A ocorrência de diversos tipos de desastres nas últimas décadas tem aumentado a concentração de estudos e pesquisas sobre a atuação profissional no gerenciamento de riscos e na gestão de emergências e desastres. O efeito de um desastre é proporcional à vulnerabilidade tanto do ambiente atingido (que compreende a parte física e humana), quanto da capacidade e recursos do local, dos afetados e das equipes de apoio. De acordo com a Política de Proteção e Defesa Civil, as ações são divididas em cinco etapas: prevenção, mitigação, preparação, resposta e reconstrução. A atuação da Psicologia, nestas situações, pode ser implementada em todas as fases e, embora constitua uma área relativamente recente dentro da Psicologia, a criação de órgãos e eventos no Brasil, bem como a busca por intervenções eficazes fizeram crescer o apelo para seu crescimento. Uma das demandas está ligada às possibilidades de violações de direitos de crianças e adolescentes, tais como violência sexual, negligência, trabalho infantil, práticas de ato infracional e uso de drogas. Existem documentos institucionais e referências científicas que abordam essa temática, ressaltando a importância da Atenção Psicossocial, a qual deve ser oferecida aos afetados, principalmente a populações vulneráveis, como crianças, adolescentes, pessoas com deficiência e idosos. O presente trabalho se constituiu em estudo exploratório, descritivo e explicativo, com uma metodologia etnográfica e qualitativa. O objetivo foi investigar as percepções e perspectivas de profissionais, crianças e responsáveis, sobre os cuidados oferecidos às crianças que vivem em áreas de risco para desastres, especialmente inundações, em um bairro na zona leste da cidade de São Paulo. Foram analisados documentos de referência e a literatura científica sobre crianças em situações de riscos e desastres. Por meio de entrevistas e grupos focais, foi verificada a percepção de crianças afetadas, responsáveis, e profissionais envolvidos no apoio a desastres. Destaca-se que o oferecimento da Atenção Psicossocial, somada aos cuidados em Saúde Mental e a proteção e garantia de Direitos Humanos, constitui cenário providencial para o bem-estar infantil e pleno desenvolvimento físico, cognitivo, social, espiritual e emocional de crianças no contexto de riscos e desastres / The occurrence of several types of disasters in the last decades has increased the concentration of studies and research about the professional performance in the management of risks as well as emergencies and disasters. The effect of a disaster is proportional to the vulnerability either of the affected environment (which includes the physical and human aspects) or the capacity and resources of the place, the affected individuals and the support teams. According to the Protection and Civil Defense Policy, the actions are divided into five stages: prevention, mitigation, preparation, response and reconstruction. The Psychology´s operation in these situations can be implemented in all phases, and although it constitutes a relatively recent area within this field, the creation of organs and events in Brazil and the search for effective interventions have increased the appeal for its growth. One of the demands is linked to the possibilities of children and adolescents´ rights violentions, such as sexual violence, neglect, child labor, practices of infraction and drugs use. There are institutional documents and scientific references that address this issue and raise the importance of the psychosocial support that should be offered to those affected, especially vulnerable populations such as children, adolescents, people with disabilities and the old-aged. The present work constitutes an exploratory, descriptive and explanatory study, with an ethnographic and qualitative methodology. The goal was to investigate the perceptions and perspectives of professionals, children and parents about the care offered to children living in areas at risk of disasters, especially floods, in a neighborhood in the east end of São Paulo city. Reference documents and the scientific literature on children in risks and disasters situation were analyzed. The perception about disasters support were investigated by means of interviews and focus groups. It is noteworthy that the provision of psychosocial support, with care of mental health, plus protection and guarantee of human rights, is a providential scenario for children\'s well-being and complete physical, cognitive, social, spiritual and emotional development of children in the context of risks and disasters

