Les conditions actuelles de réchauffement de la planète ont mené aux pays du monde à s'engager dans la durabilité et l’efficacité énergétique et la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En tant que troisième consommateur d'énergie, le bâtiment représente un élément clé envers l'efficacité énergétique et de la stabilisation de la température globale. Plusieurs solutions existent pour la réalisation de ces objectifs, et les travaux présentés tout au long de cette thèse concernent un composant solaire particulier à la construction externe du bâtiment, appelé cheminée solaire. Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l'analyse expérimentale et numérique des dispositifs de stockage d'énergie, sous forme de matériaux à changement de phase (PCM), afin d'optimiser les performances de cette technologie solaire. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser l’impact des panneaux Rubitherm RT44 PCM sur une cheminée solaire en laboratoire et in situ afin de permettre une comparaison avec la version classique. De plus, un modèle numérique a été développé et testé dans le but d'obtenir un outil numérique capable de représenter le comportement d'une cheminée solaire. Enfin, une optimisation à deux objectifs du modèle numérique de cheminée solaire intégrée PCM a été réalisée afin de déterminer certains des paramètres optimaux de ce type de technologie afin d’obtenir le flux d’air sortant le plus élevé possible, tout en maintenant une température suffisamment élevée dans la cheminée atteindre la gamme de fusion des PCM. / The current global warming conditions have led nations across the world to commit into energetic sustainability and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Being the third greatest energetic consumer, the building represents a major key towards energy efficiency and global temperature stabilization. Several solutions exist for the accomplishment of these goals, and the works presented throughout this dissertation concerns a particular external building solar-driven component known as solar chimney. This PhD thesis focuses on the experimental and numerical analysis of energy storage devices, in the form of Phase Changing Materials (PCMs), for the optimisation of the performance of this solar technology. The aim of this study is to characterize the impact of Rubitherm RT44 PCM panels on a solar chimney under laboratory and in-situ conditions to carry out a comparison against the classic version. Additionally, a numerical model was developed and tested in the interest of obtaining a numerical tool capable of representing the behaviour of a solar chimney. Finally a bi-objective optimization of the PCM integrated solar chimney numerical model was carried out in order to determine some of the optimal parameters of this type of technology to obtain the highest exiting air flow, all while maintaining a high enough temperature across the chimney to reach the fusion range of the PCMs.

Människan är utvecklad under dagsljusets dynamiska variation avfärgtemperatur, riktning och intensitet. Variationen påverkar våra känslor och prestation positivt. Problemet idag är att vi vistas ca 90% av dagen inomhus och att den artificiella belysningen inomhus oftasaknarvariation. Med varierande färgat ljus kan en ombytlig och stimulerande miljö skapas för att förbättra framtida belysningsmiljöer. Denna studie har undersökt hur brukarens motivation, välmående och koncentration påverkas av varierande färgad vertikalbelysning. En miljö som snabbt skulle bli enformig och understimulerande kan istället få en intressant variation som gör den brukbar en längre tid med denna belysningslösning, utan att motivationen eller välmåendet avtar. Belysningslösningen är ämnad att användas i perioder och fungera som en ”boost”. Experimentet var uppdelat i två behandlingar, en med arbetsbelysning utformad efter svensk belysningsstandard utan något vertikalljus och en där den färgskiftande vertikalbelysningen var adderad till arbetsbelysningen. Behandlingarna utfördes i en simulerad kontorsmiljö på Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola. Behandlingen med varierande färgad vertikalbelysningen skiftade långsamt i ljusfärger genom hela det synliga färgspektrumet på rummets vertikala ytor, detta för att skapa en variation i rummet. Under experimentets gång fick försökspersonerna besvara enkäter och genomföra koncentrationstest för att se hur det färgskiftande ljuset påverkade välbefinnandet och den kognitiva förmågan. Resultatet visade att det färgskiftande vertikalljuset hade positiv inverkan på motivation och välmående, effekten uteblev dock på koncentrationen hos försökspersonerna. Den positiva effekten som skedde var när ordningsföljden av behandlingarna började med det färgskiftande vertikalljuset adderat till arbetsbelysningen och avslutades med behandlingen som endast bestod avarbetsbelysningen. Slutsatsen är att varierande färgad vertikalbelysning kan öka motivationen och välmåendet om det appliceras på rätt sätt, utan att påverka koncentrationen negativt. Den simulerade kontorsmiljön saknade fönster, vid upp skalning av eventuell vidare forskning skulle en verklig kontorsmiljö med fönster vara att preferera. Att undersöka vidare om det är själva variationen av ljusets färger eller de enskilda färgerna på ljuset som skapar effekten hos brukarna ses också relevant, då denna studien inte behandlade det specifikt. / The human being has developed during the daylight's dynamic variation of color temperature, direction and intensity. The variation positively affects our emotions and performance. The problem today is that we stay about 90% of the day indoors and the indoor lighting