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With an expanding urbanization in the world, and thus the expansion of impermeable surfaces, the risk of pluvial floods is an increasing factor that needs to be considered. This, in combination with increasing rain intensities and frequency of rain events indicates a problem both today and for the future. With this in mind, it is an advantage to increase the knowledge of how different variations of extreme rainfall affects the hydraulic response of urban catchments, as well as which areas in urban environments contribute to the flood peak. The aims of this study are, with a particle tracking approach, to investigate how the peak runoff contributing areas differ geographically depending on the duration and time to peak of the rainfall event. This also includes the evaluation of what sizes of urban catchment areas are relevant to include when modelling the hydraulic response of Swedish urban catchment in relation to the characteristics of the hyetograph. The catchment area used in this study is made synthetically to represent a generic Swedish urban catchment with regards to the proportions of hardened surfaces, buildings and low points, as well as the slope of the catchment. Various variants of the Chicago Design Storm were implemented in the model. This included three different durations of 2-, 4- and 6 hours of which each, separately, constituted of three different time to peak that is decided by an r-value when creating the design storms. The r-values used in this study is 0.1, 0.4 and 0.8 where the values correlates to an early-, centred- and late peak of the hyetograph. To be able to investigate the peak contributing area, a particle tracking approach was initially used as an equivalent to tracers where the particles are first evenly distributed over the catchment area to then be concentrated to the locations that shows a variation in in the peak contributing area. This was done by using the modelling program MIKE 21 Flow Model FM powered by DHI, which also was used to run the hydrodynamic simulations of the inundation. The results of the hydrodynamic simulations showed that the rain events generated more runoff as the duration was extended. In addition, the timing of the peak of the rainfall intensity also had an impact on the result as the runoff increased with increasing r-value. Thus, as the peak of the hyetograph is delayed, it imposes an increasing risk of severe flooding. Furthermore, with the use of particle tracking, it could be concluded that the different design storm had an influence on the peak contributing distance where the distance grew larger when the duration of the rainfall event was extended and when the peak of the storm was delayed. / Med en ökande urbanisering i världen, och med det även en ökning av hårdgjorda ytor, är risken för pluviala översvämningar en allt större faktor som måste beaktas. Detta i kombination meden ökande regnintensitet samt nederbördsfrekvens indikerar ett problem både för idag och förframtiden. Med detta i åtanke är det en fördel att öka kunskapen om hur olika variationer avextrem nederbörd påverkar den hydrauliska responsen i urbana avrinningsområden, samt vilka områden i stadsmiljöer som bidrar till den maximala översvämningen. Syftet med denna studie är att, med hjälp av partikelspårning, undersöka hur peak-bidragande områden skiljer sig geografiskt beroende på regnets varaktighet samt tid till regnintensitetsmaximum. I detta ingår även utvärdering av vilka storlekar av urbana avrinningsområden som är relevanta att inkludera vid modellering av den hydrauliska responsen i förhållande till hyetografens egenskaper. Avrinningsområdet som används i denna studie är syntetiskt gjort för att representera ett generiskt svenskt urbant avrinningsområde med avseende på andelen hårdgjorda ytor, byggnader och lågpunkter, samt avrinningsområdets lutning. För att studera nederbördens inverkan på den hydrauliska responsen i avrinningsområdet implementerades olika varianter av en designstorm kallad Chicago Design Storm. Detta inkluderade tre olika varaktigheter på 2-,4- och 6 timmar av vilka var och en, separat, bestod av tre olika tid till regnintensitetsmaximum,vilket bestäms av ett r-värde vid skapandet av designstormarna. De r-värden som används i denna studie är 0.1, 0.4 och 0.8 där det lägre värdet korrelerar med en tidig topp, mittvärdet är lika med en centrerad topp och det högre värdet motsvarar en sen topp på hyetografen. För att kunna undersöka det peak-bidragande området användes initialt en partikelspårningsmetod som en motsvarighet till spårämnen där partiklarna först är jämnt fördelade över avrinningsområdetför att sedan koncentreras till de platser som visar en variation i det peak-bidragande området. Detta gjordes genom att använda modelleringsprogrammet MIKE 21 Flow Model FM som drivs av DHI, vilket också användes för att genomföra de hydrodynamiska simuleringarna av översvämningen. Det upptäcktes