Le film hydrolipidique est « l’ultime frontière entre l’organisme et l’environnement ». Ainsi, il offre à la peau une bonne protection et contribue largement à ses propriétés. Cependant, il peut être impliqué dans plusieurs perturbations cutanées. Le but de ce travail était d’obtenir un profil global de l’ensemble des lipides cutanés de surface, riche en informations structurales et capable de décrire l’organisation de ces molécules, permettant de suivre l’évolution physiologique du film hydrolipidique au niveau moléculaire. Plusieurs approches analytiques ont été développées et des outils statistiques et chimiométriques ont été utilisés pour exploiter les résultats.La caractérisation des lipides cutanés de surface (LCS) a été réalisée en chromatographie en phase gazeuse à haute température couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (HT-GC/MS). Le protocole analytique a été développé en conservant les structures lipidiques dans leur état intact. Plus de 200 composés ont été identifiés et répartis en 5 classes : acides gras libres, hydrocarbures, cires, stérols et glycérides. L’acide palmitique (C16:0) et l’acide sapiénique (C16:16) sont prépondérants et entrent dans la structure de très nombreux composés. Plusieurs approches quantitatives ont été mises en place : calcul des descripteurs chromatographiques, normalisation interne pour l’analyse par classe et exploitation chimiométrique des composés considérés individuellement.Trois problématiques ont été explorées par ces techniques et ont conduit aux résultats suivants :La répartition des LCS sur différentes zones corporelles se traduit par un ratio squalène/cholestérol plus élevé dans les zones riches en glandes sébacées que dans les zones pauvres. Ce descripteur est ainsi un bon critère d’évaluation de la balance sécrétion sébacée/desquamation. L’évolution des LCS en fonction de la localisation géographique et/ou la couleur de la peau a été étudiée en cherchant les variations de la composition par HT-GC/MS et de l’organisation par spectroscopie Raman. Une différence de composition a été mise en évidence entre les volontaires en fonction de la localisation géographique : le composé le plus impliqué est l’acide sapiénique (C16:1Δ6). Une différence de conformation (trans/gauche) au niveau des chaînes alkyles a été détectée.Enfin, l’adaptation de la barrière cutanée après la naissance a été déjà signalée mais sa traduction au plan moléculaire a pu être étudiée par le protocole analytique développé, chez les nourrissons dès les premiers jours après la naissance jusqu’à l’âge de 6 mois. Une diminution de la quantité globale de sécrétion sébacée a été observée, avec en parallèle, une augmentation sélective du cholestérol estérifié par des acides gras d’origine épidermique. Ceci indique un accroissement de la participation relative des lipides épidermiques dans le film hydrolipidique comme résultat d’une diminution de la sécrétion sébacée.Les approches analytiques développées dans ce travail de thèse permettent une caractérisation moléculaire fine des LCS en vue d’étudier l’évolution physiologique du film hydrolipidique. Les outils statistiques et chimiométriques ont permis une exploitation plus poussée des résultats pour extraire des informations inaccessibles par les approches classiques. Ce travail d’investigation offre de nombreuses perspectives, très prometteuses dans le domaine médical et dans le domaine cosmétique. / Skin hydrolipidic film is "the final frontier between the organism and the environment." Thus, it provides skin protection and contributes to its properties. However, it may be involved in several skin disturbances. The aim of this study was to obtain an overall profile of skin surface lipids (SSLs), rich in structural information and able to describe the organization of these molecules. This information allows monitoring the physiological evolution of hydrolipidic film at the molecular level. Several analytical approaches have been developed and chemometric and statistical tools were used to improve the interpretation of the results.SSL characterization was performed using high-temperature gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HT-GC/MS). The analytical protocol has been developed keeping the lipids in their intact structures. Over than 200 compounds were identified in the same run. These compounds have been classified in five lipid classes: free fatty acids, hydrocarbons, waxes, sterols and glycerides. The palmitic acid (C16:0) and sapienic acid (C16:16) are predominant and participate in the structure of many compounds. Several quantitative approaches have been implemented: calculation of chromatographic descriptors, normalization of the peak area for analysis by class and chemometric exploitation of individual compounds data.Three issues were explored by these techniques and lead to have the following results:The SSL distribution on different areas of the body, expressed as a squalene / cholesterol ratio, is higher in body areas rich in sebaceous glands than in poor areas. This descriptor is thus a good criterion for sebum secretion / desquamation balance measurement.The SSL evolution based on the geographical location and / or color of skin has been investigated by studying the variations in the composition and organization using HT-GC/MS and Raman spectroscopy. A difference in composition has been demonstrated between the volunteers according to geographical location: