This work aims to apply changes to a finished structure of a family house. These changes shall include adding an extension to the upper floor, installment of supporting constructs necessary for the extension, the attic and the roof. The main goal of this project is to determine the costs of these works and to compare them with the actual value of the real estate and also to show the diference in it‘s value before and after the aforesaid reconstruction.

Master´s thesis deals with design of a three floor budilding of support areas for ice-hockey stadium. Specificaly they are changing rooms, snack bar and toilets, fitness center with wellness and administration premises.

To date, no observation-based proxy for climate change has been successful in quantifying the feedbacks between clouds and climate. The most promising, yet demanding, avenue to gain confi dence in cloud–climate feedback estimates is to utilize observations and large-eddy simulations (LES) or cloud-resolving modeling (CRM) to improve cloud process parameterizations in large-scale models. Sustained and improved satellite observations are essential to evaluate large-scale models. A reanalysis of numerical prediction models with assimilation of cloud, aerosol, and precipitation observations would provide a valuable dataset for examining cloud interactions. The link between climate modeling and numerical weather prediction (NWP) may be exploited by evaluating how accurate cloud characteristics are represented by the parameterization schemes in NWP models. A systematic simplifi cation of large-scale models is an important avenue to isolate key processes linked to cloud–climate feedbacks and would guide the formulation of testable hypotheses for fi eld studies. Analyses of observation-derived correlations between cloud and aerosol properties in combination with modeling studies may allow aerosol–cloud interactions to be detected and quantifi ed. Reliable representations of cloud dynamic and physical processes in large-scale models are a prerequisite to assess aerosol indirect effects on a large scale with confi dence. To include aerosol indirect effects in a consistent manner, we recommend that a “radiative fl ux perturbation” approach be considered as a complement to radiative forcing.

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Megatrends such as globalization, digitalization and the increased rate of technological   developmentare all example of aspects that directly affect and challenge companies. While it opens up for new business opportunities it also serves an increasingly competitive climate and puts tougher pressure on organizations. While several traditional management models are focused on internal aspects such as improving processes, reducing waste and removing non-value adding procedures it is argued in literature that having dynamic capabilities is key to succeed in a more rapidly changing environment. This means being able to not only handle daily business but also to sense, shape and seize opportunities and transform the organization accordingly. The Silicon Valley Model (SVM) is a holistic management model that aims at generating dynamic capabilities for firms in rapidly changing environments. This study is centered on identifying if the five principles that constitute the SVM are adopted in large multinational Swedish companies founded during the industrial era. The five principles are: 1. The Dynamic Firm 2. A People-Centric Approach 3. An Ambidextrous Organization 4. An Open Organization That Networks with Its Surroundings 5. A Systems Approach By interviewing 14 C-level employees in Telia, Lantmännen, Trelleborg and “Company A” we found that Telia and Lantmännen have implemented or have clear transformation initiatives that indicate that they are moving towards implementing all the management principles of the SVM. Trelleborg have or are moving towards all principles except an ambidextrous organization, which was not found during interviews. The fourth case company is anonymous and therefore called Company A. They  are operating in a more stable environment, which moves towards being more dynamic. They was seen implementing some management principles of the model, but did not have a holistic approach for it. The common denominator is that all companies come from having established satisfyingly efficient operational cores and profitability levels, before shifting focus towards having a growth and innovation focus. / Megatrender som globalisering, digitalisering och den ökade takten på teknologisk utveckling är allaaspekter som direkt påverkar och utmanar företag. Medan det öppnar upp för nya affärsmöjligheter  så bidrar det också till ökad konkurrens och större press på företags organisationer. Medan flera traditionella ledningsmodeller är fokuserade på interna aspekter såsom att förbättra processer, minska slöseri och ta bort icke värde-adderande processer, hävdas dynamiska förmågor vara en nyckel till att lyckas i en mer snabbrörlig omgivning. Detta innebär att man inte bara hanterar sin dagliga verksamhet utan också känner av och tar till vara på möjligheter samt förändrar sin organisation i enlighet med dessa. Silicon Valley Modellen (SVM) är en holistisk företagsledningsmodell som ämnar generera dynamiska förmågor för företag i snabbrörliga omgivningar, med syfte att skapa innovation och tillväxt. Den här studien är centrerad kring att identifiera om de fem principer som utgör SVM är anammade i stora multinationella svenska företag som är grundade under den industriella eran. De fem principerna är: 1. Den Dynamiska Firman 2. Individen i Centrum 3. Både-och-Organisation 4. Öppenhet och Nätverkande med Omvärlden 5. Systemansats Genom 14 C-level intervjuer på Telia, Lantmännen, Trelleborg och “Company A” drogs slutsatsen  att Telia och Lantmännen har implementerat eller har klara transformationsinitiativ som indikerar på att de rör sig mot att implementera hela SVM. Trelleborg rör sig mot att täcka hela, förutom både-och- organisation som inte hittades under intervjuerna. Det fjärde företaget, anonymt kallat Company A, verkar i en mer stabil tillverkningsindustri men rör sig mot en mer rörlig omgivning. De sågs implementera några principer från modellen, men ansågs inte ha ett holistiskt närmande till SVM. Den gemensamma nämnaren är att de fyra företagen kommer från att ha etablerat tillfredställande effektiva kärnverksamheter och lönsamhetsnivåer innan de skiftat fokus mot tillväxt och innovation.