relativt tidigt i simuleringsstadiet av arbetet att det skulle vara svårt att identifiera det peak-bidragande området i avrinningsområdet, då majoriteten av de partiklarsom släpptes ut på platser med antingen lågt flöde eller låg vattennivå hade svårt att ta sig tillutloppet av avrinningsområdet. Med anledning av detta vändes fokus i studien mot avrinningsområdets centrala dräneringsväg där partiklarna kunde röra sig mer fritt. Därför togs ett beslut att undersöka det peak-bidragande avståndet längs den centrala dräneringsvägen istället för det peak-bidragande området. Resultaten av de hydrodynamiska simuleringarna visade att regnen genererade mer avrinning när varaktigheten förlängdes. Dessutom hade tidpunkten för toppen av nederbördsintensiteten också en inverkan på resultatet då avrinningen ökade med ökande r-värde. Allteftersom toppen av hyetografen senareläggs, medför den en ökande risk för allvarliga översvämningar. Vidare, med användningen av partikelspårning, gick det att dra slutsatsen att de olika designstormarna hade en effekt på det peak-bidragande avståndet, då avståndet blev större när varaktigheten av regnen förlängdes och när regnets intensitetstopp inträffade senare under regneventet.

Ce mémoire compare la couverture médiatique de la résistance et de la collaboration en Europe occupée réalisée par le Chicago Tribune et le New York Times lors de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Notre analyse s’inscrit dans une période voyant une métamorphose profonde du rôle des États-Unis sur la scène internationale; l’isolationnisme traditionnel étant écarté au moment de l’intervention militaire américaine dans le conflit en décembre 1941 et abandonné, au terme de la guerre, avec le rôle clé du pays dans la fondation d’une nouvelle organisation internationale. Les deux quotidiens retenus pour cette étude, en plus de se démarquer par leur importance nationale, présentent des perspectives opposées au sujet de cet enjeu majeur. Le Chicago Tribune, proche idéologiquement du parti républicain et critique acharné du président Roosevelt, est catégoriquement opposé à la participation des États-Unis au conflit avant l’attaque sur Pearl Harbor et milite pour un retour à l’isolationnisme traditionnel une fois la victoire acquise. De son côté, le New York Times, appuyant généralement le parti démocrate et les politiques de Roosevelt, apparaît en faveur d’une neutralité orientée dès le début du conflit et présente la fondation d’une nouvelle organisation internationale comme un objectif de guerre essentiel. Dans le contexte particulier de l’activité de la presse en temps de guerre, la censure et le patriotisme limitant les critiques au sujet de la position officielle du gouvernement, les relations du gouvernement américain avec les mouvements de résistance et les collaborateurs représentent des éléments notables sur lesquels les quotidiens étudiés présentent des perspectives souvent opposées. Notre mémoire montre donc en quoi les positions très différentes du Chicago Tribune et du New York Times au sujet de la participation américaine au conflit et, surtout, du rôle des États-Unis dans le monde ont influencé leur couverture médiatique des résistants et des collaborateurs en Europe occupée. / This thesis compare and contrast the Chicago Tribune’s and New York Times’ coverage of resistance and collaboration in German-occupied Europe during World War II. Our study concerns a period which saw a profound transformation of the United States’ role on the international scene. Indeed, the United States’ military intervention in the conflict in December 1941 and, especially, its key role in establishing a new intergovernmental organisation marked the end of American isolationism. Both selected newspaper, besides their national readership, present opposite perspectives about this important debate. The Chicago Tribune, ideologically close to the Republican Party and unrelenting critic of president Roosevelt, is adamantly opposed to American involvement in the war until the attack on Pearl Harbor and advocate for a return to isolationism after victory. For its part, the New York Times, generally supportive of the Democratic Party and of Roosevelt’s policies, is in favor of helping the Allies from the start of the conflict and presents the establishment of a new intergovernmental organisation as a crucial war aim. In the specific context of journalism in wartime, when censorship and patriotism minimize criticisms of the government’s official position, the American government’s relationships with resistance movements and collaborators are significant subjects about which the studied newspapers often present contrasting point of views. Our thesis present how the Chicago Tribune’s and New York Times’ very different stances about American involvement in World War II and, especially, the United States’ role in the world influenced their coverage of resistance and collaboration in German-occupied Europe.

