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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Elucidação estrutural de heterogalactanas parcialmente metiladas obtidas de Grifola frondosa (“Maitake”) e Pleurotus ostreatus (“Shimeji”)

Oliveira, Gracy Kelly Faria 18 July 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-19T13:28:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gracy Kelly Faria Oliveira - 2013.pdf: 3056383 bytes, checksum: 704c745d35b0898a2ea697e0aebcc431 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-20T14:24:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gracy Kelly Faria Oliveira - 2013.pdf: 3056383 bytes, checksum: 704c745d35b0898a2ea697e0aebcc431 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-20T14:24:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gracy Kelly Faria Oliveira - 2013.pdf: 3056383 bytes, checksum: 704c745d35b0898a2ea697e0aebcc431 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-18 / Partially methylated heterogalactans were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (mannogalactan) and Grifola frondosa (mannofucogalactan), via successive cold aqueous extraction, followed by fractionation through freeze-thawing, precipitation with Fehling solution of soluble material, and dialysis using membranes with different exclusion limits (MWCO 50, 100, and 500 kDa). Their chemical structures were established based on monosaccharide composition, methylation analysis and NMR studies. The mannogalactan (Mw = 50.7 x 103 g.mol-1) had a main chain of (1→6)-linked α-D-galactopyranosyl and 3-O-methyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl units, both of which are partially substituted at O-2 by -D-mannopyranosyl nonreducing ends.The other was a mannofucogalactan (Mw = 15.9 x 103 g.mol-1), which had a similar main-chain, being a part of the galactopyranosyl units substituted at O-2 mainly by 3-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-α-L-fucopyranosyl groups and in a minor proportion with α-L-Fucp single-unit side chains. Recently, the heterogalactans are also recognized for their relevant biological activities, such as antitumor, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. Thus, the heterogalactans obtained from G.frondosa and P. ostreatus could present itself as a good candidate to be evaluated for its biological potential. / Heterogalactanas parcialmente metiladas foram isoladas dos basidiomas dos cogumelos medicinais Pleurotus ostreatus (manogalactana) e Grifola frondosa (manofucogalactana), através de sucessivas extrações aquosas a frio, seguidas de fracionamento por congelamento e degelo, precipitação com solução de Fehling e diálises em membranas com diferentes limites de exclusão (MWCO 50, 100 e 500 kDa). As estruturas químicas foram determinadas por meio das análises de composição monossacarídica, metilação e RMN (mono e bidimensionais). A manogalactana (Mw = 50,7 x 103 g.mol-1) apresentou uma cadeia principal constituída por unidades de -D-Galp e 3-O-Me--D-Galp (16) ligadas, sendo ambas parcialmente substituídas em O-2 por terminais não redutores de -D-Manp. A outra foi uma manofucogalactana (Mw = 15,9 x 103 g.mol-1), a qual apresentou uma cadeia principal similar, sendo uma parte das unidades de -D-galactopiranosil substituídas em O-2 pelo dissacarídeo 3-O-α-D-manopiranosil-α-L-fucopiranosil e em menor proporção com terminais não redutores de α-L-Fucp. Recentemente, as heterogalactanas têm sido reconhecidas pelas suas ações biológicas relevantes, como a atividade antitumoral, imunomodulatória, antinociceptiva e/ou anti-inflamatória. Sendo assim, as heterogalactanas isoladas de G. frondosa e P. ostreatus podem apresentar-se como bons candidatos a serem avaliados quanto ao seu potencial biológico.
62

A Curved Graphene Nanoribbon with Multi-Edge Structure and High Intrinsic Charge Carrier Mobility