A sensibilidade das crianças aos sinais emitidos por outra em situação de necessidade e mesmo a propensão ao cuidado atestam de forma cada vez mais convincente a natureza intrinsecamente motivada do cuidado espontâneo entre crianças. Este trabalho analisa o comportamento de cuidado entre crianças à luz do contexto sociocultural, das idéias infantis sobre cuidado, das metas de socialização das mães e de comparações interculturais. O estudo foi realizado na creche do povoado rural Bom Jardim, localizado no agreste de Sergipe. Participaram da pesquisa 17 crianças entre 4 e 6 anos, de ambos os sexos, e 27 mães residentes no povoado. Foi utilizado o método de observação focal do comportamento com filmagem em videotape para o registro dos comportamentos de cuidado entre as crianças. As idéias sobre cuidado infantil foram investigadas através da realização de foto-entrevistas e as Foi aplicada uma escala de comparação de metas de socialização nas mães. Os resultados revelaram que o tipo de cuidado entre crianças que teve maior média de ocorrência foi o contato afetuoso, seguido de supervisionar e ajudar. Nas categorias ajudar e contato afetuoso, o cuidado se concentrou entre crianças do mesmo sexo. Os resultados das foto-entrevistas mostraram que a foto escolhida com maior frequência como primeira opção foi a que exibia o contato corporal. As comparações interculturais com dados das crianças da vila rural Nso, em Camarões, e crianças de Osnabrück, na Alemanha, revelaram que as médias de codificação das palavras extraídas das falas das crianças do Bom Jardim durante a entrevista que se referiam ao cuidado primário, contato corporal e estimulação por objeto não apresentaram diferenças significativas. O oposto foi encontrado em relação à estimulação corporal e à interação face a face. A média da pontuação das mães na escala de comparação de metas de socialização indicou que as mães do Bom Jardim valorizam mais as metas de socialização relacionais. A análise comparativa intercultural entre as metas de socialização das mães do Bom Jardim com as de mães de outros contextos culturais - mães da vila rural Nso, Camarões; mães de Berlim, Alemanha; mães de Delhi e Gujarati, Índia revelou que a posição do Bom Jardim para a interdependência apresentou semelhanças em relação aos resultados das mães de Nova Delhi. Houve uma correlação positiva entre o número de pessoas que cuidam da criança e a pontuação para a dimensão de interdependência das metas de socialização das mães. O número de pessoas que cuidam das crianças correlacionou-se positivamente com o total de comportamentos de cuidado observados entre elas na categoria contato afetuoso e supervisionar. A pontuação das metas de socialização das mães correlacionou-se significativamente com a codificação das palavras relacionadas ao contato corporal presentes no discurso das crianças sobre cuidado. Estes resultados indicam que as práticas e valores em relação ao cuidado são passadas de mãe para filho, e reforçadas pelo ambiente cultural em que vivem. O cuidado espontâneo, observado entre as crianças do Bom Jardim, revela aspectos essenciais ligados ao modo vida da comunidade em vivem, confirmando o modo como o desenvolvimento está atrelado ao contexto e refletindo as diferentes estratégias de desenvolvimento contextodependentes / Children´s sensitiveness to another´s signals of need and the propensity for care confirm the inherent motivation for the spontaneous caregiving among them. This work analyses the caregiving behaviour among children under consideration of the children´s ideas about infant care, maternal socialization goals and cross-cultural comparisons. This study was conducted in the day care center of a rural village in the countryside of Sergipe, a state located in the northeast of Brazil. The participants of the study were 17 children, from 4 to 6 years old, and 27 mothers. Children´s behaviours during free activities were videotaped. Picture cards interviews were used to investigate their ideas about infant care. The mothers answered a socialization goals comparison scale. Results indicated that the highest occurrences of care were related to caressing, followed by supervision and help. For the categories help and caressing the care behaviours was directed towards same sex children. The picture-card chosen more frequently by the children was the one that exhibited the body contact system of care. Cross-cultural comparisons with German and Nso children, from Cameroon, revealed that the amount of words spoken by the children during the interview related to primary care, body contact and object stimulation were not significantly different among the three cultural contexts. The opposite was found for the amount of words related to body stimulation and face to face interaction. Mother´s socialization goals score indicated their preference for the relational goals. A cross-cultural analyse indicated that the Brazilian mothers socialization goals are closer to the ones of the mothers from New Delhi in comparison to the goals of mother from Berlin, Germany, rural Nso, Cameroon, and Gujarati, India. The number of people who take care of the child correlated positively with the mothers score for the relational socialization goals and the amount of caregiving behaviour among children in the category of caressing and supervision. Mothers´ socialization goals score correlated positively with the number of coded words related caressing spoken by the children during the interviews about care. These results indicate that the practices and values about care are inter-generation transmitted, reinforced by the cultural environment. The spontaneous among children from the village reveals aspects related to the way of life in the community, confirming that the development is context-dependent