often lacks variation. With dynamic colored light, a changeable and stimulating environment can be created to improve future lighting environments. This study has examined how the user's motivation, well-being and concentration are affected by dynamic colored vertical lighting. An environment that quickly would become dull and understimulating, can instead get an interesting variation that makes it usable for a longer time with this lighting solution, without the motivation or well-being decreasing. The lighting solution is intended to be used during time periods as a boost. The experiment was divided into two treatments, one with static office lighting designed according to Swedish lighting standard and one where the dynamic colored vertical lighting was added to the regular office lighting. The treatments were performed in a simulated office environment at Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola. The treatment with dynamic colored vertical lighting slowly shifted in light colors through out the whole visible color spectrum on the room's vertical surfaces, to create a variation in the room. During the experiment, the subjects were required to answer questionnaires and performance tests to measure the influence of the dynamic colored light on the subjects well-being and cognitive performance. The results showed that the dynamic colored vertical light had a positive effect on motivation and well-being, but did not affect the concentration of the subjects. The positive effect that occurred was when the order of the treatments started with the dynamic colored vertical light and then ended with the regular working light. The conclusion is that dynamic colored vertical lighting can increase the motivation and well-being if it is applied correctly, without adversely affecting the concentration. The simulated office environment lacked windows, when scaling up any further research, a real office environment with windows would be preferable. Investigating further whether it is the actual variation of the colored light or the individual colors of the light that creates the effect on the users is also relevant, as this study did not specifically process that.

Relatórios científicos apontam a mudança global do clima por conta de ações antrópicas decorrentes de atividades econômicas e industriais. Em conseqüência, as propostas e medidas para evitar o aquecimento global direta ou indiretamente remetem a questões de política energética e desenvolvimento sustentável. Energias renováveis ocupam uma posição estratégica dentro desse contexto. A bioenergia representa cerca de 10,2% de oferta de energia primaria global, sendo que mais de 80% desta biomassa é derivada de madeira. Entretanto, existem dúvidas com relação à biomassa florestal e sua contribuição. A complexidade da situação expõe a relevância de políticas públicas que regulem o uso da biomassa florestal. A política de Reposição Florestal Obrigatória Obrigatória (RFO), em vigor no Estado de São Paulo desde 2008, prevê que a madeira consumida seja reposta e dessa forma agrega os conceitos de sustentabilidade no consumo do produto florestal. Para abordar o potencial energético da biomassa florestal através do mecanismo de regulação da RFO no cenário de mudanças climáticas o estudo foi estruturado em duas etapas:1) levantamento da dinâmica do mecanismos de regulação praticados; 2) padronização de um sistema de produção de lenha de RFO e quantificação das emissões de CO2 equivalente do processo. Foi constatado que a RFO sustenta um papel significativo para regulação da biomassa florestal energética. Entretanto, na prática apresenta falhas. Proporcionalmente, Piracicaba repôs o equivalente a 1,92% da lenha produzida em 2009. O sistema de produção de lenha envolve as etapas: produção de mudas; transporte de mudas; manejo florestal; Corte; transporte de lenha. A lenha de RFO confirmou-se como energético de baixa expressividade com relação a CO2 equivalente, principalmente quando comparada com seus energéticos concorrentes: a eletricidade e o gás natural. / Sceintific reports point antropic activities as the most significant contribution to climate change. Strategies for climate change mitigation concerns directly on energy policy and sustainable development. Bioenergy offering represents 10.2% in global energy resources but more than 80% of this offering consists in woodfuel. However, the questions regarding the role forest biomass plays in climate changing scenery demands public policy and crucial regulatory mechanisms. The Forest Reposition Policy (FRP), since 2008, in São Paulo State regulates forest biomass consumption providing a potential sustainable chain. The main objective in this study consist on evaluate the FRP as a potential mechanism to regulate bioenergy production. To evaluate FRP as a strategic tool in this scenery the study approaches the case of Piracicaba (SP, Brazil) and presents two stages of analyses: 1) Evaluation of FRP mechanism dynamics analyzing official documents; 2) Setting up a firewood standard chain through FRP and evaluation of CO2 equivalent emissions on the process by using Life Cycle Assessment tool. The results bring out the lack of efficiency on FRP. Proporcionally, in Piracicaba only 1.92% of firewood were repositioned. Apart from that, FRP demonstrated a strong potential to forest biomass sustainable production. The standard productions system was defined as: seedlings production; seedlings transportation, forest management; logging; firewood transportation. The CO2 emissions in chain quantified non significant results and firewood in FRP system confirms its potential of mitigation between other available options.