This dissertation deals with international transport law and looks at the development of bilateral air service agreements governing international scheduled flights from their inception after the Chicago Conference of 1944 until the present day. The Chicago Conference left a legacy of separation in airline services. Scheduled and nonscheduled flights came into existence and bilateral agreements are needed to regulate international scheduled services. The relationship between the state and its designated airline forms the pivot of the bilateral relationship. However, the aviation relationship between state and airline and between states inter se face challenges as globalisation and development take place in the air transport industry. New methods of cooperation now exist which need to be adapted to suit the needs of individual countries and airlines. South Africa has accepted the challenges of development and undertaken modern methods of cooperation such as code-sharing. / Law / LL.M.

Pluvial floods are formed directly from surface runoff after extreme rain events. Urban areas are prone to suffer from these floods due to large portions of hardened surfaces and limited capacity in the stormwater infrastructure. Previous research has shown that catchment response is influenced by the spatio-temporal behaviour of the rainstorm. A rainstorm moving in the same direction as the surface flow can amplify the runoff peak and temporal variability of rainfall intensity generally results in greater peak discharge compared to constant rainfall. This research attempted to relate the effect of storm movement on flood propagation in urban pluvial flooding to the effect from different distributions of rainfall intensity. An additional objective was to investigate the flood response from recent findings on the temporal variability in Swedish rain events and compare it to the flood depths produced by a CDS-rain (Chicago Design Storm), where the latter is the design practice in flood modelling today. A 2D surface model of an urban catchment was coupled with a 1D model of the drainage network and forced by six different hyetographs. Among them were five empirical hyetographs developed by Olsson et al. (2017) and one a CDS-rain. The rainstorms were simulated to move in different directions: along and against the surface flow direction, perpendicular to it and with no movement. Maximum flood depth was evaluated at ten locations and the model results show that storm movement had negligible effect on the flood depths. The impact from the movement was likely limited by the big difference in speed between the rainstorm and the surface flow. All evaluated locations showed a considerable sensitivity to changes in the hyetograph. The maximum flood depth increased at most with a factor of 1.9 depending on the hyetograph that was used as model input. The CDS-rain produced higher flood depths compared to the empirical hyetographs, although one of the empirical hyetographs produced a similar result. Based on the results from this case study, it was concluded that storm movement was not as critical as the temporal variability of rainfall when evaluating maximum flood depth. / Pluviala översvämningar skapas från ytavrinning vid intensiva nederbördstillfällen. De uppstår ofta i urbana miljöer till följd av den höga andelen hårdgjorda ytor och ledningsnätets begränsade kapacitet. Forskning har visat att ett regnmolns rörelseriktning och hastighet påverkar avrinningsförloppet. Om molnet rör sig längs med flödesriktningen i terrängen kan en ökning i vattenlödet nedströms ett avrinningsområde uppstå. Denna effekt har visat sig vara störst om hastigheten hos regnmolnet och vattenflödet är likvärdiga. Ytterliggare en faktor som påverkar avrinningsförloppet är hur regnintensiteten är fördelad över tid. Olsson et al. (2017) har tagit fram fem empiriska regntyper som speglar tidsfördelning inom ett Svenskt regntillfälle. Inom översvämningsmodellering är det vanligt att använda ett så kallat CDS-regn (Chicago Design Storm), vilken har en given tidsfördelning. Med anledning av detta är det intressant att jämföra översvämningar genererade av ett CDS-regn och av de empiriska regntyperna. