Submitted by Fernando Souza (fernandoafsou@gmail.com) on 2017-08-14T10:56:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4889368 bytes, checksum: 2154a6772c98f0f2fb36fa3148dc4a24 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-14T10:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4889368 bytes, checksum: 2154a6772c98f0f2fb36fa3148dc4a24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) can be characterized by the use of sensor nodes in varied environments for many different applications, e.g., monitoring and control systems applications in industrial environments. The use of WSNs in industrial applications must deal with typical problems of wireless networks, such as high attenuation and obstructions. In these environments, different characteristics of the channels can be observed due to its multipath profile. Changes in the topology may also cause changes in the channel characteristics as the time goes on, and it may cause differences in the average value of the received power. An alternative to deal with it and with the variation of channel quality is the development of protocols that use multiple channels. Its use allows, e.g., to achieve better use of the channel, increasing the network transmission capacity. However, there is a difficulty in evaluating and comparing different approaches due to the lack of simulators which have more accurate models. To assess the real benefits of these protocols, one should take into account a more realistic propagation model. This work presents a realistic simulation model that captures the effects of fading on a large and small scale, log-normal shadowing, the non-stationary characteristics of the channel for a long time, and the different characteristics of the different IEEE 802.15.4 standard channels. The model was then built into the open-source discrete event simulator Castalia and tested, comparing it with the default stationary model of the simulator. After integration, the protocol Tree-based Multi-Channel Protocol (TMCP) was evaluated using the proposed model. In the experiments it was possible to identify good accuracy in both the model and the TMCP protocol. / Uma Rede de Sensores sem Fio (RSSF) pode ser caracterizada pela utilização de nós sensores em variados ambientes para as mais diversas aplicações, por exemplo, para monitoramento e controle em ambiente industrial. O uso de RSSFs para implementar aplicações industriais precisa lidar com problemas típicos das redes sem fio, como alta atenuação e obstruções. Nesses ambientes, diferenças nas características dos canais podem ser observadas dado o seu perfil de multipercurso. Mudanças na topologia também podem provocar mudanças nas características dos canais ao longo do tempo, podendo causar diferença no valor médio da potência recebida. Uma alternativa para lidar com isso e com a variação da qualidade dos canais é o desenvolvimento de protocolos que utilizam múltiplos canais. Seu uso permite, por exemplo, alcançar uma melhor utilização do canal, aumentando a capacidade de transmissão da rede. No entanto, existe uma dificuldade em avaliar e comparar as diferentes abordagens devido à carência de simuladores que apresentem modelos mais precisos. Para avaliar os reais benefícios desses protocolos deve-se levar em consideração um modelo de propagação mais próximo da realidade. Esse trabalho apresenta um modelo de simulação que captura os efeitos de desvanecimento em larga escala, atenuação em pequena escala, sombreamento log-normal, as características não-estacionárias do canal em longos períodos de tempo, e as características distintas dos diferentes canais do padrão IEEE 802.15.4. O modelo foi então integrado ao simulador de eventos discretos de código aberto Castalia e testado, comparando-o com o modelo estacionário padrão do próprio simulador. A partir da integração, o protocolo Tree-based Multi-Channel Protocol (TMCP) foi implementado e avaliado utilizando o modelo proposto. Com os experimentos foi possível identificar uma ótima precisão do modelo e do protocolo TMCP.

Master's thesis compares the standard for digital terrestrial television broadcasting of the first generation DVB-T/H and the second generation DVB-T2 with particular emphasis on the modulator, a security channel interference, the signal from the transmitting environment itself and the modulation signal. The following description of specific models of transmission channels for fixed, portable and mobile reception of digital terrestrial signal. Comparison with the particular relates of the transmission parameters for different types of reception of digital terrestrial television with achieving efficiency and effectiveness of transmission at the level of laboratory measurements and computer simulation.