Ausgehend von dem Fokus der Ereignisrepräsentation auf die Patiens-Rolle (Personen und Objekte, die der im Ereignis stattfindenden Zustandsveränderung unterliegen) wird untersucht, ob die sich während des Ereignisses verändernden Merkmale des Patiens Bestandteil des Ereigniswissens sind und zur Repräsentation des chronologischen Verlaufs von Ereignissen beitragen. Dies wurde anhand der Bearbeitung von antonymen Adjektiven geprüft, die Anfangs- und Endmerkmale des Patiens eines zuvor dargebotenen Ereignisverbs benennen. Ausgewertet wurden behaviorale Daten und Blickbewegungen. Dabei wurden mit zeit-impliziten und zeit-expliziten Aufgaben folgende Ergebnisse erzielt: (1) Die Ereignisrepräsentation enthält sich verändernde Merkmale des Patiens. (2) Die Merkmale des Patiens werden abhängig von der angewandten Strategie (sprachliche vs. Simulationsstrategie) in einer chronologischen Abfolge mental simuliert. (3) Endmerkmale haben gegenüber Anfangsmerkmalen Priorität in der Ereignisrepräsentation. Sie sind im Ereignisverb impliziert und können so sprachlich bereitgestellt werden. (4) Die Zeiteffekte (Chronologie und Zielpräferenz) treten bereits unter automatischen Bedingungen (SOA 250 ms, zeit-implizite Aufgabe) auf. (5) Antwortstrategien wurden insbesondere durch Blickbewegungen indiziert. Antwortstrategien modifizieren die Zeiteffekte und geben Aufschluss über den Anteil der sprachlichen Verarbeitung und der Simulation. Insgesamt lässt sich aus den Untersuchungen schließen, dass die Veränderung des Patiens und damit Aspekte des zeitlichen Verlaufs von Ereignissen zur Ereignisrepräsentation gehören. Die Befundlage deutet auf ein dynamisches Zusammenspiel von sprachlichen und Simulationsprozessen bei der Repräsentation des zeitlichen Verlaufs hin. / This thesis comprises three investigations into the mental representation of events. Proceeding on the assumption that representations of events focus on the role of the patient (the person or object undergoing a change of state during the event), it is investigated whether the changing features of the patient form part of event knowledge and whether or not they contribute to the way in which the temporal progression of events is represented. The study involved time-implicit and time-explicit tasks that required participants to process antonymous adjectives denoting the source and resulting features of the patient involved in an event prime. Behavioural and eye movement data were analysed and the following results obtained: (1) The changing features of the patient form part of the representation of the event. (2) Depending on the strategy adopted (linguistic vs. simulation), patient features can be mentally simulated in chronological order. (3) Resulting features play a more prominent role in event representations than source features. Resulting features are implied by the event verb and can thus be accessed linguistically. (4) Temporal effects (preference for resulting features, effect of chronology) already occur in the automatic condition (SOA 250 ms, time-implicit tasks). (5) Response strategies are indicated by eye movements. Response strategies modify temporal effects and provide an indication of how much linguistic processing is taking place and how much simulation. All in all the investigations show that the change undergone by the patient, i.e. the aspect which expresses the temporal progression of an event, forms part of the representation of that event. The results point to a dynamic interplay of linguistic and simulation processing in the representation of temporal progression.

