Numerous supraglacial and proglacial lakes have developed on debris-covered glaciers in conjunction with 20th-century retreat associated with global warming. When a glacier holds a substantial debris cover on its lower reach and/or is calving into a proglacial water body, the behaviour of its terminus can be modified to varying degrees compared to that of land-terminating or debris-free glaciers. The terminus is not just retreating from its frontal position but it is disintegrating through several processes that are linked. An improved understanding of these glacier margins is needed for the prediction and management of hazards associated with these types of lakes for hydroelectric power generation, recreational purposes and areas threatened by potential glacier outburst floods as well as for the interpretation of glacio-geological records and reconstruction of former glacial environments and palaeoclimate. The principal research question of this study is how processes of ice loss contribute to the terminus disintegration of a debris-covered, lake-calving glacier. This is addressed by an application of a field-based strategy which includes extensive field observations of variables, processes and their controls, and subsequent analysis of the data in the light of previous models and concepts. The study attempts to combine and integrate different aspects of glaciological research that have previously been examined mostly separately. It investigates the prevalent processes at the glacier terminus and their controls over different time periods ranging from days to years at Mueller, Hooker and Tasman Glaciers in Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. The data form the basis for models of calving and pond development and future retreat scenarios. This study has demonstrated that this glacial environment is characterised by ice-frontal processes with complex inter-relationships that vary between glaciers and in particular between stages of terminus development. While surface ice melt in the terminus area is substantially reduced by supraglacial debris, sub-debris melt contributes the largest fraction of ice loss. Other important effects of debris are restraining thermal undercutting, reducing subaqueous melt and decreasing buoyancy. Data from supraglacial ponds and proglacial lakes show that limnological factors become increasingly important with increasing pond/lake size. Changes in water currents and temperature lead to changes in significance and rates of ice loss processes, the most important being the change from melting to predominantly calving. This study has confirmed the hypothesis that thermal undercutting is the rate-controlling process for calving. This process is controlled by the cliff geometry, debris supply, subaqueous geometry and water temperatures, currents and level variations. The results from the examination of calving processes suggest that the process of regular, progressive calving through the stages suggested previously may not be widely applicable to slow-moving, lake-calving glaciers. The several forms of subaerial calving identified in this study can present themselves as largely independent events, a combination of events or as a progression. At the central submerged part of the ice face, subaqueous ice melt is likely to be the dominant form of ice loss, leading to horizontal ice loss. Subaqueous calving is prevalent in gently-sloping lateral areas, leading to vertical ice loss. This process is controlled by buoyancy forces which are affected by sedimentation and lake and glacier geometry. The onset of subaqueous calving in the earlier stages of lake development is a crucial process for the transition to faster disintegration and ice loss, accelerating subaqueous melt. Due to the complex inter-relationships attempts to formulate general relationships between calving or retreat rates and other glaciological parameters may not be feasible.

Rural regions in Australia have been, and continue to be, distinguished by very different population and labour market characteristics than those of more urbanised areas. Since the 1980s, rural regions have been exposed to a range of economic events and policies which has impacted on the structure and composition of the population and the labour force. These changes include trade liberalisation and globalisation, deregulation, declining numbers of agricultural establishments, advances in technology, increases in productivity and changes in the levels of public and private provision of goods and services. In addition, in recent years, serious shortages of labour, particularly skilled labour, has emerged as a major issue facing rural regions. However, there has been little economic research into rural labour markets relative to other labour markets, particularly since the 1980s. While there has been significant public discussion and political debate in recent years on the apparent changes experienced by rural regions, evidence regarding the nature, causes and impacts of these changes has often been anecdotal. For example, there is the popular notion of the �tree change� which refers to the idea that people are leaving metropolitan areas and moving to rural areas. Concurrently, there is also the significant discussion on the �rural downturn�, which refers to the belief that rural regions are declining in term of population and employment growth. Further, the agricultural sector has continued to be cited as the likely cause for downturns in rural population and employment growth rates in rural areas. However, again, there is a lack of economic research to substantiate these claims. The aim of this thesis is to redress the lack of economic research and to provide a comprehensive analysis of rural labour markets and population in Australia since the 1980s. Analysis focuses on the changing structure and composition of rural labour markets and the impact of population shifts on rural localities. Evidence is provided on the extent to which two decades of significant structural, technological and regulatory change have impacted on rural labour markets in Australia. This then provides a sound basis for the policy discussion in this thesis on population and labour market changes in rural Australia and the causes and implications of these changes.

