La presente investigación estabiliza el adobe para la construcción, a través de la sustitución de paja por virutas de Eucalipto, con la finalidad de mejorar sus propiedades mecánicas y físicas. Actualmente, a nivel nacional, el adobe es el segundo material más utilizado para la construcción de viviendas, siendo su presencia en la sierra del Perú supremamente notoria. Ello debido a su economía, fácil adquisición y básico proceso constructivo; sin embargo, con el pasar de los años, el adobe, ha demostrado tener limitada durabilidad. Por tal motivo, esta tesis tiene como objetivo diseñar con distintas proporciones de sustitución de paja por virutas de Eucalipto, una unidad de albañilería, con el fin de extender la vida útil de las viviendas rurales del distrito de Coracora. Para validar la presente investigación se realizaron distintos ensayos; para el suelo: pruebas previas, de campo y de laboratorio, para el adobe convencional y estabilizado: ensayos mecánicos y físicos, con la finalidad de comparar sus resultados. Los resultados que se obtuvieron demuestran que, para los ensayos mecánicos, la unidad estabilizada con sustitución de paja por virutas de Eucalipto tiene mejores resultados que la muestra patrón y, para los ensayos físicos, los resultados se mantuvieron similares. Se identificó que la mejor mezcla fue la sustitución del 25.00% de paja por virutas de Eucalipto “+P-V (25.00%)”, la cual obtuvo en compresión por unidad 9.31 kgfcm2/ kgfcm2 , 9.02% por encima de la muestra patrón, en flexión por unidad 4.02 kgfcm2/ kgfcm2 , 26.02% por encima de la muestra patrón, en compresión por pila 4.86 kgfcm2/ kgfcm2 , 30.65% por encima de la muestra patrón, en absorción no se pudo determinar y en inmersión los resultados fueron iguales, para una hora “moderado” y para veinticuatro horas “severo”. / The present investigation stabilizes adobe bricks for construction, through the substitution of straw for Eucalyptus shavings, to improve their mechanical and physical properties. Currently, at the national level, adobe is the second most used material for the construction of houses, being its presence in the mountains of Peru extremely notorious. This is due to its economy, easy acquisition, and basic construction process; however, over the years, adobe has proven to have limited durability. Therefore, this thesis aims to design a masonry unit with different proportions of substitution of straw for Eucalyptus shavings, to extend the useful life of rural homes in the Coracora district. To validate this research, different tests are carried out; for the soil: previous, field and laboratory tests, for conventional and stabilized adobe: mechanical and physical tests, to compare their results. The results obtained showed that, for the mechanical tests, the stabilized unit with substitution of straw for Eucalyptus shavings has better results than the standard sample and, for the physical tests, the results remained similar. It was identified that the best mixture was the substitution of 25.00% of straw for Eucalyptus shavings "+P-V (25.00%)", which was obtained in compression per unit 9.31 kgfcm2/ kgfcm2 , 9.02% above the standard sample, in bending per unit 4.02 kgfcm2/ kgfcm2 , 26.02% above the standard sample, in compression per stack 4.86 kgfcm2/ kgfcm2 , 30.65% above the standard sample, in absorption no it could be determined and in immersion the results were the same, for one hour “moderate” and for twenty-four hours “severe”. / Tesis

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No description available.

Semiconductors (commonly referred to as “chips”) are small electronic components that are essential in all digital devices such as smartphones, computers, and even cars. The European Union has labeled semiconductors as a security threat due to the EU’s dependency on foreign producers to get access to advanced semiconductors. The thesis examines if the securitization theory can identify a securitizing move made from speech acts released by the EU regarding semiconductors and describe the characteristics of the said move. This securitizing move is identified by examining four criteria; referent object, referent subject, existential threat, and extraordinary measures which are based on the criteria outlined by the securitization theory. This is done through a qualitative content analysis of 17 speech acts from the European Commission, Council of the European Union, European Council, and European Parliament covering a time period from 01-01-2021 to 31-12-2023. The results show findings in each of the criteria and a securitizing move can therefore be identified. The move can be described as multifaceted, covering several different areas but the primary theme of the move is based on a presented threat to the economic sector of the EU. The results provide evidence of the possibility of securitizing high-technological multipurpose products like semiconductors. Further research is encouraged to determine whether the targeted audience has accepted or rejected the securitizing move which would conclude if semiconductors can be viewed as securitized.