La presencia de topologías multi-salto en comunicaciones inalámbricas de todo tipo es cada vez más apreciable, esperándose además que esta tendencia se mantenga en un futuro cercano. A pesar de que inicialmente fueran concebidos para solventar la falta de infraestructura subyacente en ciertos escenarios concretos, estos despliegues han acaparado el interés de diferentes actores del ámbito de las comunicaciones (incluyendo los operadores), con lo que es razonable pensar que su relevancia irá creciendo paulatinamente. De hecho, existen diversas iniciativas en algunos foros de estandarización que de alguna manera corroboran este hecho. Hay que tener en cuenta, por otro lado, otros factores adicionales (como la eclosión que se ha producido en el campo de las redes de sensores inalámbricos) que seguramente fomentarán el uso de estas topologías.A pesar de la creciente actividad en el ámbito de los despliegues multi-salto, sigue siendo necesario establecer, de manera cuantitativa, cuáles son sus posibles beneficios, tanto para los usuarios finales de los sistemas de comunicación, como para los operadores, especialmente teniendo en cuenta el elevado grado de heterogeneidad que también caracterizará las redes inalámbricas.Por otro lado, en lo que se refiere a los algoritmos y protocolos a ser empleados sobre este tipo de topologías, y a pesar de la intensa labor de investigación que sobre ellos se ha realizado recientemente, queda aún un número relevante de aspectos a analizar. En primer lugar, el mero hecho de que sus requerimientos y retos iniciales hayan variado de manera sustancial puede, y debe, influenciar sus principios básicos. Además, es necesario acometer verificaciones de los mismos sobre plataformas reales y, así mismo, asegurar que las evaluaciones que se realicen con técnicas de simulación utilicen modelos reales que permitan reflejar de manera fidedigna las condiciones que se dan en la realidad.Esta Tesis afronta, en primer lugar, la evaluación cuantitativa de la mejora que es posible alcanzar al utilizar topologías inalámbricas multi-salto para extender despliegues de red más tradicionales. Un primer aspecto que es razonable considerar es la ampliación de la cobertura que se consigue; en este caso se ha realizado un análisis que sigue un doble enfoque, analítico y mediante técnicas de simulación, para determinar es la ganancia que se logra. Se ha partido de dos modelos de red complementarios entre sí, asumiendo en el primero de ellos una falta total de planificación previa, mientras que en el segundo se utiliza un emplazamiento óptimo de los elementos de conexión a la red. Se ha comprobado que, a pesar de sus características claramente antagónicas, los resultados obtenidos con ambos escenarios son similares entre sí. Además, se concluye que, a pesar de que la ampliación de la cobertura que se alcanza es muy relevante, es posible establecer un límite razonable para el número máximo de saltos a emplear, ya que la mejoría adicional al incrementar la longitud de la ruta deja de ser apreciable a partir del mismo. Este aspecto se podría aprovechar para influir en el diseño de las técnicas de encaminamiento a emplear sobre este tipo de topologías.Se analizan también otras mejoras adicionales, utilizando un escenario en el que predomina sobremanera la heterogeneidad de los elementos de conexión a la red, e integrando las extensiones multi-salto con un algoritmo de selección de acceso genérico, que permite modular el peso que tienen las diferentes entidades (tanto el terminal de usuario como la propia red), así como diversos parámetros y restricciones a considerar, a la hora de determinar la alternativa de conexión óptima. Se comprueba que, tanto para los usuarios, gracias a la mejora de la calidad del servicio que perciben, como para la red, que incrementa el tráfico que es capaz de cursar, el uso de comunicaciones multi-salto puede resultar altamente atractivo.En segundo lugar, también se afronta la mejora de las técnicas de encaminamiento que tradicionalmente se emplean sobre las redes multi-salto, basadas en minimizar el número de saltos entre los dos extremos de la comunicación. Para ello, y utilizando el paradigma de Cross-Layer Optimisation, se propone una versión mejorada del protocolo DSR, denominada SADSR, que emplea la información relativa a la calidad de los enlaces subyacentes para modular el algoritmo de selección de ruta. Destacar que se acomete una verificación experimental de dicha propuesta, contestando, de este modo, a una de las reivindicaciones más importantes en este campo. Los resultados obtenidos permiten inferir que las prestaciones de la propuesta realizada en el marco de esta Tesis son superiores a los de la versión original del DSR.A pesar del evidente valor que las validaciones empíricas aportan, tienen la limitación de que es complicado establecer topologías con un número elevado de nodos, o acometer experimentos con una pauta repetitiva para determinar un comportamiento promedio. Es por ello que también se acomete un análisis mediante técnicas de simulación, en el que se compara SADSR con la versión original del DSR, así como con otras propuestas que han acaparado el interés por parte de la comunidad científica. Los resultados que se derivan a raíz de la evaluación llevada a cabo no hacen sino corroborar lo que ya adelanta la verificación experimental, ya que las prestaciones del SADSR son muy superiores a las del resto de alternativas analizadas.Para llevar a cabo el análisis anterior es fundamental el uso de un modelo de canal que refleje, con el mayor grado de exactitud posible, un comportamiento realista. Para ello, en la Tesis se afronta el diseño, implementación y posterior integración en la plataforma Network Simulator de BEAR, un modelo de canal basado en filtrado auto-regresivo, que se caracteriza principalmente por emular la aparición de errores