<p>I den empiriska undersökning har fem idrottslärare intervjuats om vad det innebär att vara</p><p>idrottslärare i dagens skola. För att genomföra undersökningen används kvalitativa</p><p>intervjuer för att kunna komma mer på djupet och förstå hur lärarna tänker, dels angående</p><p>arbetet som lärare i stort och dels arbetet som just idrottslärare.</p><p>Alla fem lärarna är tvåämneslärare och alla jobbar i arbetslag. De har ungefär samma struktur</p><p>på sina idrottslektioner. Däremot skiljer de sig lite när man tittar på betygsbedömningen. Fyra</p><p>av lärarna utgår ifrån de nationella och de lokala betygskriterierna, medan en inte gör det, för</p><p>han anser inte att det befintliga betygssystemet är objektivt.</p><p>Svaren från intervjuerna har jag kopplat till de förändringar som skett i skolan under de</p><p>senaste 25 åren. Detta för att se hur många av förändringarna som är genomförda i praktiken.</p>

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Geography, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-78).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rhode Island, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 220-234).

<p>Uppsatsen behandlar den flygtaktiska stabens anpassning till CJTF konceptet i samband med förändringen av Försvarsmaktens högkvarter 2007. Erfarenheter visar att förändring av en komplex offentlig organisation till struktur och arbetssätt tar lång tid och att strukturen är enklare att förändra än arbetssätt. Utifrån erfarenheterna om det svåra att förändra arbetssätten har en hypotes formulerats för att undersöka om den flygtaktiska staben endast förändrats till struktur. Syftet med undersökningen är att pröva hypotesen utifrån ett teoretiskt perspektiv på organisationsförändring, ett instrumentellt perspektiv. Förhoppningen är att kunna bidra med kunskap inför framtida förändringar. Resultatet bekräftar erfarenheterna om svårigheten med att förändra arbetssätt. Dessutom visar resultatet att en av anledningarna till svårigheterna kan förklaras med att tiden till förberedelser ofta inte är tillräckliga.</p> / <p>This study performs a theoretical analysis of the Air Component Command’s adaption with the CJTF-concept during an organizational change of the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in 2007. Common experiences show that organizational changes of complex governmental organizations are difficult to perform because changes of structure and methods often take a long time.  It also shows that structure is easier to change than method. Based on these common experiences especially regarding the difficulty in changing methods a hypothesis has been formed to support the study about whether the ACC´s adaption only is done by structural means. The purpose with this study is to test the hypothesis from one theoretical perspective of organizational changes, the instrumental perspective. The result will hopefully contribute with knowledge on the eve of future organizational changes. The conclusion of this study confirms experiences about the difficulty in organizational changes, especially regarding methods. It also shows that one of the most obvious reasons seems to be the lack of available time for preparation.</p>

Bakgrund: Anledningen till att människor söker sig till sjukvården beror ofta på deras hälsobeteende. De behöver göra en förändring, men vad är det som får människor att göra förändringar? Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva på vilka sätt motiverande samtal (MI) varit en användbar metod för att främja livsstilsförändringar. Metod: Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie. Åtta empiriska studier ingick. Sammankopplingar gjordes med tre teorier som MI bygger på Bems självuppfattningsteori, Roger´s teori om "non-directive counselling" samt "The transteoreticial model of behavior change". Resultat: Sjuksköterskans användbarhet bestod i att använda sig av MI:s tekniker genom att lyssna aktivt, ställa öppna frågor samt att uppmuntra patienten till ett eget ansvar. Begränsningar ur sjuksköterskans perspektiv var svårigheter med nytt tänkande. Utvidgad utbildning och handledning i MI var viktigt vid implementeringen i verksamheterna. De studier som ingick visade i de flesta fall inte att MI som metod skulle vara effektivare än annan typ av rådgivning. Slutsats: I MI samtalet är det viktigt att sätta patienten i fokus, att hjälpa patienten att hitta motivationen samt självförtroende att genomföra förändringar. Vid implementeringen av MI är det viktigt med utbildning och handledning samt att praktik och teori går hand i hand. / Background: The reason of people visiting health care centers often depends on their health behavior. They often need to make a change. The aim of the study: The aim of the study was to describe in which way motivational interviewing has been successful to make lifestyle changes. Method: The study was carried out as a literature review. Associations were made with three of the theories which motivational interviewing is based upon: Bem’s "Self perception theory", Roger’s "Non-directive counseling theory" and "The transtheoretical model of behavior change". Result: The nurse made use of the MI techniques by actively listening, asking open questions and encouraging the patients to take their own responsibility. The limitations, from the nurse’s point of view were problems with the new way of thinking. Extended training and coaching in MI were important for the implementation activities. The studies included showed in most cases that MI as a method wasn´t more effective than any other type of counseling. Conclusion: In MI it´s crucial to put the focus on the patient, to help the patient find the motivation and confidence to make changes. For the implementation of MI it is important to include education, practice and coaching sessions.