Pine tree substrate (PTS) produced from freshly harvested loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees has potential for replacing or reducing the use of aged pine bark (PB) and peat moss as container substrates for horticulture crop production. The objective of this work was to determine the factors influencing nutrient availability in PTS compared to PB or peat substrates. Chapter two reports data on the response of japanese holly and azalea to fertilizer rate when grown in PTS and PB. This study demonstrated that an additional 2.4 kg·m-3 of Osmocote Plus (15N-3.9P-10K) controlled release fertilizer is required for both species when grown in PTS compared to PB. Data are reported in chapter three on the effects of fertilizer rate, substrate particle size, and peat amendment on growth and floral quality, and on post-production time-to-wilting of poinsettias. Data from this work show that PTS requires an additional 100 mg·L-1 N to grow poinsettias comparable to plants grown in peat unless the particle size of PTS was decreased or 25% peat was added, in which case no additional fertilizer was needed. Results also indicated that PTS shrinkage was similar to that of peat, and that post-production time-to-wilting in PTS plants was similar as plants grown in peat. Data in chapter four compares nitrogen (N) immobilization rates, substrate carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux levels, and nutrient leaching in peat, PB, and PTS over time. Data from these studies indicated that more N immobilization occurs in PTS than in PB or peat and that the substrate CO₂ efflux levels (estimate of microbial activity) corresponds to N immobilization in all substrates. Nutrient availability, changes in physical and chemical properties, substrate shrinkage, and microbial activity in PTS compared to PB during long-term nursery production are reported in chapter five. Results showed that substrate nutrient levels remain lower in PTS and that pH levels of PTS decrease considerably over two growing seasons compared to PB. Results also indicate that PTS does decompose over time in containers, but substrate shrinkage of PTS is similar to that of PL and PB during crop production. / Ph. D.

Cette thèse présente la conception et l'implémentation d'une nouvelle génération de puces à atomes, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives expérimentales dans des micropièges magnétiques très anisotropes. Les propriétés thermiques des puces en nitrure d'aluminium sont étudiées en détail. Le dispositif a été optimisé pour piéger de plus grands nombres d'atomes et améliorer la qualité de l'imagerie, notamment en fabriquant un miroir de planéité sub-λ/10 à la surface de la puce.Nous étudions des gaz quasi-1D grâce à des images in situ de profils fluctuants et des méthodes précises de calibration et d'analyse statistique. Nous mesurons des fluctuations non-gaussiennes, ce qui permet de tester sensiblement la thermodynamique du gaz et donne une mesure de corrélations à trois corps. Nous étudions précisément la transition de quasicondensation et mesurons pour la première fois sa loi d'échelle. En régime 3D, c'est une condensation transverse qui déclenche la quasicondensation longitudinale, tandis qu'en régime 1D, la formation d'un quasicondensat est gouvernée par les interactions répulsives et non par la dégénérescence quantique.Obtenant des températures record pour des gaz 1D, nous observons des fluctuations subpoissoniennes lorsque les corrélations atomiques sont déterminées, au moins localement, par les fluctuations quantiques qui dominent les fluctuations thermiques. Nous discutons également la thermalisation étonnamment rapide mesurée en régime 1D profond qui suggère que des collisions effectives à 3 corps brisent l'intégrabilité du système. / This thesis presents the design and implementation of a new generation of atom chips, that open novel experimental possibilities with very anisotropic magnetic microtraps. The thermal properties of aluminum nitride atom chips are studied in detail. We have optimized the set-up in order to trap more atoms and image the clouds as precisely as possible. In particular we have fabricated a miror of sub-λ/10 planeity on top of the chip surface.We study quasi-1D gases using in situ pictures of the fluctuating density pro_les and precise methods for their calibration and statistical analysis. We measure non-gaussian fluctuations, which provides a sensitive test of the thermodynamics of the system and gives a measure of three-body correlations. We study precisely the quasicondensation transition, measuring its scaling for the first time. In the 3D regime, a transverse condensation triggers the longitudinal quasicondensation. In the 1D regime, on the contrary, the appearance of a quasicondensate is governed by repulsive interactions only, and not by quantum degeneracy.Reaching record temperatures for 1D gases, we observe subpoissonian fluctuations which indicate that atomic correlations are determined at least locally by quantum rather than thermal fluctuations. We also discuss our observation of surprizingly e_fficient thermalization deep in the 1D regime, suggesting that e_ffective 3-body collisions break the integrability of the system.