A sensibilidade das crianças aos sinais emitidos por outra em situação de necessidade e mesmo a propensão ao cuidado atestam de forma cada vez mais convincente a natureza intrinsecamente motivada do cuidado espontâneo entre crianças. Este trabalho analisa o comportamento de cuidado entre crianças à luz do contexto sociocultural, das idéias infantis sobre cuidado, das metas de socialização das mães e de comparações interculturais. O estudo foi realizado na creche do povoado rural Bom Jardim, localizado no agreste de Sergipe. Participaram da pesquisa 17 crianças entre 4 e 6 anos, de ambos os sexos, e 27 mães residentes no povoado. Foi utilizado o método de observação focal do comportamento com filmagem em videotape para o registro dos comportamentos de cuidado entre as crianças. As idéias sobre cuidado infantil foram investigadas através da realização de foto-entrevistas e as Foi aplicada uma escala de comparação de metas de socialização nas mães. Os resultados revelaram que o tipo de cuidado entre crianças que teve maior média de ocorrência foi o contato afetuoso, seguido de supervisionar e ajudar. Nas categorias ajudar e contato afetuoso, o cuidado se concentrou entre crianças do mesmo sexo. Os resultados das foto-entrevistas mostraram que a foto escolhida com maior frequência como primeira opção foi a que exibia o contato corporal. As comparações interculturais com dados das crianças da vila rural Nso, em Camarões, e crianças de Osnabrück, na Alemanha, revelaram que as médias de codificação das palavras extraídas das falas das crianças do Bom Jardim durante a entrevista que se referiam ao cuidado primário, contato corporal e estimulação por objeto não apresentaram diferenças significativas. O oposto foi encontrado em relação à estimulação corporal e à interação face a face. A média da pontuação das mães na escala de comparação de metas de socialização indicou que as mães do Bom Jardim valorizam mais as metas de socialização relacionais. A análise comparativa intercultural entre as metas de socialização das mães do Bom Jardim com as de mães de outros contextos culturais - mães da vila rural Nso, Camarões; mães de Berlim, Alemanha; mães de Delhi e Gujarati, Índia revelou que a posição do Bom Jardim para a interdependência apresentou semelhanças em relação aos resultados das mães de Nova Delhi. Houve uma correlação positiva entre o número de pessoas que cuidam da criança e a pontuação para a dimensão de interdependência das metas de socialização das mães. O número de pessoas que cuidam das crianças correlacionou-se positivamente com o total de comportamentos de cuidado observados entre elas na categoria contato afetuoso e supervisionar. A pontuação das metas de socialização das mães correlacionou-se significativamente com a codificação das palavras relacionadas ao contato corporal presentes no discurso das crianças sobre cuidado. Estes resultados indicam que as práticas e valores em relação ao cuidado são passadas de mãe para filho, e reforçadas pelo ambiente cultural em que vivem. O cuidado espontâneo, observado entre as crianças do Bom Jardim, revela aspectos essenciais ligados ao modo vida da comunidade em vivem, confirmando o modo como o desenvolvimento está atrelado ao contexto e refletindo as diferentes estratégias de desenvolvimento contextodependentes / Children´s sensitiveness to another´s signals of need and the propensity for care confirm the inherent motivation for the spontaneous caregiving among them. This work analyses the caregiving behaviour among children under consideration of the children´s ideas about infant care, maternal socialization goals and cross-cultural comparisons. This study was conducted in the day care center of a rural village in the countryside of Sergipe, a state located in the northeast of Brazil. The participants of the study were 17 children, from 4 to 6 years old, and 27 mothers. Children´s behaviours during free activities were videotaped. Picture cards interviews were used to investigate their ideas about infant care. The mothers answered a socialization goals comparison scale. Results indicated that the highest occurrences of care were related to caressing, followed by supervision and help. For the categories help and caressing the care behaviours was directed towards same sex children. The picture-card chosen more frequently by the children was the one that exhibited the body contact system of care. Cross-cultural comparisons with German and Nso children, from Cameroon, revealed that the amount of words spoken by the children during the interview related to primary care, body contact and object stimulation were not significantly different among the three cultural contexts. The opposite was found for the amount of words related to body stimulation and face to face interaction. Mother´s socialization goals score indicated their preference for the relational goals. A cross-cultural