the most involved compound is the sapienic acid (C16: 1Δ6). A difference in conformation (trans / gauche) of at the alkyl chains was detected. Skin barrier adaptation after birth has already been reported. In this study, its evolution at the molecular level has been studied in infants from the first days after birth until the age of 6 months. A decrease in the total amount of sebaceous secretion was observed with, in parallel, an increase of cholesterol esterified with fatty acids of epidermal origin. This indicates an increase in the relative participation of epidermal lipids in the hydrolipidic film as the result of a decrease in sebaceous secretion. The analytical approaches developed in this thesis provide a detailed molecular characterization of SSLs in order to study the physiological evolution of the skin hydrolipidic film. Statistical and chemometric tools have allowed further exploitation of the results to extract information not accessible by conventional approaches. This investigative work offers many opportunities, promising in medicine and in cosmetics.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoBAF_DISSERT.pdf: 2926590 bytes, checksum: 284a772c6dacfa2a7184d7f4569c6cab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Although there are many studies on urban dust contamination by heavy metals in developed countries, little attention has been paid to this type of study in developing countries, including Brazil. Therefore, a series of investigations were performed to provide signatures of heavy metals in urban dust and assess the potential sources in the city of Natal - RN-Brazil. The fraction of these sediments was studied to pass through a sieve of 63 micrometers. For the study analyzed two groups of samples, one collected in September 2009 at the end of the rainy season (9 samples) and one collected in January 2010 in the dry season (21 samples). So in all, thirty sediment samples were collected from the street. Then, in Fluorescence Spectrometry X-rays were determined major elements SiO2, Na2O, K2O, Al2O3, MgO, P2O5, Fe2O3, MnO, TiO2 and CaO, and trace Rb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr and Pb by an ICPOES was determined Zn, V, Na, K, Ni, Mn, Mg, P, Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ba, Ca and Al from leaching HCl 0.5 mol L-1 . The results of the concentrations of elements show that the greater presence of these occurs in the dry season, except for Si which is higher in the rainy season. Analyses by geoaccumulation Index (IGEO) Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), analysis correlation and Hierarchical Cluster, confirm that Zn, Cu and Pb is anthropogenic character. Zinc may be derived from various sources related to motor vehicles or the road signs and street grids. The elements Na, K, Mg and Ca may be related to droplets suspended in air containing cations and anions present in seawater (salty), common in Christmas throughout the year, brought by winds SE-NW. The elements Na, Mg, Ca and K are the most abundant in seawater and were analyzed in this study. This indicates that the source of these additional elements detected by analyzing the contamination factor may be the very sea. Moreover, Ni, Fe, Cr and Ba can be either as a source of anthropogenic geog?nica. The source of Ca is different, because it comes in lime and paint (painting guides of buildings and streets) in construction materials, but may also be present in sediments in the fragments of shells or carbonate bioclasts common in the coastal area / Embora existam muitos estudos sobre a contamina??o de poeiras urbanas por metais pesados nos pa?ses desenvolvidos, pouca aten??o tem sido dada a este tipo de estudo nos pa?ses em desenvolvimento, incluindo o Brasil. Portanto, uma s?rie de investiga??es foram realizadas para fornecer assinaturas de metais pesados em poeiras urbanas e avaliar as fontes potenciais na cidade do Natal RN-Brasil. A fra??o estudada destes sedimentos foi a passante na peneira de 63 μm. Para o estudo foram analisados dois grupos de amostras, sendo um coletado no m?s de setembro de 2009 no final da esta??o chuvosa (9 amostras) e outro coletado no m?s de janeiro de 2010 no final da esta??o seca (21 amostras). Portanto ao todo, trinta amostras de sedimentos de rua foram coletadas. Em seguida, por Espectrometria de Fluoresc?ncia de raios X foram determinados os elementos maiores SiO2, Na2O, K2O, Al2O3, MgO, P2O5, Fe2O3, MnO, TiO2 e CaO e tra?os Rb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr e Pb. Pela t?cnica de ICP-OES foram determinados Zn, V, Na, K, Ni, Mn, Mg, P, Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ca, Ba e Al a partir de lixivia??o a HCl 0,5 mol L-1. Os resultados das concentra??es dos elementos mostram que a maior presen?a desses ocorre na esta??o seca, com exce??o para o Si que ? maior na esta??o chuvosa. As an?lises por ?ndice de Geoacumula??o (IGeo), Fator de Enriquecimento (FE), Fator de Contamina??o (FC), an?lises de correla??o e agrupamentos, confirmam que Zn, Cu e Pb tem car?ter antropog?nico. O Zn pode ser proveniente de fontes diversas relacionados aos ve?culos automotores ou ?s placas de sinaliza??o e grades das ruas. Os elementos Na, K, Mg e Ca podem estar relacionados ?s got?culas de ar que cont?m em suspens?o os c?tions e ?nions presentes na ?gua do mar (maresia), comum em Natal durante todo o ano, trazida pelos ventos SE-NW. Os elementos Na, Mg, Ca e K s?o os mais abundantes na ?gua do mar e foram analisados no presente trabalho. Isto indica que a fonte adicional destes elementos detectada atrav?s da an?lise do fator de contamina??o pode ser a pr?pria maresia. Por outro lado, Ni, Fe, Cr e Ba podem ser tanto de origem antropog?nica como de origem geog?nica. A fonte do Ca ? diversa, pois este entra na cal e tintas (pintura de edifica??es e guias de ruas), nos materiais de constru??o civil, mas pode estar tamb?m presente nos sedimentos nos fragmentos de conchas ou bioclastos carbon?ticos comuns na ?rea litor?nea