Relatórios científicos apontam a mudança global do clima por conta de ações antrópicas decorrentes de atividades econômicas e industriais. Em conseqüência, as propostas e medidas para evitar o aquecimento global direta ou indiretamente remetem a questões de política energética e desenvolvimento sustentável. Energias renováveis ocupam uma posição estratégica dentro desse contexto. A bioenergia representa cerca de 10,2% de oferta de energia primaria global, sendo que mais de 80% desta biomassa é derivada de madeira. Entretanto, existem dúvidas com relação à biomassa florestal e sua contribuição. A complexidade da situação expõe a relevância de políticas públicas que regulem o uso da biomassa florestal. A política de Reposição Florestal Obrigatória Obrigatória (RFO), em vigor no Estado de São Paulo desde 2008, prevê que a madeira consumida seja reposta e dessa forma agrega os conceitos de sustentabilidade no consumo do produto florestal. Para abordar o potencial energético da biomassa florestal através do mecanismo de regulação da RFO no cenário de mudanças climáticas o estudo foi estruturado em duas etapas:1) levantamento da dinâmica do mecanismos de regulação praticados; 2) padronização de um sistema de produção de lenha de RFO e quantificação das emissões de CO2 equivalente do processo. Foi constatado que a RFO sustenta um papel significativo para regulação da biomassa florestal energética. Entretanto, na prática apresenta falhas. Proporcionalmente, Piracicaba repôs o equivalente a 1,92% da lenha produzida em 2009. O sistema de produção de lenha envolve as etapas: produção de mudas; transporte de mudas; manejo florestal; Corte; transporte de lenha. A lenha de RFO confirmou-se como energético de baixa expressividade com relação a CO2 equivalente, principalmente quando comparada com seus energéticos concorrentes: a eletricidade e o gás natural. / Sceintific reports point antropic activities as the most significant contribution to climate change. Strategies for climate change mitigation concerns directly on energy policy and sustainable development. Bioenergy offering represents 10.2% in global energy resources but more than 80% of this offering consists in woodfuel. However, the questions regarding the role forest biomass plays in climate changing scenery demands public policy and crucial regulatory mechanisms. The Forest Reposition Policy (FRP), since 2008, in São Paulo State regulates forest biomass consumption providing a potential sustainable chain. The main objective in this study consist on evaluate the FRP as a potential mechanism to regulate bioenergy production. To evaluate FRP as a strategic tool in this scenery the study approaches the case of Piracicaba (SP, Brazil) and presents two stages of analyses: 1) Evaluation of FRP mechanism dynamics analyzing official documents; 2) Setting up a firewood standard chain through FRP and evaluation of CO2 equivalent emissions on the process by using Life Cycle Assessment tool. The results bring out the lack of efficiency on FRP. Proporcionally, in Piracicaba only 1.92% of firewood were repositioned. Apart from that, FRP demonstrated a strong potential to forest biomass sustainable production. The standard productions system was defined as: seedlings production; seedlings transportation, forest management; logging; firewood transportation. The CO2 emissions in chain quantified non significant results and firewood in FRP system confirms its potential of mitigation between other available options.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:21:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jales Guedes Coelho Mendonca.pdf: 1158867 bytes, checksum: 33a239fd0af8d952614fada600856055 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-26 / The present work has since objective rescues the importance of the State Constituent of 1935 for the transfer of the capital from Goiás. There try to analyse all the phases trodden by the proposal changing in the Assembly, detaching the set of modifications suffered in unrolling this trajectory. It is looked to demonstrate that the second Charter of Goiás went to prescriptive fountain of legitimating of the changing. There shows up a reading still not observed by the regional, attached historiograhy to the old dichotomy of the groups changing and antichanging, registering the existence of the forgotten one third current of opinion, called of Stipulated Changing, given rise of a promise when two interests were established for reconcile: to ease the resistance of the ancient metropolis and to protect it of the imminent decadence. The preparation of the dissertation used the documentary inquiry and the bibliographical production. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo resgatar a importância da Constituinte Estadual de 1935 para a transferência da capital goiana. Procura-se decompor todas as fases trilhadas pela proposta mudancista na Assembléia, destacando o conjunto de modificações sofridas no desenrolar desta trajetória. Busca-se demonstrar que a segunda Carta Magna de Goiás foi a fonte normativa legitimadora da transladação. Apresenta-se uma leitura ainda não observada pela historiografia regional, apegada à velha dicotomia dos grupos mudancistas e antimudancistas, registrando a existência de uma esquecida terceira corrente de opinião, denominada de Mudancismo Condicionado, originada de um compromisso estabelecido para compatibilizar dois interesses: abrandar a resistência da antiga metrópole e resguardá-la da iminente decadência. A elaboração da dissertação valeu-se da pesquisa documental e da produção bibliográfica.