analyse indicated that the Brazilian mothers socialization goals are closer to the ones of the mothers from New Delhi in comparison to the goals of mother from Berlin, Germany, rural Nso, Cameroon, and Gujarati, India. The number of people who take care of the child correlated positively with the mothers score for the relational socialization goals and the amount of caregiving behaviour among children in the category of caressing and supervision. Mothers´ socialization goals score correlated positively with the number of coded words related caressing spoken by the children during the interviews about care. These results indicate that the practices and values about care are inter-generation transmitted, reinforced by the cultural environment. The spontaneous among children from the village reveals aspects related to the way of life in the community, confirming that the development is context-dependent

A linguagem tem um papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento infantil, uma vez que possibilita à criança construir conceitos do self e do outro, especialmente nos contextos construídos por seus cuidadores e nas trocas interacionais. A proposta da presente pesquisa é analisar associações entre o tipo de discurso materno, quanto a características de orientação cultural para a interdependência e/ou para a autonomia, e o desenvolvimento cognitivo da criança avaliado pelo desempenho em testes de compreensão de intencionalidade e direção do olhar, no contexto de depressão pós-parto. O projeto insere-se em um estudo longitudinal mais amplo (Temático FAPESP nº 06/59192), que acompanha díades mãe-criança de uma amostra atendida pelo sistema público de saúde, em que era aferido haver ou não depressão por meio da Escala de Edimburgo (pós-parto e 36 meses). Foram feitos registros em vídeo da interação livre mãe-criança por 10 minutos, para avaliação do discurso materno, e da criança nos testes em interação com um pesquisador. O estilo de discurso materno foi classificado segundo categorias elaboradas por Heidi Keller, associadas à ideia de autonomia (ex. agência, autorreferência) ou de relacionamento (ex. coagência, referência a autoridade). O escore correspondente à autonomia e ao relacionamento foi calculado pela soma das frequências das respectivas categorias, controlado pelo número de emissões da fala categorizadas. A compreensão de intencionalidade foi avaliada por meio de duas histórias ilustrativas que mostram um personagem no processo de busca de um objeto (A) em um local previsto e, em seguida, a descoberta inesperada de um objeto diferente, mais desejável (B) em seu lugar. O protocolo avalia cada etapa de aplicação do teste. O teste de direção do olhar foi composto por três tarefas nas quais a criança deveria identificar: qual das figuras está olhando para ela?; o personagem está olhando para onde?, e apontando para onde?, associadas a perguntas sobre o que o personagem quer? Foi verificado um efeito da DPP na adesão à tarefa no teste Compreensão de Intencionalidade (CI). A dificuldade do teste de Direção do Olhar (DO) prevaleceu com o cansaço. Todavia, foi identificada correlação negativa entre o escore da DPP e o desempenho em etapas do teste. A DPP parece ter produzido mais efeito do que a depressão aos 36 meses. Os casos que indicam cronicidade da depressão são mais prejudicados. Um elemento destaque foi a análise do discurso, que revelou muito sobre o contexto de depressão e do desempenho das crianças. O discurso autônomo esteve negativamente relacionado ao escore DPP e aos 36 meses, e positivamente ao desempenho. Destaca-se que no contexto de depressão, as crianças que tiveram bom desempenho foram as das mães que apresentaram maior percentual nas categorias de autonomia, quando comparado com o grupo baixo desempenho e DPP. De modo geral, não encontramos efeitos lineares e diretos da DPP prejudicando o desenvolvimento, mas verificamos variações sugestivas. Tudo indica que o comportamento materno e, principalmente, o resultado deste em termos de desenvolvimento, irá depender muito da configuração geral do contexto socioafetivo, e que a depressão é um dos elementos efetivos desta conjugação / Language has a vital role in children´s construction of self and the relation to others in interactional exchanges. Mothers´ talk to their children reflects their cultural models or ethno-theories. In this presentation the results of a study focusing on the relation between maternal speech, as presenting the characteristics of a cultural orientation to interdependence and / or autonomy, with children\'s cognitive development, assessed by performance on tests of understanding of intentionality and direction of gaze, in the context of postpartum depression. The project is part of a larger, longitudinal study (FAPESP No. 06/59192), which follows a sample of mother-child dyads served by a public health system, when it was measured whether or not depression through Edinburgh Scale (postpartum and 36 months). Video recordings of free mother-child interactions for 10 minutes were made to evaluate the conversational