Since ancient times, natural products are used as source of medicines to prevent and treat disease. Currently, high cost and time taken for analysis of natural products have been significantly reduced by the use of modern approaches such as chemometric analysis, which gives flexibility to the process of development of new products. This study aimed to chemometric analysis of the ethanol extract, fraction in chloroform and subfractions of the crude extract of leaves Zeyheria tuberculosa (Veil) Bureau (Bignoniaceae), for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, with the characterization and quantification of the major compounds present in these, as well as construction of a model to select potentially promising extracts, serving as a guide for further isolation of the substances of interest, enabling the discovery of bioactive compounds. The fraction in chloroform which concentrated almost all the ethanol extract metabolites, showed 100% inhibitory activity lymphocyte proliferation at a concentration of 100 gg.m1:1, and is therefore chosen for characterization and quantification of the major compounds present. The NMR spectral analysis of the fraction in chloroform, including 1D experiments (1H, 13C, DEPT 90 °, DEPT135 °) and 2D (J-Resolved, HSQC and HMBC) allowed the detailed structural elucidation of two major compounds, ursolic and oleanolic acids, both identified for the first time in this species. Due to the importance of these acids in the treatment of skin diseases and various cancers, measurements were determined for these triterpenes in ethanol extract (ZTB), fraction in chloroform (ZTP2) and the subfractions, using techniques for this purpose NMR and chemometric tools (Matlab programs, AMIX and SIMCA). All spectra were processed and analyzed using the program topspin (BRUKER). The qualitative and quantitative results of the chemometrics analysis for NMR of the ethanol extract, fraction in chloroform and subfractions of Zeyheria tuberculosa showed that fractions ZTF3 (evaluated in MTT as being non-cytotoxic at concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 pg.mL-1) and ZTF6 (measured in MTT as being non-cytotoxic at the concentration of 10 pg.mL-1 and cytotoxic at concentrations of 50 and 100 pg.mL-1) are the richest of oleanolic and ursolic acids, respectively, and so are more promising for the isolation of these triterpenes. The fraction ZTF4 was second richer fraction both as oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, the most promising for the isolation of these two acids together, also considering that this fraction was evaluated in MTT as non-cytotoxic at concentrations of 10 and 50 g .mL-1, and only the cytotoxic concentration of 100 pg.mL-1. The ursolic and oleanolic acids have a range of therapeutic properties and a high commercial value, being highly relevant the qualitative and quantitative results obtained in this study, referring to these triterpenes found in the leaves of the species Zeyheria tuberculosa. The model proposed in this work was efficient, as indicated by the values of the Q parameter, and suitable for the classification of samples into groups and subgroups according to the presence of ursolic and oleanolic acids (chemical composition) and the concentration of these in the samples, and it may be useful in the identification of potentially promising extracts, serving as a guide for subsequent isolation of the substance of interest. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Desde os tempos antigos, os produtos naturais são utilizados como fonte de medicamentos, para prevenir e tratar doenças. Atualmente, o alto custo e o tempo despendido para as análises de produtos naturais têm sido significativamente reduzidos pelo uso de abordagens modernas, como a análise quimiométrica, que dão agilidade ao processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a análise quimiométrica do extrato etanólico, da fração em clorofórmio e subfrações do extrato bruto das folhas de Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell) Bureau (Bignoniaceae), por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, com a caracterização e quantificação dos compostos majoritários presentes nestes, além da construção de um modelo capaz de selecionar extratos potencialmente promissores, servindo como guia para um posterior isolamento das substâncias de interesse, viabilizando a descoberta de compostos bioativos. A fração em clorofórmio que concentrou a quase totalidade dos metabólitos do extrato bruto, apresentou 100 % de atividade inibitória da linfoproliferação, sendo por isso escolhida para caracterização e quantificação dos compostos majoritários presentes. A análise espectral de RMN da fração em clorofórmio, incluindo experimentos 1D (1H, 13C, DEPT 90°, DEPT 135°) e 2D (J-Resolvido, HSQC e HMBC) permitiu a elucidação estrutural detalhada de dois compostos