a ráfagas que se observa en entornos reales. En ese sentido, se parte de un extenso conjunto de medidas que permite corroborar el correcto funcionamiento de la propuesta. / The presence of multi-hop topologies within all types of wireless communications is becoming more and more common, and this tendency is expected to be maintained in the near future. Although they were originally conceived to compensate the lack of subjacent infrastructure in certain scenarios, these deployments have attracted the interest of different actors in the wireless communications value chain (including network operators) and thus it is logical to think that their relevance will gradually increase. In fact, there already exist some standardization initiatives which corroborate this point to some extent. Furthermore, other additional factors, such as the rapid growth which has been seen in wireless sensor technologies, also strengthen the use of these topologies..In spite of the growing activity in the multi-hop deployment field, it is still necessary to establish, in a quantitative way, their potential benefits, both for the end-users of the communication systems, as well as for the operators, considering, in addition, the high degree of heterogeneity which will characterize wireless networks in the future.On the other hand, as far as algorithms and protocols to be used over this type of topology are concerned, and despite the intense research which has been conducted into them, there is still a large number of issues to be tackled. First, the simple fact that their initial requirements and challenges have been modified can, and must, influence their basic principles. In addition, it becomes necessary to address their validation on real platforms and, on the other hand, to ensure that simulation-based evaluations of their performance make use of realistic models which accurately reflect the conditions which are observed in real scenarios.This dissertation tackles, on the one hand, the quantitative evaluation of the improvements which are achievable when using multi-hop topologies to extend legacy network deployments. One first aspect which is logical to consider is the increase in the coverage which is brought about. In this sense, a two-fold approach has been followed, employing both an analytical as well as a simulation-based analysis, to establish what the gain is. Two network models have been used, being complementary to each other; the first one assumes a complete lack of network planning for the deployment of the access elements, while the second one assumes an optimum distribution of them. Although their characteristics are completely different, the results are somehow similar for both cases. Furthermore, it can be concluded that, despite the coverage extension which can be obtained, it is indeed possible to establish a reasonable limit on the maximum number of hops to be used, since the improvement becomes less relevant for higher values. This aspect could influence the design of routing techniques to be used over this type of topology.Furthermore, other additional benefits have been also analyzed, using a network deployment in which the presence of heterogeneity (multi-access) is evident. The multi-hop extensions have been integrated within a generic access selection algorithm which enables the modification of the weights which are assigned to the different entities (both the end-user terminals and the network) as well as to the set of parameters and constraints to be considered when selecting the most appropriate access alternative. It is concluded that for both the end-users, who improve their perception of the quality of service, and the network, which is able to increase the overall amount of traffic possible to be handled, multi-hop extensions are certainly beneficial.In addition, the dissertation also tackles the improvement of the routing techniques which are traditionally employed over multi-hop networks, which are based on minimizing the number of hops between the two sides of the communication. To accomplish this, and using the Cross-Layer Optimisation paradigm, an improved version of the DSR protocol is proposed, namely SADSR. It uses information about the subjacent link qualities to modulate the route selection algorithm. It is worth highlighting that a fully empirical (on a real platform) validation has been conducted, addressing one of the most pressing demands within this field. The results obtained allow us to infer that the proposal made in the framework of this dissertation is clearly outperforming the original DSR version.Although the added value provided by empirical validations is unquestionable, they also have some limitations. First, they normally do not favour the establishment of large topologies, or to undertake repetitive experiments aimed at finding an average behaviour. In this sense, a simulation-based analysis is also used so as to compare the SADSR with the original DSR version as well as with other proposals which have recently attracted interest from the scientific community. The results obtained by the validation carried out on a real platform are confirmed, since the performance brought about by the SADSR is somewhat higher than that of the other strategies.In order to perform the previous analysis the use of a realistic channel model, able to capture with a high degree of accuracy the behaviour exhibited on real platforms, is mandatory. To fulfil this requirement, the dissertation also tackles the design, implementation, and integration within the Network Simulator platform of BEAR, a channel model based on auto-regressive filtering. It is mainly characterized by being able to emulate the bursty presence of errors which is observed over real channels. The design is based on an extensive set of measurements which is used to assess the validity of the proposal.