maternal style. Children were observed in their interactional tasks with an experimenter. Mother´s speech style was classified according to categories developed by Heidi Keller, associated with the concept of agency (i.e. mental states, self-reference) or relationship (i.e. co-agency, reference to authority). Scores on both categories were calculated as the sum of the frequencies of the respective categories, controlling the total number of emissions categorized. Intentionality understanding was evaluated by means of two illustrative stories that show a character in the process of searching for an object (A) in a place provided, and then, the unexpected discovery of a different object, the more desirable (B) in its place. The protocol evaluates each step of the test. The test of gaze direction was composed of three tasks that the child should identify: what the figures are looking at; To what is the character is looking; where is he/she pointing, associated to questions about \"what the character wants?\" The effect of PPD was found in adherence to the task in testing Intentionality Understanding (IC). The difficulty of the Gaze Direction (GD) test has prevailed with tiredness, but a negative correlation was identified with scores of PPD and performance in steps of the test. The DPP produced more effect than depression at 36 months, and indicates to the importance of early development. The cases of chronic depressions suggest to be more affected. One key element was the of speech analysis, this revealed much about the context of depression and performance of children. The style of autonomy speech was negatively related to score PPD and the 36 months, and positively to the children\'s performance. It is noteworthy that in the context of depressed children who had good performance their mothers presented greater percentage in autonomy compared to the group of low performance and PPD. Overall, we found no direct linear effects of the DPP that could hinder the development, but we found suggestive variations. Everything indicates that maternal behavior, and especially the result from this in terms of development will greatly depend on the socio-affective context configuration and depression is one of the effective elements of this combination

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2016-11-08T16:36:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreia de Almeida Schulte.pdf: 2111700 bytes, checksum: 2a44db45354b0567120ec80b39e84e9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-08T16:36:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreia de Almeida Schulte.pdf: 2111700 bytes, checksum: 2a44db45354b0567120ec80b39e84e9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This research aims to investigate the experience of being a mother, justified by a view that motherhood can be considered nowadays as social suffering. This essay is structured as qualitative research and organized around the use of the psychoanalytical method. The investigated material is composed by ten posts available in personal blogs, signed by people who identify themselves as mothers. The consideration of these posts in a floating attention state allowed us the interpretative production of two affective-emotional fields: "Dedicating exclusively" and "Reconciling activities". The overall frame suggests that the connection between Maternity and Suffering is closely related to contemporaneity, which requires that the women continue experiencing motherhood as if it were her only mission and destiny and try to engage it with working life, trying to contribute to the financial aspects for the family support and / or also developing a meaningful career. Therefore, this is a situation that happens in different social classes within different cultural contexts also geopolitical situations and that affects not only women but the hole society. / A presente pesquisa objetiva investigar a experi?ncia de ser m?e, justificando-se por meio de uma perspectiva segundo a qual a maternidade pode ser considerada, na contemporaneidade, como sofrimento social. O trabalho se articula como pesquisa qualitativa, organizada ao redor do uso do m?todo psicanal?tico. O material investigado ? composto por um conjunto de dez postagens disponibilizadas em blogs pessoais, assinadas por pessoas que se identificam como m?es. Sua considera??o, em estado de aten??o flutuante, permitiu a produ??o interpretativa de dois campos de sentido afetivo-emocional ?Dedicando-se exclusivamente? e ?Conciliando atitidades?. O quadro geral sugere que a vincula??o entre maternidade e sofrimento est? intimamente ligada ? contemporaneidade, que exige que a mulher persista vivenciando a maternidade como se fosse sua ?nica miss?o e destino e se engaje na vida laboral, encarregando-se de contribuir financeiramente para o sustento familiar e/ou desenvolvendo uma carreira profissional significativa. Trata-se de uma situa??o que ocorre em diferentes classes sociais, em diferentes contextos culturais e em diferentes situa??es geopol?ticas e que afeta, n?o apenas a mulher, mas a todos.