majoritários, os Ácidos Ursólico e Oleanólico, ambos identificados pela primeira vez nesta espécie. Devido à importância desses ácidos no tratamento de doenças da pele e vários tipos de câncer, foram determinadas as quantificações relativas destes triterpenos no extrato bruto (ZTB), na fração em clorofórmio (ZTP2) e nas subfrações, utilizando-se para este fim técnicas de RMN e ferramentas quimiométricas (programas Matlab, AMIX e SIMCA). Todos os espectros foram processados e analisados utilizando o programa TOPSPIN (BRUKER). Os resultados quantitativos e qualitativos da análise quimiométrica por RMN do extrato bruto, fração clorofórmica e subfrações de Z. tuberculosa mostraram que as frações ZTF3 (avaliada no teste MTT como sendo átoxica nas concentrações de 10, 50 e 100 pg.mL-1) e ZTF6 (avaliada no teste MTT como sendo atóxica na concentração de 10 pg.mL-1 e citotóxica nas concentrações de 50 e 100 pg.mL-1) são as mais ricas dos ácidos oleanólico e ursólico, respectivamente, e por isso são as mais promissoras para o isolamento destes triterpenos. Já a fração ZTF4 foi a segunda fração mais rica tanto em ácido ursólico como em ácido oleanólico, sendo a mais promissora para o isolamento destes dois ácidos juntos, considerando ainda que esta fração foi avaliada no teste MTT como atóxica nas concentrações de 10 e 50 pg.mL-1, e citotóxica apenas na concentração de 100 pg.mL-1. Os ácidos ursólico e oleanólico possuem uma gama de propriedades terapêuticas e um alto valor comercial, sendo de grande relevância os resultados qualitativos e quantitativos, obtidos neste trabalho, referentes a esses triterpenos encontrados nas folhas da espécie Zeyheria tuberculosa. O modelo proposto neste trabalho foi eficiente, conforme indicado pelos valores do parâmetro Q, e satisfatório para a classificação das amostras em grupos e subgrupos, segundo a presença dos ácidos ursólico e oleanólico (composição química) e a concentração destes nas amostras, podendo ser de grande utilidade na identificação de extratos potencialmente promissores, servindo como guia para um posterior isolamento da(s) substância(s) de interesse.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:25:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MaraRWV_TESE.pdf: 3541177 bytes, checksum: 2415c9163a59f9b397912f22608eefbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This thesis aimed to assess the increase in solubility of simvastatin (SINV) with solid dispersions using techniques such as kneading (MA), co-solvent evaporation (ES), melting carrier (FC) and spray dryer (SD). Soluplus (SOL), PEG 6000 (PEG), PVP K-30 (PVP) e sodium lauryl sulphate (LSS) were used as carriers. The solid dispersions containing PEG [PEG-2(SD)], Soluplus [SOL-2(MA)] and sodium lauryl sulphate [LSS-2(ES)] were presented with a greater increase in solubility (5.02, 5.60 and 5.43 times respectively); analyses by ANOVA between the three groups did not present significant difference (p<0.05). In the phase solubility study, the calculation of the Gibbs free energy (&#916;G) revealed that the spontaneity of solubilisation of SINV occurred in the order SOL>PEG >PVP 75%>LSS, always 80%. The phase diagrams of PEG and LSS presented solubilization stoichiometry of type 1:1 (type AL). The diagrams with PVP and SOL tend to 1:2 stoichiometry (type AL + AP). The stability coefficients (Ks) of the phase diagrams revealed that the most stable reactions occurred with LSS and PVP. The solid dispersions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution (PSD), near-infrared spectroscopy imaging (NIR-CI) and X-ray diffraction of the powder using the Topas software (PDRX-TOPAS). The solid dispersion PEG-2(SD) presented the greatest homogeneity and the lowest degree of crystallinity (18.2%). The accelerated stability study revealed that the solid dispersions are less stable than SINV, with PEG-2(SD) being the least stable, confirmed by FTIR and DSC. The analyses by PDRX-TOPAS revealed the amorphous character of the dispersions and the mechanism of increasing solubility / Esta tese teve como objetivo avaliar o aumento de solubilidade da sinvastatina (SINV) atrav?s de dispers?es s?lidas utilizando as t?cnicas de malaxagem (MA), evapora??o com co- solvente (ES), fus?o com carreador (FC) e secagem por spray dryer (SD). Foram utilizados os carreadores Soluplus (SOL), PEG 6000 (PEG), PVP K-30 (PVP) e lauril sulfato de s?dio (LSS). As dispers?es s?lidas contendo PEG [PEG-2(SD)], Soluplus [SOL-2(MA)] e lauril sulfato de s?dio [LSS-2(ES)] apresentaram maior aumento de solubilidade (5,02; 5,60 e 5,43 vezes, respectivamente); a an?lise por ANOVA entre os tr?s grupos n?o demonstrou diferen?a significativa (p<0,05). No estudo de solubilidade de fases, o c?lculo da energia livre de Gibbs (&#916;G) revelou que a espontaneidade de solubiliza??o da SINV ocorreu na ordem SOL>PEG >PVP 75%>LSS, sempre a 80%. Os diagramas de fases de PEG e LSS apresentaram estequiometria de solubiliza??o 1:1 (tipo AL). Os diagramas de PVP e SOL possuem uma tend?ncia a estequiometria 1:2 (tipo AL + AP). Os valores de coeficiente de estabilidade (Ks) dos diagramas de fases revelaram que as rea??es mais est?veis ocorreram com LSS e PVP. As dispers?es s?lidas foram caracterizadas atrav?s de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), calorimetria explorat?ria diferencial (DSC), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), distribui??o de tamanho de part?cula (DTP), espectroscopia de imagem no infravermelho pr?ximo (NIR-CI) e difratometria de raios X do P? utilizando o software Topas (PDRX-TOPAS). A dispers?o s?lida PEG-2(SD) apresentou a maior homogeneidade e o menor grau de cristalinidade (18,2%). O estudo de estabilidade revelou que as dispers?es s?lidas s?o menos est?veis que SINV, sendo PEG-2(SD) a de menor estabilidade, confirmada por FTIR e DSC. As an?lises por PDRX-TOPAS revelaram a cristalinidade das dispers?es e o mecanismo de aumento de solubilidade