Como mudam os instrumentos de política pública? A pergunta que intitula este trabalho pode ser respondida através de uma característica principal: gradualismo. Parte dos modelos explicativos que visam compreender transformações em políticas públicas partem de uma análise de fatores e processos exógenos. Estas abordagens constantemente privilegiam a ótica de um dos atores que participam do jogo da distribuição de recursos da política, sejam estes o governo, a sociedade civil, os capitais, ou quaisquer outros atores imersos nestas disputas. Ainda que o olhar para as atuações dos atores seja fundamental, há dois riscos intrínsecos a esta estratégia, são eles: a formação de um viés explicativo de acordo com as premissas dos atores onde se estabelece o enfoque analítico e o abandono dos fatores e processos causais que ocorrem de forma endógena à política. Este trabalho visa oferecer um enfoque analítico que se dá por dentro da política pública, através da análise dos seus instrumentos. Em paralelo à formação de conjunturas críticas externas abruptas, que fogem ao controle dos atores imersos ao jogo, há um processo gradual de mudanças que só é possível captar através deste tipo de abordagem. A análise do instrumento das Operações Urbanas em São Paulo permite compreender como estas alterações internas ocorrem de maneira paulatina e gradual através de um processo de layering - ao passo que conjunturas mais abruptas acontecem de maneira exógena ao instrumento. A combinação destes processos é o que viabiliza transformações mais amplas no instrumento, que são, por fim, institucionalizadas. / How does a public policy instrument change? The question that entitles this dissertation may be answered through a mains characteristic: gradualism. Some of the explanatory models which aim to understand transformations in public policies choose the analysis of external factors and processes. These frameworks constantly privilege the focus on one of the actors whose are embedded on the distributional policy game, being them the government, civil society, private companies or any other actors. Even if the look at these actors remains important, there are two intrinsic risks in this strategy: the existence of an explanatory bias, according to the specific premises of the actors chosen as the analytical focuses and the neglect of the causal factors and processes that happen inside the policy. This or offers an analytical emphasis that occurs endogenously to the policy, through the analysis of its instruments. Simultaneously to the formation of external abrupt critical junctures, there is a gradual changing process which is only able to comprehend through this endogenous look into the policy and its instruments. The analysis of the Urban Operations instrument in São Paulo aims to explicit how this changes happens in a gradual way through a layering process whereas critical junctures emerge in the external environment. The combination of these to processes is what enable broader transformations in the policy instrument, which are ultimately, institutionalized.