This dissertation consists of three empirical studies that address questions regarding state welfare policy making in the post-welfare reform era. The first empirical study pays close attention to the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) as a federal block grant program, which is a big departure from most previous TANF studies, to ask why American states differ in their decisions to allocate federal block grants across specific programs. Drawing on research on fiscal federalism and state and cross-national welfare politics, the study uses cross-sectional time-series data covering 50 states over the fiscal years 2004-2016 to examine factors that have an impact on state child care spending under the TANF block grant. The results show that several political factors and one socio-economic factor impact states’ TANF child care spending in the hypothesized direction. Most importantly, the study finds that a specific state government’s TANF policy designed to encourage work matters in an interesting way. States’ emphasis on work of TANF recipients, measured by the existence of the TANF job-search rule, exerts a positive, independent effect on the percentage of state TANF child care spending, but the positive marginal effect of implementing the job-search rule becomes negative as the percentage of female state legislators passes 28%. The study shed lights on our general understanding of the factors that influence state allocations of federal block grants for an understudied but increasingly important policy program in the American states—child care. The second empirical study examines whether the selection of indicators of welfare policy commitment makes any difference for the findings in studies of the determinants of state welfare policy. If so, what difference does it make? While scholars of state welfare politics have long been making efforts to find better explanations for variation in welfare policy across American states, the literature as a whole has paid little attention to how differently scholars operationalize state welfare policy even though they examine a variety of welfare policy measures. To address these questions, I estimate a series of different panel data models with different measures of state welfare commitment for the period after the welfare reform of 1996. Comparing the results across these models shows that the choice of dependent variable measures affects the estimation results, thereby suggesting that empirical findings are dependent upon the measure we use. This finding not only shows that scholars need to be cautious in interpreting their results but also opens up a new puzzle as to why a factor affects a particular welfare measure but not others. The last empirical study addresses the question: do the effects of party politics differ across welfare policies? In answering this question, the study draws on the literature on deservingness and social construction of target populations and hypothesizes that party politics would play a differential role in explaining the generosity of different welfare policies depending on the perceived deservingness of target populations. To test this hypothesis, I estimate three models each for TANF, Supplemental Security Income-State Supplements (SSI-S), and Medicaid generosity covering the period after the welfare reform. I find that party politics still remains as an important predictor of state welfare generosity, especially where welfare policy for the deserving poor and mixed population in terms of its deservingness is concerned. Also, there are differential effects of party politics across the welfare policies examined, but sometimes in an unexpected direction. This study provides a valuable addition to the literature in that it updates and enriches our understanding of welfare politics.

The aim of this thesis is to map the work of a psychologist in facilities for children requiring immediate help (FCRIH). The partial aim of the thesis is to compare the work of a psychologist in FCRIH with the work of a psychologist in school facilities of institutional and protective care. In the theoretical part the thesis deals with the system of alternative care for children and describes the various forms of care. After that the theoretical part focuses on FCRIH itself, especially the legislative framework of these facilities. The following chapter is focused on children in FCRIH and thus defines the work of a psychologist in these facilities in terms of the content of his work. The last chapter of the theoretical part focuses on psychological care in FCRIH and school facilities of institutional and protective care in order to compare them. The practical part was processed qualitatively through online questionnaires for directors and psychologist of FCRIH and subsequently semi-structured interviews with FCRIH psychologists were conducted. The research has mapped areas of psychologist qualifications, psychological work in facilities with an emphasis on psychologist collaboration with other employees, changes following the introduction of Quality Standards, and compares the work of a...