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work was determined, for the first time, the volatile composition from fresh and dried leaves of six accessions (named PM-2, PM-7, PM-10, PM-11, PM-12 e PM-14) and a cultivar (EPAMIG, named here EMB) of Jatropha curcas L. The volatile compounds was extracted by hydrodistillation and then analyzed by GCMS. Thus, it was possible to observe that the (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol was the major compound in the fresh leaves (>70% in all accessions). Alcohols also predominated in the dried leaves, mainly (Z)-2-penten-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, but others constituents were identified in significant proportions included benzenoid compounds such as benzaldehyde. The influence of drying on volatile composition from leaves of J. curcas was evaluated on the PM-2 accession. Besides, this work also describes the development of a High Performance Liquid Chromatograpy (HPLC) method for differentiation of six accessions and a cultivar (EPAMIG) from fresh and dried leaves of J. curcas. The methanol extracts of the leaves were analyzed by HPLC-DAD and after stages of optimizations, we obtained the fingerprint chromatograms. For a comparative analysis of the accessions and a cultivar, were applied chemometric tools of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), which it was possible to discriminate the samples from dried leaves according to their origins. The methanol extracts of the leaves were submitted to cytotoxicity assay against four tumor cell lines (HCT-8, HL-60, SF-295 and MDA-MB435), presenting IC50 values of 25.13 μg/ml, against HL-60 cell line for EMB sample considered promising by National Institute of Cancer, USA (NCI). The biological activity of this extracts was evaluated on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda, considered as a primary pest in corn crop. It was observed 60% larval mortality. / No presente trabalho foi determinado, pela primeira vez, os compostos voláteis das folhas frescas e secas de Jatropha curcas L. pela técnica de hidrodestilação, para seis diferentes acessos (denominados de PM-2, PM-7, PM-10, PM-11, PM- 12 e PM-14) e uma cultivar (EPAMIG, denominada de EMB). As análises foram realizadas através de CG/EM, obtendo-se o (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (75,7±18,2%) como composto majoritário nas folhas frescas, com percentuais superiores a 70% entre os acessos. Nas folhas secas obteve-se como compostos majoritários o (Z)-2- penten-1-ol (14,9±11,3%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (9,6±9,1%) e o benzaldeído (3,9±2,7%). Um experimento de secagem foi realizado para o acesso PM-2 com intuito de verificar o efeito da secagem na composição dos voláteis das folhas de J. curcas. Neste trabalho também foi desenvolvido um método por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) para diferenciação dos seis acessos e da cultivar (EPAMIG) para folhas frescas e secas de J. curcas. Os extratos metanólicos das folhas foram analisados por CLAE-DAD e após etapas de otimizações, foram obtidos os cromatogramas fingerprints. Para uma análise comparativa entre os acessos e a cultivar, aplicaram-se ferramentas quimiométricas de Análise dos Componentes Principais (PCA) e Análise de Agrupamentos Hierárquicos (HCA), pelas quais foi possível diferenciar as amostras das folhas secas de acordo com suas procedências. Os extratos metanólicos também foram submetidos a ensaios de citotoxicidade in vitro para 04 linhagens de células tumorais humanas (HCT-8, HL-60, SF-295 e MDA-MB- 435), obtendo-se CI50 25,13 μg/mL, na linhagem HL-60 para a amostra da cultivar (EPAMIG). Este resultado está dentro do intervalo proposto pelo National Institute of Cancer, USA (NCI) para considerar extratos como promissores. A atividade biológica destes extratos também foi avaliada sobre o desenvolvimento de Spodoptera frugiperda, principal praga do milho, apresentando 60% de mortalidade larval.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-21T18:47:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Raphael Rocha de Oliveira - 2014.pdf: 1885225 bytes, checksum: 5adb0d9c490f337d13e5335be96b08f2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-21T18:47:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Raphael Rocha de Oliveira - 2014.pdf: 1885225 bytes, checksum: 5adb0d9c490f337d13e5335be96b08f2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-21T18:47:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Raphael Rocha de Oliveira - 2014.pdf: 1885225 bytes, checksum: 5adb0d9c490f337d13e5335be96b08f2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-28 / Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been successfully applied in the quantitative determination of the main constituents of beef but it has been presenting inconsistent results in determining characteristics relating to tenderness. In addition, the