Niu, Wenhui, Ma, Ji, Soltani, Paniz, Zheng, Wenhao, Liu, Fupin, Popov, Alexey A., Weigand, Jan J., Komber, Hartmut, Poliani, Emanuele, Casiraghi, Cinzia, Droste, Jörn, Hansen, Michael Ryan, Osella, Silvio, Beljonne, David, Bonn, Mischa, Wang, Hai I., Feng, Xinliang, Liu, Junzhi, Mai, Yiyong 28 October 2021 (has links)
Structurally well-defined graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have emerged as highly promising materials for the next-generation nanoelectronics. The electronic properties of GNRs critically depend on their edge topologies. Here, we demonstrate the efficient synthesis of a curved GNR (cGNR) with a combined cove, zigzag, and armchair edge structure, through bottom-up synthesis. The curvature of the cGNR is elucidated by the corresponding model compounds tetrabenzo[a,cd,j,lm]perylene (1) and diphenanthrene-fused tetrabenzo[a,cd,j,lm]perylene (2), the structures of which are unambiguously confirmed by the X-ray single-crystal analysis. The resultant multi-edged cGNR exhibits a well-resolved absorption at the near-infrared (NIR) region with a maximum peak at 850 nm, corresponding to a narrow optical energy gap of ∼1.22 eV. Employing THz spectroscopy, we disclose a long scattering time of ∼60 fs, corresponding to a record intrinsic charge carrier mobility of ∼600 cm2 V–1 s–1 for photogenerated charge carriers in cGNR.
63

Chemická analýza a-CSi:H a a-CSiO:H vrstev / Chemical analysis of a-CSi:H and a-CSiO:H films

Olivová, Lucie January 2021 (has links)
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is a promising technology for the preparation of materials in the form of thin films with controlled physical-chemical properties, which can be affected by changing input precursors or deposition conditions as needed. In this thesis, plasma nanotechnology was used to synthesize thin films on silicon wafers. Tetravinylsilane was chosen as a precursor for the synthesis of the films. In addition to pure tetravinylsilane, mixtures of tetravinylsilane with argon and mixtures of tetravinylsilane with oxygen were also used as input precursors for film deposition, in different proportions of the individual component in the deposition mixture. Using chemical analyses, specifically infrared spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy and selected ion techniques, the chemical structure of the prepared films was examined in detail and the dependence of this structure on deposition conditions and input precursors was studied. This thesis confirms, that by changing effective power supplied to the plasma discharge and selecting different input precursors, it is possible to control chemical structure, and thus the properties of the prepared nanolayers.
64

Naturally Occurring Antimicrobial Peptides for Enhancing Food Safety and Protecting the Public against Emerging Antibiotic-resistant Pathogens

Huang, En 09 August 2013 (has links)
No description available.
65

Two-Dimensional Carbon-Rich Conjugated Frameworks for Electrochemical Energy Applications

Yu, Minghao, Dong, Renhao, Feng, Xinliang 20 December 2021 (has links)
Following a 15-year-long investigation on graphene, two-dimensional (2D) carbon-rich conjugated frameworks (CCFs) have attracted growing research interest as a new generation of multifunctional materials. Typical 2D CCFs include 2D π-conjugated polymers (also classified as 2D π-conjugated covalent organic frameworks) and 2D π-conjugated metal–organic frameworks, which are characterized by layer-stacked periodic frameworks with high in-plane π-conjugation. These unique structures endow 2D CCFs with regular porosities, large specific surface areas, and superior chemical stability. In addition, 2D CCFs exhibit certain notable properties (e.g., excellent electronic conductivity, designable topologies, and defined catalytic/redox-active sites), which have motivated increasing efforts to explore 2D CCFs for electrochemical energy applications. In this Perspective, the structural features and synthetic principles of 2D CCFs are briefly introduced. Moreover, we discuss recent achievements in 2D CCFs designed for various electrochemical energy conversion (electrocatalysis) and storage (supercapacitors and batteries) applications. Particular emphasis is placed on analyzing the precise structural regulation of 2D CCFs. Finally, we provide an outlook about the future development of synthetic 2D CCFs for electrochemical applications, which concerns novel monomer design, chemical methodology/strategy establishment, and a roadmap toward practical applications.
66

Isolamento e caracterização de ligninas de palha de cana-de-açúcar / Isolation and characterisation of lignins of sugarcane straw