Τα συστήματα που έχουν πολλαπλές κεραίες σε πομπό και δέκτη (ΜΙΜΟ) έχουν την δυνατότητα να επιτύχουν υψηλούς ρυθμούς δεδομένων και αυξημένη αξιοπιστία χωρίς να απαιτείται επιπλέον εύρος ζώνης ή ισχύς μετάδοσης. Η βασική αρχή στην οποία βασίζονται είναι ότι το σήμα που εκπέμπεται από τον πομπό διέρχεται από περισσότερα του ενός ανεξάρτητα κανάλια. Ο δέκτης εκμεταλλευόμενος τις πολλαπλές λήψεις του ίδιου σήματος μπορεί να βελτιώσει την απόδοσή του. Η εισαγωγή πολλαπλών κεραιών σε κάποια συστήματα δεν είναι δυνατό να συμβεί συνήθως λόγω του χώρου που απαιτείται. Παρόλα αυτά, σε αυτό το περιβάλλον επικοινωνίας υπάρχουν συνήθως πολλαπλοί χρήστες που μπορούν να συνεργαστούν και να δημιουργήσουν ένα κατανεμημένο σύστημα ΜΙΜΟ, που αναφέρεται στην βιβλιογραφία ως συνεργατικό (cooperative). Στα συστήματα MIMO έχουν προταθεί τεχνικές προσανατολισμένης επικοινωνίας (beamforming) με σκοπό την ακύρωση των παρεμβολών και του θορύβου στο δέκτη. Οι τεχνικές αυτές απαιτούν την γνώση της κατάστασης του καναλιού αφού πραγματοποιούν διάσπαση της μήτρας των συντελεστών του καναλιού κατά παράγοντες ώστε να εξάγουν τα διανύσματα βάρους με τα οποία θα πολλαπλασιάσουν τις ακολουθίες των συμβόλων που λαμβάνει ο δέκτης ή /και των συμβόλων που μεταδίδει ο πομπός. Συγκεκριμένα, μελετήθηκε η περίπτωση της τεχνικής προσανατολισμένης επικοινωνίας που στηρίζεται στην μέθοδο SVD η οποία πολλαπλασιάζει το διάνυσμα των προς μετάδοση συμβόλων στον πομπό και το διάνυσμα των ληφθέντων συμβόλων στο δέκτη με τα κατάλληλα ιδιάζοντα διανύσματα, επιτυγχάνοντας προσανατολισμένη επικοινωνία λήψης και εκπομπής (transmit και receive beamforming). Όπως αναφέρθηκε, η συγκεκριμένη μέθοδος απαιτεί την γνώση της κατάστασης του καναλιού σε πομπό και σε δέκτη. Για αυτό το σκοπό αρχικά θα μελετηθεί η επίδραση της εκτίμησης του καναλιού στην επίδοση της μεθόδου η οποία διεξάγεται από ένα εκτιμητή μέγιστης πιθανοφάνειας από ακολουθίες συμβόλων εκμάθησης που έχει μεταδώσει ο πομπός. Στην συνέχεια θα εξεταστεί η περίπτωση που τα κανάλια μπορούν να περιγραφούν από ένα μοντέλο πολλαπλών μονοπατιών. Ένα τέτοιο μοντέλο είναι δυνατό να εκτιμηθεί από δείγματα της κρουστικής απόκρισης του καναλιού, βελτιώνοντας περαιτέρω την επίδοση του συστήματος. Επίσης, παρέχει και την δυνατότητα της πρόβλεψης των μεταγενέστερων καταστάσεων του καναλιού, μειώνοντας αρκετά τον αριθμό των συμβόλων εκμάθησης που απαιτούνται. Η εκτίμηση των παραμέτρων του μοντέλου του καναλιού θα γίνει με την βοήθεια της μεθόδου ESPRIT. Τελικά, θα ενσωματωθεί η εκτίμηση του μοντέλου και στην τεχνική προσανατολισμένης επικοινωνίας και θα μελετηθεί η επίδοσή της. Στην συνέχεια θα εφαρμόσουμε την προηγούμενη διάταξη στην περίπτωση των συνεργατικών συστημάτων. Θα εφαρμοστεί λοιπόν, σε ένα τέτοιο σύστημα η τεχνική με την εκτίμηση του μοντέλου του καναλιού και θα αναλυθεί η επίδοσή του για τα δύο πιο γνωστά πρωτόκολλα επικοινωνίας μεταξύ του κόμβου-πηγής και των κόμβων-συνεργατών, το ενίσχυσης και προώθησης και το αποκωδικοποίησης και προώθησης. / The systems that have multiple transmit and receive antennas (MIMO) can achieve high data rates and increased reliability without the need for additional bandwidth or transmission power. The aforementioned is based on the transmission of the signal of the transmitter via multiple independent channels. The receiver can use the multiple versions of the same signal to improve its performance. The introduction of multiple antennas in some systems it is not possible due to the lack of space. On contrast, in a multi-user environment there are users of a single antenna that can cooperate to construct a distributed MIMO system, which are called in the bibliography as a cooperative system. A number of beamforming schemes have already proposed in MIMO systems with the view of interference and noise cancellation. These schemes compute the singular value decomposition of the channel matrix and use the singular vectors to extract the weight vectors that are used to multiply the sequences of symbols that transmitter transmits and the symbols that receiver receives. This scheme achieves transmit and receive beamforming and transmitter and receiver must have full channel state information (CSI). The next step is to examine the performance of this method under channel estimation errors. The estimation of the channel is carried out with a maximum likelihood estimator from training sequences that were transmitted from the transmitter. After that, we examine the case in which the channel