various aspects related to data processing (mathematical pre-treatments, spectral bands, sample presentation, regression method), should be constantly evaluated, since they affect the prediction cap acity of NIRS. In this context, the present study was developed to determine which spectral data-processing methods make it possible, using the PLS regression method, to obtain robust calibration models that determine the chemical composition and tenderness characteristics of beef. The accuracy of the models was determined by external validation, which has been little used in previously published studies. To develop the calibration models, three spectra were collected from each sample of the Longissimus dorsi muscle of 25 mixed-breed castrated dairy calves, divided into five treatments (five repetitions in each) based on supplying diets containing millet and including babassu mesocarp bran at proportions of 0; 12; 24; 36 and 48% in the dry matter of the total diet, comprising 75 spectra. For the external validation set, samples were used from five mixedbreed castrated dairy calves fed on a diet based on maize and soybean, totalling 15 spectra. To determine the chemical composition (fat content, protein, ash content and moisture) and the tenderness properties (water holding capacity – WHC -, total and soluble collagen, shear force, FMI and pH), 135 calibration models were developed with mathematical pre-treatments available on VISION software, version 3.1, using PLS regression, from which 37 (27.41% of the total) presented coefficients of determination considered good or excellent in their predictive capacity. The pre-treatment with “first derivatives” made it possible to develop more robust models for the chemical composition properties, except for RMF, in which “Savitzky-Golay” and “second derivatives” were more efficient, obtaining R 2 and RPD values above those available in the literature. For determining the tenderness properties in beef, the models develope d with “first and second derivatives” pre-treatments, in isolation or with “Savitzky -Golay” or “multiplicative scatter correction” smoothing methods, presented the highest values of RPD, demonstrating that themselves are efficient chemometric tools for obtaining robust calibration models. Models were obtained with limited predictive capacity only in the determination of total fats and total collagen quantification. This was probably due to the low variability presented in the samples used a nd to the low sensitivity of NIRS for total collagen. It was concluded that NIRS can be used to replace conventional methods, being a fast and precise technique, as well as allowing simultaneous analysis of beef quality characteristics. / A espectroscopia de reflectância no infravermelho próximo (NIRS) tem sido aplicada com êxito na determinação quantitativa dos principais constituintes da carne bovina, mas tem apresentado resultados inconsistentes na determinação das características relacionadas à maciez. Além disso, os diferentes aspectos relacionados ao processamento dos dados (pré-tratamentos matemáticos, faixas espectrais, apresentação das amostras, método de regressão), devem ser avaliados constantemente, já que afetam a capacidade de predição do NIRS. Assim sendo, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido para determinar quais métodos de processamento de dados espectrais possibilitam, com o método de regressão PLS, a obtenção de modelos de calibração robustos para a determinação d a composição química e das características de maciez da carne bovina, sendo a acurácia dos modelos determinada por validação externa. Para o desenvolvimento dos modelos de calibração, foram coletados três espectros de cada amostra do músculo Longissimus dorsi de 25 novilhos mestiços leiteiros castrados, divididos em cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições em cada, com base no fornecimento de dietas contendo milheto e inclusão de farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu nas proporções de 0; 12; 24; 36 e 48% na matéria seca da dieta total, totalizando 75 espectros. Para o conjunto de validação externa, foram utilizadas amostras de cinco novilhos mestiços leiteiros castrados submetidos à dieta à base de milho e soja, totalizando 15 espectros. Para a determinação da composição química (lipídios totais, proteína, resíduo mineral fixo e umidade ) e de propriedades de maciez (capacidade de retenção de água, colágeno total e solúvel, força de cisalhamento, IFM e pH), foram desenvolvidos 135 modelos de calibração com os pré-tratamentos matemáticos disponíveis no software VISION, versão 3.1, utilizando a regressão PLS, dos quais 37 (27,41% do total) apresentaram valores de coeficientes de determinação considerados como boa ou excelente capacidade preditiva. O pré-tratamento com “primeira derivada” possibilitou o desenvolvimento de modelos mais robustos para as propriedades de composição química, exceto para RMF, em que “Savitzky-Golay” e “segunda derivada” foram mais eficientes, obtendo valores de R 2 e RPD superiores aos disponíveis na literatura. Para a determinação das propriedades de maciez em carne bovina, os modelos desenvolvidos com os pré-tratamentos com “primeira e segunda derivadas”, isoladamente ou com a utilização dos métodos de suavização “Savitzky-Golay” ou “correção multiplicativa de sinal”, apresentaram os maiores valores de RPD, demonstrando ser ferramentas quimiométricas eficientes para a obtenção de modelos de calibração robustos. Foram obtidos modelos com capacidade preditiva limitada apenas para a determinação de lipídios totais e quantificação do colágeno total, provavelmente, devido à baixa variabilidade apresentada nas amostras utilizadas e à baixa sensibilidade do NIRS para o colágeno total. Conclui-se, que a espectroscopia de reflectância no infravermelho próximo pode s er utilizada em substituição aos métodos convencionais, por ser uma técnica rápida, precisa, sensível e que permite a análise simultânea das características de qualidade da carne bovina.