Gambarato, Bruno Chaboli 19 September 2014 (has links)
Neste trabalho, foi realizada a caracterização de ligninas de palha de cana-de-açúcar. O isolamento das ligninas se deu por acidólise branda e por polpação soda, precedida ou não por pré-tratamento com ácido diluído ou por explosão a vapor. A palha de cana e as ligninas foram caracterizadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), Espectrometrias no Infravermelho (FT-IR) e no Ultravioleta (UV), por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Prótons (1H RMN), Cromatografia de Permeação em Gel (GPC), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA) e Calorimétrica (DSC), Análise Elementar e de Poder Calorífico Superior (PCS). A lignina técnica isolada por acidólise branda apresentou fórmula C9Har2,31Hal4,14O1,27(OH)ph0,58(OH)al1,19(OCH3)1,11 e relação H:G:S de 1 : 3,22 : 3,68, com 20% de condensação e massa molar média de 1908 Da. A cinética de termodegradação dessa lignina em atmosfera inerte se deu com energia de ativação de 13,90 kJ.mol-1, constante pré-exponencial 0,4799 min-1 e 42% em massa de carvão residual. Foram determinados, ainda, o coeficiente de extinção a 280 nm de 26,03 L.g-1 e o Poder Calorífico Superior de 23,72 kJ.g-1. A partir das informações obtidas em todas as análises, foi proposta uma estrutura para esta lignina. A deslignificação via polpação soda mostrou-se eficiente na remoção de lignina da matriz e foi verificado que, durante o processo, ocorre o rompimento de ligações entre a lignina e carboidratos, entretanto, algumas dessas ligações não são rompidas e o resíduo do processo, denominado lignina, contêm cerca de 17% carboidratos. A lignina soda apresentou poder calorífico superior de 25,14 kJ.g-1, 36% em massa de carvão residual e cinética de termodegradação com energia de ativação de 12,73 kJ.mol-1 e k0=0,4195 min-1. Foi verificado que as polpas soda que sofreram pré-tratamentos apresentaram um menor teor de lignina e maior solubilização de hemiceluloses. Estes tratamentos se mostraram eficientes na hidrólise dos complexos lignina-carboidrato e a ligninas obtidas apresentaram os menores teores de carboidrato residual e características estruturais diferentes das demais, mostrando-se mais condensadas em função das reações que ocorrem em meio ácido. Os coeficientes de extinção a 280 nm foram iguais a 24,2 L.g-1 e 23,3 L.g-1, respectivamente para as ligninas de explosão a vapor e pré-tratamento ácido e suas fórmulas estruturais determinadas por 1H RMN foram, respectivamente, C9Har1,59Hal4,12O0,84(OH)ph0,61(OH)al0,88(OCH3)1,51 e C9Har2,12Hal4,23O1,64(OH)ph0,83(OH)al0,58(OCH3)1,10. / In this work, the characterisation of lignins of sugarcane straw was made. The lignins were isolated by moderate acidolysis and soda process, preceded or not by either diluted acid or steam explosion pretreatments. The sugarcane straw and the lignins were characterised by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Infrared (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrometry, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H1-RMN), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Thermogravimetrica analysis (TGA) and Differential Scattering Calormietry (DSC), Elemental Analysis and Heat Power (HP). The technical lignin isolated by moderate acidolysis has the formula C9Har2.31Hal4.14O1.27(OH)ph0.58(OH)al1.19(OCH3)1.11, H:G:S ratio of 1 : 3.22 : 3.68, is 20% condensed and its avarage molecular weight is 1908 Da. The thermal degradation kinetics analysis of this lignin in inert atmosphere was carried out, the results obtained were: activation energy of 13.80 kJ.mol-1, pre-exponential constant of 0.4799 min-1 and 42% residual char. The extinction coefficient obtained at 280 nm was 26.03 L.g-1 and the heat power 23.72 kJ.g-1. A structure was proposed for this lignin based on all the information obtained from these analyses. The delignification via soda process was efficient at removing lignin; during the process, the breaking of bonds between the lignin and carbohydrates was noticed, nevertheless, some of these bonds were not broken and the process residue, hereinafter called lignin, contains about 17% carbohydrates. The soda lignin has heat power of 25.14 kJ.g-1, 36% residual char and the thermal degradation kinetics ocurred with activation energy of 12.73 kJ.mol-1 and k0=0.4195 min-1. It was found that pretreated soda pulps have a lower lignin content and higher solubilisation of complexes, the lignins obtained had the lowest residual carbohydrates contents and different structural features from the untreated ones, being more condensed due to the reactions that occur in acid medium. The extinction coefficients at 280 nm obtained are 24.2 L.g-1 and 23.3 L.g-1, the structural formulas determined by 1H RMN are C9Har1.59Hal4.12O0.84(OH)ph0.61(OH)al0.88(OCH3)1.51 and C9Har2.12Hal4.23O1.64(OH)ph0.83(OH)al0.58(OCH3)1.10 for the steam explosion and acid pretreatment lignins, respectively.
67