The effects of globalization have changed the global market rules which encourage many firms to expand their sales to foreign markets with the aim of entering new and potential profitable market. OnDemand Group (ODG) ‚ UK Based Company that focuses on content management on the platforms of operators’ music and video‚ has already seen the advantages by entering 24 different country markets and now by entering to Dubai market which is the opportunity for ODG to move to Middle East market. However‚ the internationalization process is a long process for the firms. The firms must choose the right market, right entry modes, target markets to benefit from opportunities, design new global marketing program, and find appropriate ways to implement that program in each market. In this thesis‚ we mainly focused on implementation of global marketing program‚ because‚ regional differences due to different preferences of other markets can be a shortcoming for ODG for the creation and implementation of global marketing program in Dubai. Our aim is to understand how OnDemand Group marketing program accommodate these differences, and what changes they are making in the marketing program and organizations to reach the new potential markets and broadband operators in Middle East close to United Arab Emirates market. To find out the answers for our research question related with global marketing program‚ Qualitative method is used in our study. Qualitative method in this research will aim to collect both primary data through e−mail and phone interview, and secondary data related with ODG is obtained through ODG website and relevant reports, academic journals, university database, books and relevant websites. In conclusion, we clearly observe that many aspects of the global marketing program remained unchanged, and there are many processes that are even standardized like some processes in the operations and the strategic management models by headquarters. However when it comes for the end customer services offered by ODG, there are a quite high level of customization between different regions and countries. In real practice, we find this applicable even for simple product companies that offer some level of services. .

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of most common cancer diseases worldwide. In Swedenapproximately 5,000 new cases of CRC are generated each year, which makes it the thirdmost common cancer disease among both men and women. The past decades ofimproved treatment strategies have considerably increased the five-year survival for CRCpatients. However more could be achieved in this area, in particular for metastatic CRC,which is the cause of most CRC-related deaths. Therefore it is important to study thebiological response to certain treatments induced in CRC to find valuable predictiveand/or prognostic factors to select patients for better suited treatments. The aim of this thesis was to gain insight into the molecular changes that occurfollowing irradiation or treatment with SN-38 in rectal cancer patients or colon cancercell lines by studying the RNA expression, protein expression, DNA cell cycledistribution and apoptotic response. The expression of phosphatase of regenerating liver(PRL) proteins was investigated in rectal cancers from 125 patients included in arandomized clinical trial of preoperative radiotherapy (RT). Increased expression of PRLswas seen at the invasive margin of primary and metastatic cancers compared with theinner area of the tumors. Moreover, strong PRL staining at the invasive margin correlatedto distant recurrence and worse survival of patients in the RT group but not in non-RTgroup (Paper I). Radiosensitivity was studied by treating KM12C, KM12SM andKM12L4a colon cancer cell lines with radiation. KM12C is of low metastatic naturecompared with the highly metastatic KM12SM and KM12L4a. Upregulation of ΔNp73and PRL-3 might contribute to the radioresistant phenotype in KM12C. In contrast,KM12L4a shows a high frequency of apoptosis and lack of upregulation of ΔNp73, PRL-3 and survivin, which might explain its radiosensitive phenotype (Paper II). KM12C,KM12SM and KM12L4a were treated with SN-38 which inhibits topoisomerase 1 (topo-1). The results show that SN-38 induces G2/S arrest and possess the capacity to triggerapoptosis in the three cell lines (Paper III). To further elucidate SN-38 effect on these celllines, the gene expression profile following SN-38 treatment was studied. Oligonucleotidearrays consisting of ~27,000 spots were hybridized with sample and reference cDNA.Both unsupervised and supervised hierarchical clustering analysis, and functional analysiswere performed. Supervised hierarchical clustering gives a strong signal of 1453discriminated genes, the vast majority being upregulated. Both upregulated anddownregulated genes point toward a favorable impact of SN-38 regarding the apoptoticpathways. For example RhoB and Bax are upregulated together with downregulation ofKras and survivin, which promotes apoptosis (Paper IV). In conclusion, PRLs may be valuable biomarkers for RT resistance, predicting apoor prognosis in rectal cancer patients. Targeting radio-resistance factors, such asΔNp73 and survivin may contribute to an increased sensitivity to RT. SN-38 affects cellproliferation and apoptosis.