Ce travail a consisté en la recherche et l’exploitation de nouveaux motifs structuraux sensibles à des médiateurs chimiques. Pour cela, une approche chimiométrique a été développée dans le but d’obtenir des profils de réactivité pouvant être classés dans un tableau avec un code de couleur afin de pouvoir mettre en évidence visuellement les motifs présentant un potentiel intéressant. Les motifs d’intérêt ont été intégrés dans des sondes pro-fluorescentes qui ont ensuite été testées en milieux biologiques afin d’observer leur activité. Cette méthodologie a permis de révéler un nouveau type de quencher biologiquement et chimiquement désactivable. Ainsi, même en l’absence du médiateur étudié, ce quencher incorporé dans une sonde de type FRET sera réactivé par ajout d’un agent chimique exogène afin de révéler les sondes non-activées dans la cellule. / The main topic of this work was the research and the use of new structural patterns sensitive to chemical mediators. A chimiometric approach was developped to obtain reactivity profiles which will be filed in a table with a color code in order to visually highlight the patterns having interessant potential. Then, the patterns of interest were integrated in FRET-based probes which were tested in cell experiments. This profiling led to a new type of biologically and chemically deactivatable quencher. Thus, even in the absence of the studied mediator, this quencher incorporated in a FRET probe will be activated by adding an exogenous chemical agent to reveal inactivated probes in the cell.

La connaissance du comportement sous irradiation γ et en présence d'eau des Résines Echangeuses d'Ions est nécessaire pour prévoir leur impact sur l'environnement pendant la phase d'entreposage et dans un éventuel stockage en profondeur géologique. Les REI étudiées sont la résine MB400 en lit mélangé ainsi que ses composants anionique et cationique « purs ». La stratégie expérimentale suivie a été basée sur l'utilisation d'outils chimiométriques qui ont permis d'étudier l'effet du milieu d'irradiation, du débit de dose, de la dose et de la température de lixiviation. Les produits de radiolyse gazeux et hydrosolubles ont été analysés par Spectrométrie de Masse gaz et Chromatographie Ionique. Les REI génèrent principalement du H2g, du CO2g et des amines dont les quantités dépendent de la nature de la résine et des conditions d'irradiation. L'analyse des résines solides irradiées a été effectuée par spectroscopie Infrarouge à Transformée de Fourrier et par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire. Ces techniques révèlent des modifications structurales différentes suivant les conditions d'irradiation. Le comportement sous eau des REI a été étudié sur une période de 143 jours en caractérisant la matière organique relarguée après lixiviation post-irradiation. Les études cinétiques montrent qu'au premier contact avec l'eau, toutes les espèces hydrosolubles sont relarguées. La quantité de Carbone Organique Total dépend, selon la nature de la résine, soit de la dose, soit du milieu d'irradiation. Le débit de dose n'a pas d'effet sur la dégradation et la lixiviation de la résine MB400 qui, néanmoins se comporte d'une façon différente de ses composants pris séparément. / The knowledge of the behavior under irradiation and in presence of water of Ion Exchange Resins (IER) is very necessary to predict their impact on the environment during the storage phase and in a possible deep geological disposal. The IER studied are the MB400 mixed bed resin and its « pure » anionic and cationic components. The experimental strategy used in this work was based on the use of chemometric tools permitting to estimate the effect of the irradiation atmosphere, the dose rate, the absorbed dose and the leaching temperature. The gaseous and water-soluble radiolysis products were analyzed by gas Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Ion Chromatography (IC). The IER generated principally H2g, CO2g and amines for which quantities depended of the resin nature and the irradiation conditions. The analysis of solid irradiated resins was investigated by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR) techniques. The last ones revealed structural modifications of the IER solid matrix in function of the experimental conditions. Their behavior in presence of water was studied during 143 days by characterization of the organic matter released after their post-irradiation leaching. The kinetics showed that all the water-soluble components were releasing at the first contact with water. The Total Organic Carbon (TOC) quantity released depends, according to the resin nature, either on the dose, either on the irradiation atmosphere. The dose rate has no effect on the degradation and the leaching of the MB400 resin, which behaved differently than its pure components.