近年來女性投入就業市場的比率不斷增加，在全國公務員中，女性即佔有四成，使得雙薪逐漸成為家庭型態之主流。另一方面，傳統大家庭也不斷被核心家庭所取代，父母忙於工作之際，幼兒勢必得尋求替代性的照顧，然而在現階段社會托育制度未臻完善之情況下，員工面臨選擇幼兒送托方式的困擾。 行政院勞委會透過提高獎助金額來鼓勵企業提供托兒設施，以促進勞工就業與提高生產力。民國八十八年三月行政院會議修正通過「兩性工作平等法」草案，草案適用範圍也擴大至軍公教人員。目前尚有婦女新知基金會、李進勇立委等不同提案內容在立法院審議中。有鑑於未來立法將朝向規範雇主在協助員工解決幼兒照顧問題上的職責，故有必要就我國目前實施員工托兒福利之情形與問題深入瞭解，以作為政府部門日後規劃與推行時之參考。 台北市與高雄市政府實施員工托兒福利方案分別有將近四年與兩年的時間，本研究採以個案研究方式，就兩者當初規劃過程與運作現況作深入探究，並對實施結果加以評估。評估情形為：（一）效能性：員工子女托兒所的設置，在增進送托員工幼兒身心健全發展，以及落實市府鼓勵企業附設托育設施政策上，有相當高的目標達成度，並能為組織帶來正面的影響效果，唯台北市政府在員工托兒服務的供給量與需求量之間仍有一段落差。（二）回應性：北、高兩市政府受訪員工對托兒所整體服務品質的滿意度高達九成，絕大多數員工表示托兒所的設置有助於降低因幼兒照顧問題而影響個人工作情緒及請假之情形，同時能增進工作與家庭生活間的平衡。顯示北、高兩市政府員工托兒福利方案有相當高程度能滿足目前送托員工的需要與喜好。（三）選擇性：在台北市政府方面，員工托兒福利方案的內容並未呈現多樣性，員工在幼兒照顧方式上可以選擇的機會仍有限，必須以抽籤方式進入員工子女托兒所，且目前僅開放附近信義國小幼稚園讓員工子女越區就讀，而抽中籤的比率卻又不高。就高雄市政府而言，所提供的員工托兒福利方案較為多元，員工可選擇的彈性也較大。 員工為組織最重要的資產，員工托兒福利的提供不僅能滿足員工幼兒照顧的需求，同時以長遠的眼光來看，可帶給組織正面的效益。目前設置員工子女托兒所面臨法制面、財務面與管理人才的問題，需要加以克服。建議未來政府部門在員工托兒福利的規劃上，設計多元化的方案供員工選擇，並集結企業力量整合現有學校與社區資源，同時從整個福利制度加以檢討，朝向彈性福利計畫發展，一方面滿足員工多樣的需求，另一方面可控制一定的福利成本。

<p>Caring for children at hospital with palliative care needs arouses different reactions in nurses and depends on what prior knowledge and experience nurses have. To besides shift focus from to care children palliative to care curative is further a strain and an emotional changeover. The aim of this study was to illuminate nurse’s</p><p>perceptions about caring for children at hospital with palliative care needs, and how they shift focus of care between children with palliative care needs and children with curative care needs. The study has a qualitative approach and data were collected with interviews from two focus groups. The interviews were performed in two different hospitals in the middle of Sweden, and analyzed with a manifest content analysis. Five themes were created from the analysis: create confidence and individualized relations, difference in meeting of children with unlike care needs, acquired experience and ability to reflect, need of support, supervision and distance,</p><p>difficulties to enforce a balance in changing between different care need. The conclusion was that nurses who shift between caring for children with a palliative care or curative care needs are exposed to psychological strain which may lead to psychological ill- health. This is important to prevent through for example continuous supervision which may contribute to the possibility for nurses to obtain more time for reflection and regain new strength.</p> / <p>Sjuksköterskor som arbetar på en barnavdelning möter ofta barn med ett palliativt vårdbehov, vilket väcker olika reaktioner hos sjuksköterskorna beroende på tidigare kunskap och erfarenhet. Att dessutom skifta fokus från att vårda barn palliativt till att vårda kurativt är ytterligare en påfrestande och känslomässig omställning. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om hur det är att vårda barn på barnavdelning i sluten vård med palliativt vårdbehov samt hur det är att växelvis vårda barn med palliativt vårdbehov gentemot barn med kurativt vårdbehov. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och data har samlats in via intervjuer i två</p><p>fokusgrupper. Intervjuerna genomfördes på två olika sjukhus i mellersta Sverige och analyserades med manifest innehållsanalys. Utifrån analysen skapades fem teman: skapa förtroende och att individanpassa relationen, skillnader i bemötande av barn med olika vårdbehov, förvärvad erfarenhet och förmåga att reflektera, behov av stöd, handledning och distans, svårigheter att upprätthålla en balans i växlingen mellan olika vårdbehov. Slutsatser som drogs var att sjuksköterskor som växelvis vårdar barn med palliativt eller kurativt vårdbehov utsätts för psykiska påfrestningar, vilket kan leda till psykisk ohälsa. Detta är viktigt att förebygga genom att sjuksköterskorna får till exempel kontinuerlig handledning vilket ger tid till reflektion och möjlighet att inhämta nya krafter.</p>

Family Child Care Homes (FCCHs) are the second largest provider of non-relative care in the U.S. However, despite providing care for nearly 1.9 million children under the age of 5, little is known about the physical activity levels of children attending FCCHs. This dissertation sought to provide new information with regards to physical activity in children attending FCCHs. The purpose of the first study was to objectively measure physical activity in children attending FCCHs. 