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda hur regnmolns rörelse påverkar urbana pluviala översvämningar med avseende på vattendjup, samt att jämföra denna påverkan med effekten från olika tidsfördelningar av regnintensiteter. En kombinerad dagvattenmodell (1D) och markavrinningsmodell (2D) av en mindre svensk tätort användes för att simulera olika regnscenarier. De fem empiriska regntyperna och ett CDS-regn simulerades med en rörelseriktning längs med, emot och vinkelrätt i förhållande till flödesriktningen. Även scenarier med stationära regnmoln simulerades. Maximala översvämningsdjup utvärderades i tio punkter spridda över hela modellområdet. Resultatet från simuleringarna visade att regnmolnets rörelse hade försumbar påverkan på översvämningsdjupen. De olika tidsfördelningarna av regnintensitet hade däremot betydande påverkan på de maximala översvämningsdjupen. Som mest var det det maximala översvämningsdjupet 1.9 gånger större beroende vilken regntyp som användes som indata. CDS-regnet genererade i regel de största översvämningsdjupen, även om utfallet från en av de fem empiriska regntyperna var förhållandevis likvärdigt. Regnintensitetens tidsfördelning var därmed en kritisk parameter vid den hydrauliska modelleringen av urbana pluviala översävmningar, till skillnad från molnrörelse som hade försumbar påverkan.

Embora os direitos de Propriedade Intelectual (PI) sejam supostamente instituídos de forma a fomentar a inovação e o bem-estar em longo prazo, seu uso pode ensejar comportamentos oportunistas e abusivos como os Artigos 8.2 e 40 do TRIPS expressamente admitem. Sempre que tal tipo de comportamento afetar a concorrência em determinado mercado excluindo concorrentes, impondo barreiras à entrada, prejudicando consumidores por meio de aumento de preços ou redução da oferta o Direito de Concorrência será chamado a intervir. Considerando tais questões, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar um quadro de trabalho brasileiro para tratar de questões envolvendo questões de Direito de Concorrência relacionadas à Propriedade Intelectual. O autor buscou delinear os conceitos de uso abusivo de direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, Dominação de Mercado por meio de uso da Propriedade Intelectual e de abuso de posição dominante, considerando o novo quadro regulatório introduzido pela Lei 12.259/2001. / While intellectual property (IP) rights are usually claimed to be designed to foster innovation and welfare in the long run, their use may give rise to opportunistic, abusive behavior - as Articles 8.2 and 40 of TRIPS openly admit. Whenever such sort of behavior affects competition in a given market - whether by dislodging competitors, imposing barriers to entry, harming costumers, raising prices or reducing output - competition law is called to intervene. Considering these issues, the purpose of this paper is to identify a Brazilian legal framework for dealing with IP related competition issues. The author sought to draw the legal concepts of abusive of IP rights, market domination and abuse of dominant position considering the new regulatory framework introduced by Law 12.259/2011.

This dissertation deals with international transport law and looks at the development of bilateral air service agreements governing international scheduled flights from their inception after the Chicago Conference of 1944 until the present day. The Chicago Conference left a legacy of separation in airline services. Scheduled and nonscheduled flights came into existence and bilateral agreements are needed to regulate international scheduled services. The relationship between the state and its designated airline forms the pivot of the bilateral relationship. However, the aviation relationship between state and airline and between states inter se face challenges as globalisation and development take place in the air transport industry. New methods of cooperation now exist which need to be adapted to suit the needs of individual countries and airlines. South Africa has accepted the challenges of development and undertaken modern methods of cooperation such as code-sharing. / Law / LL.M.