Quimioterápicos potencialmente ativos em endemias tropicais e tuberculose: estudos de QSAR na série de 5-nitroderivados benzidrazídicos e o planejamento de pró-fármacos de ação prolongada / Chemotherapeutics potentially active in tropical endemic diseases and tuberculosis: QSAR studies in the series of benzhydrazide 5-nitroderivatives and the planning of long-acting prodrugs

Rando, Daniela Gonçales 19 May 2005 (has links)
Malária, doença de Chagas e leishmaniose, consideradas doenças negligenciadas, e tuberculose, infecção bacteriana reemergente, que grassa em diversas regiões do mundo, constituem-se grandes desafios médico-sociais para os países acometidos. Nitroderivados são substâncias utilizadas na terapêutica como antimicrobianos de amplo espectro. O mecanismo de ação proposto para estes compostos engloba a redução do grupo nitro por nitrorredutases inespecíficas, levando à produção de radicais livres. Estes, altamente reativos, reagiriam, por sua vez, com macromoléculas, organelas, membranas e mesmo ácidos nucléicos danificando-os irreversivelmente e levando o microrganismo - bactérias e parasitos -- à morte. No caso particular da doença de Chagas, a redutase envolvida na redução seria a tripanotiona redutase, que poderia ser inibida por estes compostos. Compostos 5-nitro-2-heterocíclicos benzidrazídicos são derivados estudados como antibacterianos e antiparasitários. Sabe-se que alterações na posição 2 dos anéis 5-nitrofurânicos interferem com o potencial redox do grupo nitro e, assim, com a atividade biológica destes compostos. Com base nesta informação e supondo que a estrutura destas moléculas seja completamente ressonante, propôs-se a síntese de série de derivados 5-nitro-heterocíclicos benzidrazídicos variando-se a estrutura dos análogos em dois pontos principais: substituições no anel benzênico da estrutura e o tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado diretamente ao grupo nitro. Com relação ao tipo de anel ligado ao grupo nitro foram propostos derivados 5-nitrofurânicos e 5-nitrotiofênicos. Quanto aos substituintes no anel benzênico propuseram-se derivados mono e dissubstituídos nas posições meta e para de acordo com suas contribuições eletrônicas e hidrofóbicas para o sistema. Para tanto foram utilizados os parâmetros físico-químicos π e σ. Para analisar o efeito das modificações na atividade biológica destes compostos aplicou-se a metodologia de Topliss como ponto de partida para a análise quantitativa, QSAR-2D, pelo método misto de Hansch-Free Wilson. A biblioteca planejada foi obtida por síntese paralela em solução, empregando-se sintetizadores paralelos automatizados. Foram obtidos 56 derivados, que foram purificados, caracterizados estruturalmente e, então, analisados frente a quatro microrganismos: Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruz e Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Os estudos de QSAR-2D revelaram importância significativa do tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado ao grupo nitro para a atividade destes compostos. Não foi possível, entretanto, obter correlação das atividades com as substituições realizadas no anel aromático, o que levou ao arrolamento de diferentes hipóteses, incluindo aquelas relativas à deslocalização eletrônica nas estruturas estudadas. Estas hipóteses, bem como os resultados sobre a influência do tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado ao grupo nitro nas atividades biológicas estudadas fornecem subsídios para novos projetos de pesquisa dedicados à exploração das informações obtidas neste trabalho. / Malaria, Chagas\' disease and leishmaniasis, considered as neglected diseases, and tuberculosis, reemerging bacterial infection disseminated worldwide, are medical-social challenges for the countries involved. Nitroderivatives are therapeutic compounds used as broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs. The most accepted mechanism of action of these compounds is based on nitro group reduction by unspecific nitroreductases or, in case of Chagas\' disease, inhibition of tripanotiona redutase. Free radical species are formed from this reduction, which can react with macromolecules, organelles, membranes and nucleic acids of microorganisms leading them to death. The 5-nitro-2-heterocyclic benzhydrazide derivatives are nitrofuran analogs that have been tested as antibacterial and antiprotozoal drugs. As already known, modifications in position 2 of 5-nitroheterociclic rings can interfere with nitro group redox potential and then with their biological activities. Based on this information and considering these compound structures are completely conjugated structures, we suggested the synthesis of a library of 5-nitro-2-heterocyclic benzhydrazide derivatives with two main points of structural modification: the substituents in benzenic ring and the kind of heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group. The former was achieved by suggesting mono and dissubstituted analogs based on their hydrophobic and electronic contributions whose values were obtained from physico-chemical parameters π and σ. Nitrofurans and nitrothiophenes were elected to study the influence of the heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group. Topliss methodology was used as a starting point to 2D-QSAR mixed quantitative method through Hansch-Free Wilson analysis. The designed library was synthesized by solution phase parallel synthesis using automated parallel synthesizers. Fifty-six analogs were synthesized, purified, characterized and biologically analyzed against four microorganisms: Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi e Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The 2D-QSAR studies provided information about the significative influence of the kind of heterocyclic ring on the biological activity of the series. Nevertheless, it was not possible to obtain information about the influence of different substitutions on benzene ring and different hypothesis were advanced to explain the electronic distribution in the structures herein studied. These hypotheses as well as the data about the influence of the kind of heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group on the biological activities studied deserve to be tested and explored in future researches.
68