114 children (60 boys and 54 girls) 3.7 �� 1.1 years of age from 47 FCCHs wore an ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer for the duration of child care attendance during a randomly selected week. Counts were classified as sedentary (SED), light (LPA), or moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) using the cut-points developed by Pate et al. (2006). Total physical activity was calculated by summing time spent in LPA and MVPA. Non-wear time was estimated by summing the number of consecutive zero counts accumulated in strings of 10 minutes or longer. Children were included in the analyses if they had 2 or more monitoring days in which wear time was ���75% of the attendance time. On average, children accumulated 25.9 �� 5.7 min of SED, 10.1 �� 4.2 min of MVPA, and 34.1 �� 5.7 min of total physical activity per hour of attendance. Further analysis revealed that among healthy weight children, 4 year-olds exhibited significantly lower levels of SED and significantly higher levels of MVPA and total physical activity than 2- and 3- year-olds. Among 4-year-olds, overweight and obese children exhibited significantly higher levels of SED and significantly lower levels of MVPA and total PHYSICAL ACTIVITY than healthy weight counterparts. The results from this study indicated that preschool-aged children attending FCCHs are mostly sedentary and accumulate low levels of MVPA during the child care day. The purpose of the second study was to assess the validity of two proxy report instruments designed to measure physical activity in children attending FCCHs. Valid self-report measures are needed for large scale intervention studies and/or population-based surveillance studies in which more burdensome objective measures are not feasible. In Year 1 of the study, FCCH Providers (N=37) completed the Burdette parent proxy report, modified for the family child care setting, for 107 children aged 3.4 �� 1.2 years. In Year 2, 42 Providers completed the Harro parent and teacher proxy report, modified for the family child care setting, for 131 children aged 3.8 �� 1.3 years. Both proxy-reports were assessed for validity using objectively measured physical activity as a criterion measure (accelerometry). Significant positive correlations were observed between scores from the modified Burdette proxy report and objectively measured total physical activity (r = 0.31, p < 0.01) and MVPA (r = 0.33, p < 0.01). Across levels of Provider-reported activity, both total physical activity and MVPA increased significantly in a linear dose-response fashion. Provider-reported MVPA scores from modified Harro proxy report were not associated with objectively measured physical activity. These findings suggested that the modified Burdette proxy report may be a useful measurement tool in larger-scale physical activity studies involving FCCHs in which objective measures, such as direct observation or accelerometry, are not practical. The purpose of the third study was to evaluate the effects of two strategies to increase the use of portable play equipment in FCCHs ��� a community-based train-the-trainer physical activity intervention (INT), and the same trainer-the-trainer intervention supplemented with monthly emails promoting the use of portable play equipment (INT+). We hypothesized that Providers completing the standard train-the-trainer intervention would report significantly greater portable play equipment use than Providers completing the food allergy control training (CON). We further hypothesized that Providers completing the supplementary email intervention would report significantly greater portable play equipment use than Providers completing standard train-the-trainer intervention or the food allergy control training. A total of 50 FCCH Providers from Marion, Linn, Benton, Washington, and Lane County, Oregon were randomized to the INT or CON conditions. Twelve Providers from Lincoln County were assigned to the (INT+). The type, variety, and frequency of portable play equipment use was measured by means of self-report via a checklist and two items from the previously validated NAP-SACC Self-Assessment instrument. FCCH Providers who completed the INT reported significantly greater use of portable play equipment than Providers completing the CON training. However, portable play equipment use among Providers completing the INT+ was not significantly different from that reported by Providers in the INT or CON. Notably, neither intervention had a significant impact on the amount or variety of portable play equipment. The results showed that a comprehensive trainer-the-trainer intervention to increase physical activity in FCCHs could successfully increase the use of portable play equipment in the home. However, supplementing the intervention with monthly emails encouraging the use of PPE was not effective. / Graduation date: 2013