taps can be modeled by a multipath model. The parameters of a model of this kind can be computed from noise corrupted samples with sub-space methods. In this thesis we use the ESPRIT method for the estimation of these parameters. After the estimation of the model’s parameters we can use the model to predict future values of channel taps, decreasing with this way the number of the training symbols that are needed. Then, we will use this method in the system with the beamforming scheme and we will evaluate its performance. Finally, the complete infrastructure will be applied to a cooperative system and its performance will be tested for the two most popular cooperation protocols, the amplify and forward protocol and the decode and forward protocol.

In this effort, we consider the performance of a dedicated short range communication (DSRC) system for inter-vehicle communications (IVC). The DSRC standard employs convolutional codes for forward error correction (FEC). The performance of the DSRC system is evaluated in three different channels with convolutional codes, regular low density parity check (LDPC) codes and quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes. In addition, we compare the complexity of these codes. It is shown that LDPC and QC-LDPC codes provide a significant improvement in performance compared to convolutional codes. / Graduate

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-19T18:40:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 victorfernandes.pdf: 1092306 bytes, checksum: 4a32aa04ed1256ce18768180de089629 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-09T12:20:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 victorfernandes.pdf: 1092306 bytes, checksum: 4a32aa04ed1256ce18768180de089629 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T12:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 victorfernandes.pdf: 1092306 bytes, checksum: 4a32aa04ed1256ce18768180de089629 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Essa dissertação tem por objetivo mostrar os benefícios em termos de desempenho e confiabilidade de um modelo de canal híbrido de baixa taxa de dados que pode ser aplicado a smart grids e internet das coisas. Esse modelo é chamado de hybrid power line communication-wireless single-relay channel (HSRC), que consiste do uso paralelo e mútuo dos modelos single-relay channel baseado em transmissão de dados via rede elétrica e sem fio. Para mostrar os benefícios do mesmo, foi considerado que a posição do nó de retransmissão é variável, também foi assumida alocação de potência uniforme e ótima sob restrição de potência, bem como o uso de dois protocolos de cooperação: amplify-andforward (AF) e decode-and-forward (DF). Além disso, essa dissertação discute o modelo HSRC incompleto, que é caracterizado pela perda de um enlace de comunicação de dados ou uma interface de comunicação de um nó no modelo HSRC. Primeiramente, foi apresentada a formulação matemática no que tange a taxa de dados ergódica e probabilidade de outage dos dois modelos mencionados. Em seguida, foi realizada a análise numérica dos mesmos. Por fim, os resultados numéricos foram analisados e mostraram que tanto o HSRC quanto o HSRC incompleto têm performance melhores do que o single-relay channel baseado em transmissão de dados via rede elétrica ou sem fio para todas as posições do nó de retransmissão e protocolos de cooperação considerados. Também, os resultados mostraram que a posição relativa entre os nós de fonte, destino e de retransmissão impactam significativamente na taxa de dados ergódica bem como na probabilidade de outage. Ainda, foi mostrado o impacto da perda de cada enlace de comunicação de dados ou interface de comunicação de um nó (HSRC incompleto) quando a posição relativa do nó de retransmissão muda. Por último, é mostrado que a diferença de desempenho entre os protocolos de cooperação AF e DF reduz quando o modelo HSRC é utilizado e que a melhor posição para o nó de retransmissão é entre os nós fonte e destino em termos de taxa de dados ergódica. / This dissertation aims at discussing improvements of performance and reliability of lowbit rate data communication technologies applied to smart grids and internet of things. In this regard, a comprehensive analysis of the ergodic achievable data rate and the outage probability of the so-called low-bit rate hybrid power line communication-wireless singlerelay channel (HSRC) model, which jointly and in