Although the government of the United States of America was established to protect the rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness among all American citizens, this thesis argues intractable gang violence in inner-city Chicago has persistently denied these rights, in turn undermining fundamental (and foundational) American political values. Thus, gang violence can be argued to represent a threat to both civil order and state legitimacy. Yet, where comparable (and generally lower) levels of community-level violence in Northern Ireland garnered the sustained attention and direct involvement of the United Kingdom's central government, the challenge posed by gang violence has been unappreciated, if not ignored, by the American federal government. In order to mobilise the political commitment and resources needed to find a durable resolution to Chicago's long and often anarchic 'uncivil war', it is first necessary to politicise the problem and its origins. Contributing to this politicisation, this thesis explains why gang violence in Chicago has been unable to capture the political imagination of the American government in a way akin to paramilitary (specifically republican) violence in Northern Ireland. Secondly, it explains how the depoliticisation of gang violence has negatively affected response, encouraging the continued application of inadequate and largely ineffective response strategies. Finally, it makes the case that, while radical, a conditional agreement-centric peace process loosely modelled on that employed in Northern Ireland might offer the most effective strategy for restoring the sense of peace and security to inner-city Chicago lost over half a century ago.

Embora os direitos de Propriedade Intelectual (PI) sejam supostamente instituídos de forma a fomentar a inovação e o bem-estar em longo prazo, seu uso pode ensejar comportamentos oportunistas e abusivos como os Artigos 8.2 e 40 do TRIPS expressamente admitem. Sempre que tal tipo de comportamento afetar a concorrência em determinado mercado excluindo concorrentes, impondo barreiras à entrada, prejudicando consumidores por meio de aumento de preços ou redução da oferta o Direito de Concorrência será chamado a intervir. Considerando tais questões, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar um quadro de trabalho brasileiro para tratar de questões envolvendo questões de Direito de Concorrência relacionadas à Propriedade Intelectual. O autor buscou delinear os conceitos de uso abusivo de direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, Dominação de Mercado por meio de uso da Propriedade Intelectual e de abuso de posição dominante, considerando o novo quadro regulatório introduzido pela Lei 12.259/2001. / While intellectual property (IP) rights are usually claimed to be designed to foster innovation and welfare in the long run, their use may give rise to opportunistic, abusive behavior - as Articles 8.2 and 40 of TRIPS openly admit. Whenever such sort of behavior affects competition in a given market - whether by dislodging competitors, imposing barriers to entry, harming costumers, raising prices or reducing output - competition law is called to intervene. Considering these issues, the purpose of this paper is to identify a Brazilian legal framework for dealing with IP related competition issues. The author sought to draw the legal concepts of abusive of IP rights, market domination and abuse of dominant position considering the new regulatory framework introduced by Law 12.259/2011.

Corn production is scattered geographically over various continents, but most of it is grown in the United States. As such, the world price of corn futures contracts is largely dominated by North American corn prices as traded on the Chicago Board of Trade. In recent years, this market has been characterised by an increase in price volatility and magnitude of price movement as a result of decreasing stock levels. The development and implementation of an effective and successful derivative price risk management strategy based on the Chicago Board of Trade corn futures contract will therefore be of inestimable value to market stakeholders worldwide. The research focused on the efficient market hypothesis and the possibility of contesting this phenomenon through an application of a derivative price risk management methodology. The methodology is based on a combination of an analysis of market trends and technical oscillators with the objective of generating returns superior to that of a market benchmark. The study found that market participants are currently unable to exploit price movement in a manner which results in returns that contest the notion of efficient markets. The methodology proposed, however, does allow the user to consistently achieve returns superior to that of a predetermined market benchmark. The benchmark price for the purposes of this study was the average price offered by the market over the contract lifetime, and such, the efficient market hypothesis was successfully contested. / Business Management / D. Com. (Business Management)