Relação quantitativa entre a estrutura química e o bloqueio da transmissão neuromuscular para série de brometos de [2-(4-benzamido)etil] benzildimetilamônio para-substituídos / Quantitative relationship between chemical structure and neuromuscular transmission blockade for series of [2- (4-benzamido) ethyl] benzyldimethylammonium bromide for para-substituted

Siqueira, Leonardo José Amaral de 07 December 2001 (has links)
Neste trabalho foi preparada uma série de onze brometo de 2-[(4-X-benzamido) etil]benzildimetilamônio, compostos I.1-I.11, série I, estruturalmente análogos à procainamida, não descritos na literatura. Os valores do coeficiente de partição, log Papp7.40, destes compostos foram determinados pelo método shake-flask e foram utilizados como parâmetro lipofílico experimental. Os valores de deslocamento químico do grupamento carbonila, δ 13 C=O, foram determinados e foram determinados cm um espectrómetro de ressonância magnética nuclear a 75 MHz. Adicionalmente, outros parâmetros físico-químicos foram retirados da literatura: π, σp, Τ, R e MR4 ou obtidos por cálculo: log Pcalc e πexp. Os valores da concentração inibitória média (IC50) capaz de reduzir a contração máxima a 50% no período de 15 minutos, foram determinados em preparações nervo frênico-músculo diafragma de camundongos. Para verificar a natureza e a contribuição relativa dos parâmetros físico-químicos frente ao bloqueio da transmissão neuromuscular foi feito uma análise de QSAR, obtendo-se equações, usando análise de regressão linear. As análises de QSAR sugerem uma dependência positiva da lipofilicidade para o bloqueio da transmissão neuromuscular expresso por pIC50, segundo o modelo proposto expresso pela equação: (Ver arquivo PDF). / In this work, a set of eleven 2-[(4-X-benzamido)ethyl]benzyl dimethylammonium bromide structurally related to procainamide was synthesized. The apparent partition coefficient values were determined by means of \"shake-flask method and were taken as lipophilic parameters. The carbonyl chemical shifts values were determined in methanol-d4 and taken as electronic parameters. Additionally, physicochemical parameters were either taken from literature: π, σp, Τ, R e MR4 or calculated: log Pcalc and πexp. The median inhibitory concentration values (IC50) able to reduce maximal contraction to 50% at 15 minutes was determined in phrenic nerve-diafragm muscle preparation of mices. In order to verify the nature and relative contribution of the physicochemical parameters to neuromuscular blockage, QSAR equations were derived using regression analysis. The obtained QSAR model, expressed by the equation below, suggest that lipophilicity term plays an important role to neuromuscular blockage. (See files PDF).
69