parallel uses power line and wireless channels for data transmission, is presented. In order to highlight the benefits of such hybrid channel model for the target applications when the relative position of relay node changes, optimal and uniform power allocations under sum power constraint, amplifyand-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative protocols are taken into account. Moreover, this dissertation discusses the so-called incomplete HSRC which is characterized by the loss of one data communication link or node communication interface in a HSRC. Numerical results show that the HSRC and incomplete HSRC remarkably outperform power line or wireless single-relay channels for all considered positions of the relay node and the chosen cooperative protocols. Furthermore, these results show that the relative distances among source, relay and destination nodes significantly impact the achievable data rate and outage probabilities. In addition, the impact of each missing data communication link or node communication interface (incomplete HSRC) when the relay position, relative to source and destination nodes, changes is quantified. Finally, but not the least, it is shown that the performance difference between AF and DF protocols reduces when the HSRC model is taken into account and that the best relay position is in the middle between source and destination nodes.

Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse à l'optimisation des performances de transmissions multimédias par une approche originale combinant des circuits radiofréquences, tel que l'am-plificateur de puissance et les distorsions du canal de transmission. Les signaux OFDM sont très sensibles aux non-linéarités de l'amplificateur à cause des fortes fluctuations du niveau du signal, caractérisées par le PAPR. Afin de réduire le PAPR, on propose tout d'abord d'améliorer la méthode TR en termes de rapidité de convergence et de réduction du PAPR, en comparant plusieurs algorithmes d'optimisation. On montre que l'algorithme du gradient con-jugué offre les meilleures performances tout en respectant les spécifications fréquentielles du standard IEEE 802.11a. Par la suite, la méthode TR est évaluée expérimentalement en pré-sence d'un amplificateur de puissance (SZP-2026Z) en utilisant un banc de mesures. On montre ainsi que la méthode TR permet une amélioration de la qualité de transmission. Cette amélioration peut être utilisée pour modifier le point de fonctionnement de l'amplificateur et per-mettre ainsi une réduction de 18 % de la puissance consommée. Les résultats expérimentaux ont conduit au choix d'un modèle réaliste d'amplificateur en considérant les effets mémoires. Ce dernier a été intégré dans une chaîne de simulation SISO comprenant également un modèle réaliste de canal de transmission. La chaîne décrite a permis d'évaluer les performances de la méthode TR dans des conditions de transmission réalistes. Enfin, on propose d'appliquer la méthode TR dans une chaîne MIMO-OFDM en boucle fermée dédiée à la transmission de contenus multimédias scalables dans un environnement réaliste, en utilisant le standard IEEE 802.11n. Cette étude présente une évaluation originale de l'impact de la méthode TR sur la qualité visuelle des images transmises, en prenant en compte le contenu multimédia, la non-linéarité de l'amplificateur et les distorsions apportées par le canal. / In this thesis, we are interested on the performances optimization of multimedia transmissions systems with an original contribution combining RF circuits' imperfections presented by the power amplifier (PA) nonlinearities and the transmission channel distortions. The studied system uses the OFDM technique which is the most widespread multicarrier modulation in recent radio communications systems. However, its major drawback is the high PAPR value, which degrades the transmission quality due to the PA nonlinearities. To reduce the PAPR, we first propose to improve the TR method in terms of convergence speed and PAPR reduction, by studying several optimization algorithms. We show that the conjugate gradient algorithm provides the best performance while respecting the frequency specifica-tions of the IEEE 802.11a standard. Thereafter, TR method has been evaluated experimentally in the presence of a commercial PA (SZP-2026Z) and using a measurement bench. It is shown that the TR method improves the quality of service (QoS), with 18% reduction in PA power consumption. The