Tout au long du procédé d’élaboration d’un vin, des réactions d’oxydation peuvent se produire y compris au cours du vieillissement en bouteilles. Depuis quelques années, la profession viti-vinicole est confrontée au problème de l’oxydation prématurée des vins blancs.. A ce jour, peu d’études ont pu apporter des explications d’ordre chimique à ce phénomène, et les mécanismes réactionnels intervenant restent peu connus.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’apporter, au travers d’une analyse moléculaire non ciblée en spectrométrie de masse à transformée de Fourier et à résonance cyclotronique des ions (FT-ICR-MS) couplée à une étude chimiométrique, des réponses originales aux questions posées par la problématique actuelle d’oxydation prématurée des vins blancs. Nous avons montré suite à l’étude d’une série de vins oxydés prématurément non seulement la grande diversité chimique des vins, mais aussi la présence d’un ensemble de masses typiques associées à ce phénomène. Pour une meilleure compréhension de l’origine de cette problématique, nous avons considéré deux autres types d’oxydation : une oxydation relative exclusivement à un apport contrôlé en oxygène et une autre relative à l'évolution naturelle de vins en bouteilles. Cette dernière consiste en le suivi de l'évolution des espaces chimiques de séries verticales de vins blancs et rouges en fonction du temps. Sur la série verticale des vins blancs allant de 1979 à 2006, une charnière à l’année 1990 a été observée avec des groupes de masses typiques de chacun des vins jeunes (1979-1990) et des vieux vins (1991-2006).La comparaison entre les espaces chimiques discriminants chacun de ces trois types d’oxydation ne révèle la présence que de trois masses en commun, ce qui appuie l'hypothèse de causes multiparamétriques à l’oxydation prématurée des vins blancs, qui ne serait donc pas un phénomène du exclusivement à une exposition non contrôlée à l'oxygène.Des essais d’élucidation structurale en FT-ICR-MS/MS des masses discriminantes des vins oxydés et de la série verticale ont été effectués et des schémas de fragmentation pour certaines masses sont proposés / During winemaking processes, many oxidation reactions may occur especially during the aging period. Recently, white wines are characterized by a problem of premature oxidation for which few studies have provided chemical explanation. To date, the involved mechanisms in this phenomenon remain poorly understood.The aim of this thesis project is to provide, through an untargeted molecular analysis using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) coupled to chemometric analysis, original clue to understand the premature oxidation of white wines. Based on the study of a series of premature oxidized white wines, we were able to elucidate the high complexity and the chemical diversity of wine, and got out typical masses characterizing the oxidation state. In order to better understand the origin of this phenomenon, we considered two alternative possibilities of oxidation: the first one induced by oxygen, and the second through a natural evolution of wines in bottles. The latter included the monitoring of the chemical evolution of white and red wines as a function of time. A very interesting result was obtained on the vertical series of white wines from 1979 to 2006, where two groups were separated at the 1990 vintage to provide a group of old wines (1979-1990) and a group of new wines (1991-2006). Typical discriminant masses were found for each group.A comparison between the chemical spaces discriminating each of the three types of oxidation (premature oxidation, oxidation with oxygen and natural evolution of wine in bottle) revealed very few common masses that may indicate that the phenomenon of premature oxidation is indeed influenced by multiple factors.Finally, a structural elucidation of the typical masses of the groups of oxidized and aged wines were established using FT-ICR-MS/MS. Possible fragmentations schemes of some of these masses were proposed