Quimioterápicos potencialmente ativos em endemias tropicais e tuberculose: estudos de QSAR na série de 5-nitroderivados benzidrazídicos e o planejamento de pró-fármacos de ação prolongada / Chemotherapeutics potentially active in tropical endemic diseases and tuberculosis: QSAR studies in the series of benzhydrazide 5-nitroderivatives and the planning of long-acting prodrugs

Daniela Gonçales Rando 19 May 2005 (has links)
Malária, doença de Chagas e leishmaniose, consideradas doenças negligenciadas, e tuberculose, infecção bacteriana reemergente, que grassa em diversas regiões do mundo, constituem-se grandes desafios médico-sociais para os países acometidos. Nitroderivados são substâncias utilizadas na terapêutica como antimicrobianos de amplo espectro. O mecanismo de ação proposto para estes compostos engloba a redução do grupo nitro por nitrorredutases inespecíficas, levando à produção de radicais livres. Estes, altamente reativos, reagiriam, por sua vez, com macromoléculas, organelas, membranas e mesmo ácidos nucléicos danificando-os irreversivelmente e levando o microrganismo - bactérias e parasitos -- à morte. No caso particular da doença de Chagas, a redutase envolvida na redução seria a tripanotiona redutase, que poderia ser inibida por estes compostos. Compostos 5-nitro-2-heterocíclicos benzidrazídicos são derivados estudados como antibacterianos e antiparasitários. Sabe-se que alterações na posição 2 dos anéis 5-nitrofurânicos interferem com o potencial redox do grupo nitro e, assim, com a atividade biológica destes compostos. Com base nesta informação e supondo que a estrutura destas moléculas seja completamente ressonante, propôs-se a síntese de série de derivados 5-nitro-heterocíclicos benzidrazídicos variando-se a estrutura dos análogos em dois pontos principais: substituições no anel benzênico da estrutura e o tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado diretamente ao grupo nitro. Com relação ao tipo de anel ligado ao grupo nitro foram propostos derivados 5-nitrofurânicos e 5-nitrotiofênicos. Quanto aos substituintes no anel benzênico propuseram-se derivados mono e dissubstituídos nas posições meta e para de acordo com suas contribuições eletrônicas e hidrofóbicas para o sistema. Para tanto foram utilizados os parâmetros físico-químicos π e σ. Para analisar o efeito das modificações na atividade biológica destes compostos aplicou-se a metodologia de Topliss como ponto de partida para a análise quantitativa, QSAR-2D, pelo método misto de Hansch-Free Wilson. A biblioteca planejada foi obtida por síntese paralela em solução, empregando-se sintetizadores paralelos automatizados. Foram obtidos 56 derivados, que foram purificados, caracterizados estruturalmente e, então, analisados frente a quatro microrganismos: Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruz e Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Os estudos de QSAR-2D revelaram importância significativa do tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado ao grupo nitro para a atividade destes compostos. Não foi possível, entretanto, obter correlação das atividades com as substituições realizadas no anel aromático, o que levou ao arrolamento de diferentes hipóteses, incluindo aquelas relativas à deslocalização eletrônica nas estruturas estudadas. Estas hipóteses, bem como os resultados sobre a influência do tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado ao grupo nitro nas atividades biológicas estudadas fornecem subsídios para novos projetos de pesquisa dedicados à exploração das informações obtidas neste trabalho. / Malaria, Chagas\' disease and leishmaniasis, considered as neglected diseases, and tuberculosis, reemerging bacterial infection disseminated worldwide, are medical-social challenges for the countries involved. Nitroderivatives are therapeutic compounds used as broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs. The most accepted mechanism of action of these compounds is based on nitro group reduction by unspecific nitroreductases or, in case of Chagas\' disease, inhibition of tripanotiona redutase. Free radical species are formed from this reduction, which can react with macromolecules, organelles, membranes and nucleic acids of microorganisms leading them to death. The 5-nitro-2-heterocyclic benzhydrazide derivatives are nitrofuran analogs that have been tested as antibacterial and antiprotozoal drugs. As already known, modifications in position 2 of 5-nitroheterociclic rings can interfere with nitro group redox potential and then with their biological activities. Based on this information and considering these compound structures are completely conjugated structures, we suggested the synthesis of a library of 5-nitro-2-heterocyclic benzhydrazide derivatives with two main points of structural modification: the substituents in benzenic ring and the kind of heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group. The former was achieved by suggesting mono and dissubstituted analogs based on their hydrophobic and electronic contributions whose values were obtained from physico-chemical parameters π and σ. Nitrofurans and nitrothiophenes were elected to study the influence of the heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group. Topliss methodology was used as a starting point to 2D-QSAR mixed quantitative method through Hansch-Free Wilson analysis. The designed library was synthesized by solution phase parallel synthesis using automated parallel synthesizers. Fifty-six analogs were synthesized, purified, characterized and biologically analyzed against four microorganisms: Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi e Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The 2D-QSAR studies provided information about the significative influence of the kind of heterocyclic ring on the biological activity of the series. Nevertheless, it was not possible to obtain information about the influence of different substitutions on benzene ring and different hypothesis were advanced to explain the electronic distribution in the structures herein studied. These hypotheses as well as the data about the influence of the kind of heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group on the biological activities studied deserve to be tested and explored in future researches.
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Simulation aux Grandes Echelles et chimie complexe pour la modélisation de la structure chimique des flammes turbulentes / Large Eddy Simulations and complex chemistry for modeling the chemical structure of turbulent flames