experimental study has resulted to choosing a realistic PA model consider-ing memory effects. This PA model has been integrated into a SISO simulation chain includ-ing also a realistic channel model. This chain is used to evaluate the TR method performances under realistic transmission conditions. Finally, we propose to apply the TR method in a closed-loop MIMO-OFDM chain dedicated to the transmission of scalable multimedia con-tent in a realistic context with the IEEE 802.1n standard. This study presents a new contribu-tion of the TR method evaluation to improve the visual quality of the JPWL transmitted imag-es, considering in the same time the multimedia content, the PA nonlinearity and the channel transmission distortions.

Cette thèse porte sur l'optimisation des performances des systèmes de transmission multimédias MIMO-OFDM prenant conjointement en compte les imperfections de l'amplificateur de puissance et les distorsions du canal. Les fluctuations d'amplitude des signaux OFDM, caractérisées par un PAPR élevé, rendent la transmission vulnérable à la non-linéarité de l'amplificateur de puissance. On propose dans un premier temps une méthode permettant d'améliorer les performances de la méthode Tone Reservation en termes de gain de réduction du PAPR et de rapidité de convergence, en associant les échantillons de l'Intervalle de Garde aux Sous-Porteuses Nulles. Les simulations en présence d'un amplificateur de puissance à effets mémoire et d'un canal radio basé sur un modèle de propagation réaliste montrent que la méthode proposée offre de bonnes performances tout en respectant les spécifications fréquentielles, dans le cadre du standard IEEE 802.11a. Dans un second temps, on propose d'étudier l'impact de la non-linéarité dans un système MIMO-OFDM précodé dédié à la transmission d'images JPWL, respectant la norme IEEE 802.11n. On montre que la non-linéarité affecte la robustesse de transmission contre les erreurs de transmission et dégrade considérablement la qualité visuelle des images reçues. Enfin, on propose une stratégie de précodage originale prenant conjointement en compte l'amplificateur de puissance, le canal de transmission et le contenu de l'image à transmettre. Cette stratégie alloue successivement la puissance sur les sous-canaux SISO issus de la décomposition du canal MIMO afin de maximiser la qualité visuelle des images reçues tout en réduisant la puissance totale d'émission. Les résultats de simulation montrent que cette nouvelle stratégie qui considère un amplificateur et un canal réalistes, permet de garantir la robustesse de transmission et d'améliorer la qualité visuelle des images reçues. / This thesis focuses on the optimization of multimedia transmissions in MIMO-OFDM systems by jointly taking into account the power amplifier non-linearity and the wireless channel distortions. The OFDM modulation generates a high peak fluctuation, measured by the PAPR, which is affected by the RF non-linearity such as the power amplifier, reducing the transmission quality. We first propose a new method to improve the Tone Reservation method performances in terms of PAPR reduction gain and convergence speed, by including the samples of the Guard Interval Signal in the optimization algorithm. Simulations results using a power amplifier model with memory effects and a radio channel based on a realistic propagation model show that the new method offers the better performances, while respecting the IEEE 802.11a spectrum mask. Secondly, we propose to study the impact of power amplifier nonlinearity on the transmission of scalable image contents over a precoded Closed-Loop MIMO-OFDM system. The simulations in a realistic context, under the standard IEEE 802.11n standard show that the RF non-linearity affects the robustness against transmission errors and highly degrades the visual quality of the received JPWL images. Finally, we propose a new precoding strategy which jointly takes into account the power amplifier, the radio channel and the image content to be transmitted. This strategy successively allocates power between the SISO sub-channels obtained from the MIMO channel decomposition in order to maximize the visual quality of the received images, while reducing the total output power. Simulations with a realistic power amplifier model, associated with a realistic channel model show that this new strategy ensures a robust transmission and improves the visual quality of the received images.

