><p> </p><p>Market entry in developing countries will most likely mean being exposed to unfamiliar environments. The general business conditions might be very different from the home market and constitute higher levels of trade barriers and sociocultural distance may be difficult to deal with.</p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Case Study, Conclusions and Reflections</strong></p><p>The highlights from these two chapters include:</p><ul type="disc"><li>Laos offers foreign investors to use any of the four market entry modes.</li><li>Doing business in Laos receives a low international rating, especially in terms of labor restrictions. It also has rather high trade barriers.</li><li>Laos is developing its commercial tree plantation sector and estimates suggest that the harvesting volumes will be increasing rapidly in the coming 10-15 years.</li><li>Importing and selling forestry power equipment is restricted. Laos does not yet have any authorized dealer for chainsaws. This provides for interesting opportunities.</li><li>The market is flooded with cheap, illegally imported, Chinese chainsaws, but it is questionable whether this actually constitutes any competition to Husqvarna, being a high quality brand. The Chinese chainsaws might however soon increase in terms of quality and be more competitive.</li><li>Obtaining an import and sales license for outdoor power products may be a rather lengthy procedure but once in place would mean being the first authorized dealer - which might be advantageous.</li></ul><p> </p><p><strong>Recommendation</strong></p><p>Due to Laos making efforts to increase the commercial tree plantation area, the harvesting volumes will increase rapidly the coming years. The sales potential for forestry equipment will hence increase in the years to come.</p><p> </p><p>My recommendation to Husqvarna, if they have resources, is therefore to locate a dealer and enter the Laotian market. Plantations are however still mostly in the development phase. It is therefore doubtful that early entry is profitable enough to be motivated if there are other markets with higher potential that Husqvarna wants to enter.</p><p> </p>

Background This thesis is conducted for Husqvarna AB with the aim to map the Laotian market for them in terms of market potential for forestry power equipment. In order to provide decision material for further action I was asked to give a description of the Laotian forestry sector; research potential harvesting volumes; analyze the competitive situation; describe the general business conditions in Laos; and provide some insight as to how Husqvarna can enter the Laotian market. Method The method I have used for collection of information is two-fold. The empirical data has mostly been derived via interviews with forestry officials and companies involved in forestry. The theoretical review and collection of secondary data has been performed by research of books, journals, reports, newspapers and online sources. The research methodology can accordingly be labelled "the actor approach" which methodology is based on understanding social entireties. An important element in this approach is a process referred to as the hermeneutic circle - a process in which new knowledge is continuously incorporated into the understanding and used as base for further research. An important part of the method is my personal experience of Laos, from which I consider myself being able to base some conclusions. Theoretical Review Foreign market entry can generally be made in four modes: Exporting, licensing, joint ventures, or sole ventures. Foreign market entry strategies may involve adapting the marketing strategy. It may also necessitate product adaption.   Market entry in developing countries will most likely mean being exposed to unfamiliar environments. The general business conditions might be very different from the home market and constitute higher levels of trade barriers and sociocultural distance may be difficult to deal with. Case Study, Conclusions and Reflections The highlights from these two chapters include: <ul type="disc">Laos offers foreign investors to use any of the four market entry modes. Doing business in Laos receives a low international rating, especially in terms of labor restrictions. It also has rather high trade barriers. Laos is developing its commercial tree plantation sector and estimates suggest that the harvesting volumes will be increasing rapidly in the coming 10-15 years. Importing and selling forestry power equipment is restricted. Laos does not yet have any authorized dealer for chainsaws. This provides for interesting opportunities. The market is flooded with cheap, illegally imported, Chinese chainsaws, but it is questionable whether this actually constitutes any competition to Husqvarna, being a high quality brand. The Chinese chainsaws might however soon increase in terms of quality and be more competitive. Obtaining an import and sales license for outdoor power products may be a rather lengthy procedure but once in place would mean being the first authorized dealer - which might be advantageous.   Recommendation Due to Laos making efforts to increase the commercial tree plantation area, the harvesting volumes will increase rapidly the coming years. The sales potential for forestry equipment will hence increase in the years to come.   My recommendation to Husqvarna, if they have resources, is therefore to locate a dealer and enter the Laotian market. Plantations are however still mostly in the development phase. It is therefore doubtful that early entry is profitable enough to be motivated if there are other markets with higher potential that Husqvarna wants to enter.