Mehl, Cédric 12 June 2018 (has links)
La Simulation aux Grandes Echelles (SGE) est appliquée à des brûleurs industriels pour prédire de nombreux phénomènes physiques complexes, tel que l’allumage ou la formation de polluants. La prise en compte de réactions chimiques détaillées est alors indispensable pour obtenir des résultats précis. L’amélioration des moyens de calculs permet de réaliser des simulations de brûleurs avec une chimie de plus en plus détaillée. La principale problématique est le couplage entre les réactions chimiques et l’écoulement turbulent. Bien que la dynamique de flamme soit souvent bien reproduite avec les modèles actuels, la prédiction de phénomènes complexes comme la formation de polluants reste une tâche difficile. En particulier, des études ont montré que l’influence du plissement de sous-maille sur la structure chimique des flammes n’était pas prise en compte de manière précise. Deux modèles basés sur le filtrage explicite des fronts de flammes sont étudiés dans cette thèse afin d’améliorer la prédiction de polluants en combustion turbulente prémélangée : (i) le premier modèle met en jeu une méthode de déconvolution des variables filtrées ; (ii) le second modèle implique l’optimisation de la chimie pour obtenir des flammes turbulentes filtrées. L’objectif de la thèse est d’obtenir une prédiction précise des polluants à coût de calcul réduit. / Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is applied to industrial burners to predict a wide range of complex physical phenomena, such as flame ignition and pollutants formation. The prediction accuracy is tightly linked to the ability to describe in detail the chemical reactions and thus the flame chemical structure. With the improvement of computational clusters, the simulation of industrial burners with detailed chemistry becomes possible. A major issue is then to couple detailed chemical mechanisms to turbulent flows. While the flame dynamics is often correctly simulated with stateof- the-art models, the prediction of complex phenomena such as pollutants formation remains a difficult task. Several investigations show that, in many models, the impact of flame subgrid scale wrinkling on the chemical flame structure is not accurately taken into account. Two models based on explicit flame front filtering are explored in this thesis to improve pollutants formation in turbulent premixed combustion: (i) a model based on deconvolution of filtered scalars; (ii) a model involving the optimization of chemistry to reproduce filtered turbulent flames. The objective of the work is to achieve high accuracy in pollutants formation prediction at low computational costs.

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