Service innovation is an important component for service business through its applicability in development and accretion that promotes business operations. The service innovation process can be created and maintained through interaction between the actor and the customer, where mutual value is being created through collaboration. However, disruptive external forces that reconfigure businesses environment and changes behavior of customers can have an impact on the conditions for service processes, where the need for innovative solutions increases to continue to reach customer satisfaction. In addition, it may further impact the underlying processes of innovating services, not at least within the facility service sector since interacting and operating within customer’s sites. Therefore, the authors want to contribute with knowledge regarding how service innovation processes are being affected by disruptive external forces, investigated through a single case study. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with six respondents within a global market-leading provider of facility services where the study has addressed the Swedish market. The empirical findings acknowledged that a changed customer behavior imposed by disruptive external forces causes challenges and changes to the business environment of facility services. The collected data highlighted disruptive forces such as technological, environmental and, especially prominent, the pandemic as particularly influential to the processes of facility service innovation. Business environment in a reconfigured state has, among other, affected the parts of developing, testing, and implementing innovative solutions, thereby influencing the implementation process of service innovation. In conclusion, disruptive external forces imposed new areas of focus and requirements from customers, leading to customers becoming more involved in the process of facility service innovation. The case company has been required to adopt a form of Service-Dominated (S-D) logic on the approach of developing value propositions, implicating that the customers are taking an increased and active part in the facility service innovation process. In relation to a changing customer need imposed by disruptive external forces, psychological senses and perceptions have been distinguished to be a requirement of facility service innovation and have therefore constituted an active component of the innovation process.

Recent years have seen a renewed interest in Variable Speed Limit (VSL) strategies. New opportunities for VSL as a freeway metering mechanism or a homogenization scheme to reduce speed differences and lane changing maneuvers are being explored. This paper examines both the macroscopic and microscopic effects of different speed limits on a traffic stream, especially when adopting low speed limits. To that end, data from a VSL experiment carried out on a freeway in Spain are used. Data include vehicle counts, speeds and occupancy per lane, as well as lane changing rates for three days, each with a different fixed speed limit (80 km/h, 60 km/h, and 40 km/h). Results reveal some of the mechanisms through which VSL affects traffic performance, specifically the flow and speed distribution across lanes, as well as the ensuing lane changing maneuvers. It is confirmed that the lower the speed limit, the higher the occupancy to achieve a given flow. This result has been observed even for relatively high flows and low speed limits. For instance, a stable flow of 1942 veh/h/lane has been measured with the 40 km/h speed limit in force. The corresponding occupancy was 33%, doubling the typical occupancy for this flow in the absence of speed limits. This means that VSL strategies aiming to restrict the mainline flow on a freeway by using low speed limits will need to be applied carefully, avoiding conditions as the ones presented here, where speed limits have a reduced ability to limit flows. On the other hand, VSL strategies trying to get the most from the increased vehicle storage capacity of freeways under low speed limits might be rather promising. Additionally, results show that lower speed limits increase the speed differences across lanes for moderate demands. This, in turn, also increases the lane changing rate. This means that VSL strategies aiming to homogenize traffic and reduce lane changing activity might not be successful when adopting such low speed limits. In contrast, lower speed limits widen the range of flows under uniform lane flow distributions, so that, even for moderate to low demands, the under-utilization of any lane is avoided. These findings are useful for the development of better traffic models that are able to emulate these effects. Moreover, they are crucial for the implementation and assessment of VSL strategies and other traffic control algorithms.

In Statement No. 33, "Financial Reporting and Changing Prices," the FASB requires that some large companies disclose their historical cost/constant dollar and current cost information in the published financial statements. One of the purposes of these disclosures is to help users of the financial statements in assessing future cash flows. This study was directed toward the examination of the effects of the different levels of disclosures on cash flow projections.

The changing room as a transitional space between everyday life and physical activity has been a largely unexplored field, although it is frequented on a weekly basis by pupils in compulsory school and by physically active people in various sport settings. The transition includes potentially vulnerable situations which may cause experiences of affective insecurity and shame. Still changing rooms are prerequisite for physical activity, thus combining two aspects of health: hygiene and physical activity. The aim was to analyse PEH students experience and use of changing rooms. They were particularly relevant in terms both of their own previous experiences and of their future occupation as teachers. The participants were six students attending the PEH programme at a sports university college in Sweden. Semi-structured interviews were used, with a visual approach. Video recordings provided rich and multi-layered data, as the participants were interviewed in the changing room. The method was inspired by short-term ethnography. Using Tomkins’ theory of affect and management scripts, the study shows that the participants experienced and managed the negative affect of shame. Positive affects and macho scripts were also detected. Despite this, they had an overarching good perception due to factors connected to the experience.

The population is ageing globally due to improved health care, better medication, and good socio-economic progress, therefore leading to the population ageing globally. A decrease in fertility has as well led to a new age structure of fewer younger populations to an older population. The continuous decrease in the potential support ratio is an indication that the ageing population will negatively affect the labour market. Therefore, leaving organisations with limited access to a competent and experienced workforce. The purpose of this study is to develop insight into the approaches to age management practices and how it is applied in Swedish organisations. It will address the potential for organisations to create an enabling environment for older workers. This is a qualitative study. Data collection was done through a process of semi-structured interviews of five personnel from organisations in different parts of Sweden to develop a further understanding of age management in Swedish organisations. The collected data was then compared with previous literature theories, analysed, and discussed. The findings did not show any distinction in the older workforce in the Swedish organisation since Sweden as a country does not differentiate or give special attention to a particular age group but rather treats all persons equal; therefore, engagement of the workforce is basically dependent on the competence and capabilities, and not age. But nonetheless, the older workforce is a considerable part of the age group and therefore is covered.