Diversos problemas de transporte, observados nas grandes metrópoles, têm sido mitigados com o aumento da capacidade da infraestrutura viária, voltada à circulação de veículos motorizados individuais. Com isso observa-se, atualmente, aumento dos congestionamentos, das poluições sonora e ambiental, mudanças climáticas e redução nos índices de atividade física da população. Uma alternativa encontrada por muitas cidades é a transformação de seu sistema viário em um local atrativo para utilização dos Modos Ativos de Transporte – realização de viagens a pé ou de bicicleta. Nesse sentido, a cidade de Porto Alegre desde 2010 vem aumentando a quantidade de ciclovias e ciclofaixas disponíveis. No entanto, a literatura indica que existem diversos outros fatores que influenciam na decisão por usar a bicicleta como modo de transporte, principalmente para os deslocamentos até o trabalho. Dessa forma, essa dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto que a implantação de vestiário, bicicletário, empréstimo de bicicletas, treinamento para trafegar de bicicleta e ciclovias disponíveis nas principais vias de Porto Alegre, causariam na probabilidade dos funcionários da Companhia Riograndense de Saneamento (CORSAN) utilizarem a bicicleta para realizar pelo menos dois deslocamentos por semana entre a sua casa e o trabalho. Para isso foi realizada uma Pesquisa de Preferência Declarada, incluindo essas variáveis e características socioeconômicas dos funcionários. A análise das medidas foi realizada utilizando o Modelo Logit Ordenado. Foi observado que o impacto da implantação das melhorias propostas possui magnitude maior que as características socioeconômicas das pessoas. Pessoas que atualmente utilizam o automóvel particular para seus deslocamentos diários são menos propensos à inclusão da bicicleta nos seus deslocamentos, assim como as que possuem filhos. A disponibilidade de vestiário com chuveiro e armário mostrou-se a variável mais importante para o estímulo do uso da bicicleta. A presença de um bicicletário interno e seguro, disponibilidade de bicicletas para empréstimo no local de trabalho e a presença de ciclovias no trajeto também apresentaram impactos significativos. O impacto da disponibilidade de treinamento para o uso de bicicleta foi significativamente menor que os observados nas outras variáveis. Considerando a viabilidade econômica e os benefícios observados, recomenda-se a implantação de vestiário e bicicletário, como medida de estímulo ao uso da bicicleta para os deslocamentos até o trabalho. / Most metropolitan areas mitigate transportation problems by increasing road infrastructure for motorized vehicles. This practice results in an increase in traffic congestion, noise and environmental pollution and reduction in the population’s physical activity levels. Many cities have tackled these externalities by transforming their road system into an attractive environment for Active Transport Modes - walking or cycling. As an example, the city of Porto Alegre has invested in the expansion of its cycling network since 2010. According to the literature, cycling infrastructure is one of the main factors that influence the use of bicycle for transportation, especially to work. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of implementing different measures to improve the use of bicycle for commutes using as case study Companhia Riograndense de Saneamento (CORSAN). The evaluated measures included availability of changing rooms, cycle parking, bike sharing systems, training on bicycle use, and cycle paths. An Ordered Logit Model was estimated based onStated Preference data. The impact of the proposed measures has greater magnitude than employee’s socioeconomic characteristics. Individuals who currently use the private car for commute are less likely to use bicycles for those trips, as well as those with children. The availability of a changing room with shower and locker proved to be the most important variable to increase bicycle use among CORSAN employees. Cycle parking inside the building in a safe place, a bike sharing system and the presence of cycle paths along the way also had significant impacts. The impact of training availability for bicycle use was significantly lower, compared to other variables. This research also suggests that implementation of changing room and appropriate parking facilities for bicycles are affordable and important measures to promote the use of bicycle for commutes to work.

The author highlights the important role of logistics and its application to international trade. To succeed in business it is crucial to reveal new logistics trends in order to adapt to the changes as soon as possible. The main objective of the thesis is therefore providing the analysis of current logistics trends and pointing out the factors that will have a major impact on the future direction of logistics. At the end there are case studies on companies Škoda Auto and Wal-Mart to familiarize with new logistics approaches in practice.

<p>The general aim of the present thesis is to increase our understanding of perceived employability. Employability perceptions refer to individuals’ beliefs about their possibilities of finding new, equal, or better employment. How people perceive their possibilities of getting employment is important in a labour market characterised by flexibility and uncertainty, and the present thesis sets out to investigate the nature, determinants, and implications of employability perceptions, using two population-based samples. In Study I, the aim was to study if employability and self-efficacy are two distinct but related constructs and, along with this, to investigate the nature of their association. The results from this study indicated that employability was distinct from self-efficacy and, furthermore, that employability predicted subsequent self-efficacy. In Study II, the aim was to identify predictors of perceived employability. The combination of situational and individual factors was identified as important for employability perceptions. National economic prosperity, living/working in metropolitan areas, poor physical and good psychological work environments, formal education, and competency development were found to be positively associated with perceived employability. The aim of Study III was to investigate if employability could predict subsequent health and well-being. The results from this study implied that individuals who reported higher levels of employability also reported better global health and mental well-being, but not physical complaints, one year later, after controlling for work environment variables and previous health status. In conclusion, the present thesis has implications for theory as well as practice when it concludes that employability is not primarily a self-evaluation, that it is dependent on individual as well as situational factors, and that it has implications for health and well-being.</p>