The C2X Communication is of high interest to the automotive industry. Ongoing research on this topic mainly bases on the simulation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. In order to estimate the necessary level of simulation details their impact on the results needs to be examined. This thesis focuses on different channel models as the freespace, shadowing, and Ricean model, along with varying parameters. For these simulations the network simulator ns-2 is extended to provide IEEE 802.11p compliance. However, the WAVE mode is not considered since it is still under development and not finally approved. Besides a more sophisticated packet error model than the existing implementation, as well as a link adaptation algorithm, is added. In this thesis several simulations examine specific details of wireless communication systems such as fairness of multiple access, interferences, throughput, and variability. Furthermore, the simulation points out some unexpected phenomena as starving nodes and saturation effects in multi hop networks. Those led to the conclusion that the IEEE 802.11 draft amendment does not solve known problems of the original IEEE 802.11 standard.

In large antenna systems, traditional channel estimation is costly and infeasible in some situations. Compressive sensing was proposed to estimate the channel with fewer measurements. Most of the previous work uses a predefined discrete Fourier transform matrix or overcomplete Fourier transform matrix to approximate the channel. Then, a learned dictionary trained by K-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) was proposed and was proved superiority using orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) to reconstruct the sparse channel. However, with the development of compressive sensing, there are plenty of dictionary learning algorithms and sparse recovery algorithms. It is important to identify the effect and the performance of different algorithms when transforming the high dimensional channel vectors to low dimensional representations. In this thesis, we use a spatial channel model to generate channel vectors. Dictionaries are trained by K-SVD and method of optimal directions (MOD). Several sparse recovery algorithms are used to find the sparse approximation of the channel like OMP and gradient descent with sparsification (GraDeS). We present simulation results and discuss the performance of the various algorithms in terms of accuracy, sparsity, and complexity. We find that predefined dictionaries works with most of the algorithms in sparse recovery but learned dictionaries only work with pursuit algorithms, and only show superiority when the algorithm coincides with the algorithm in the sparse coding stage. / I stora antennsystem är traditionell kanaluppskattning kostsam och omöjlig i vissa situationer. Kompressionsavkänning föreslogs för att uppskatta kanalen med färre mätningar. Det mesta av det tidigare arbetet använder en fördefinierad diskret Fourier transformmatris eller överkompletterad Fourier -transformmatris för att approximera kanalen. Därefter föreslogs en inlärd ordbok som utbildats av K-SVD och bevisades överlägsen med hjälp av OMP för att rekonstruera den glesa kanalen. Men med utvecklingen av komprimerad avkänning finns det gott om algoritmer för inlärning av ordlistor och glesa återställningsalgoritmer. Det är viktigt att identifiera effekten och prestandan hos olika algoritmer när de högdimensionella kanalvektorerna omvandlas till lågdimensionella representationer. I denna avhandling använder vi en rumslig kanalmodell för att generera kanalvektorer. Ordböcker tränas av K-SVD och MOD. Flera glesa återställningsalgoritmer används för att hitta den glesa approximationen av kanalen som OMP och GraDeS. Vi presenterar simuleringsresultat och diskuterar prestanda för de olika algoritmerna när det gäller noggrannhet, sparsamhet och komplexitet. Vi finner att fördefinierade ordböcker fungerar med de flesta algoritmerna i gles återhämtning, men inlärda ordböcker fungerar bara med jaktalgoritmer och visar bara överlägsenhet när algoritmen sammanfaller med algoritmen i det glesa kodningsstadiet.