O mercado brasileiro de processamento de batata tem mostrado expressivo crescimento nos ultimos anos. No entanto, sua expansao e condicionada pelo suprimento de materia-prima adequada ao processamento industrial. As principais industrias de batata frita priorizam cultivares aptas para cada forma de processamento, pois a escolha correta da cultivar contribui para a reducao do custo de producao e para o aumento do rendimento e da qualidade do produto final. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi estudar a eficiencia produtiva, a aptidao culinaria e as caracteristicas das cultivares de batata quando processadas na forma de palha e chips. Avaliou-se nove cultivares de batata: Agata, Almera, Arizona, Caruso, Destiny, Excelence, Fontane, Markies e Saviola. \'Agata\' e \'Almera\' foram utilizadas como cultivares nao aptas para fritura e \'Fontane\' e \'Markies\' como cultivares recomendadas para fritura. O ensaio foi conduzido no periodo de janeiro a maio de 2013, nas condicoes ambientais de Nova Resende, na regiao Sudoeste de Minas Gerais. As cultivares Arizona, Caruso, Agata e Markies exibiram o maior potencial produtivo e, junto a Saviola, a maior producao de tuberculos comerciaveis. Os teores mais elevados de materia seca foram exibidos por \'Destiny\' e \'Caruso\' (superior a 20%), seguidas por \'Excelence\', \'Fontane\' e \'Markies\' (17 a 18%). \'Caruso\' proporcionou o maior rendimento de fritura em ambas as formas de processamento. As cultivares Destiny, Excelence (ambas com cor amarela extremamente clara apos a fritura), e Caruso (cor dourada) na forma de palha; e Caruso e Destiny (cor amarela clara a dourada) na forma de chips apresentaram baixos teores de acucares redutores. Entre as cultivares avaliadas a maior eficiencia produtiva de materia-prima com aptidao para fritura foi exibida por \'Caruso\', \'Destiny\' e \'Excelence\', sendo que todas sao aptas ao processamento na forma de palha. Ja na forma de chips somente \'Destiny\' e \'Caruso\' proporcionaram fritas adequadas. / There is an increasing market for potato processing in Brazil, and the expansion of the potato industry can only be sustained if good quality product supplies of raw material are available. To reduce production costs and increase industrial efficiency, the industry must choose appropriated cultivars for each kind of product. This research investigated the tuber yield, frying aptitude, and the potato quality attributes for shoestring and chips. Nine potatoes cultivars were evaluated: Agata, Almera, Arizona, Caruso, Destiny, Excelence, Fontane, Markies and Saviola. \'Agata\' and \'Almera\' were considered unfit for frying, \'Fontane\' and \'Markies\' with frying standards. The trial ran from January to May 2013, in the south-west region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The cultivars Arizona, Caruso, Agata and Markies exhibited higher yield potential. These cultivars and Saviola obtained the highest marketable tubers. \'Destiny\' and \'Caruso\' showed the highest dry matter contents (higher than 20%) and were followed by \'Excelence\', \'Fontane\' and \'Markies\' (17- 18%). \'Caruso\' showed greater industrial efficiency for shoestring and chips. \'Destiny\', \'Excelence\' (extra light fries) and Caruso (medium light) for shoestring, and Caruso and Destiny (extra light to medium light) for chips showed low contents of reducing sugars. It was concluded that \'Destiny\', \'Excelence\' and \'Caruso\' outperformed all other cultivars in terms of yield. Besides, these varieties also displayed aptitude for shoestring frying. On the other hand, \'Destiny\' and \'Caruso\' were apt to frying as chips.

Les futurs calculateurs de haute performance (HPC) devront faire face à deux défis majeurs : la densité de la bande passante d'interconnexion et les problématiques de consommation d'énergie. La photonique silicium est aujourd’hui perçue comme une solution solide pour aborder ces questions, tant du fait de ses performances que de sa viabilité économique en raison de sa compatibilité directe avec la microélectronique CMOS. Actuellement, une tendance de fond conduit à remplacer les interconnexions métalliques par des liens optiques ; cette évolution a été initiée sur des liaisons grandes distances mais atteint actuellement le niveau des liaisons entre cartes électroniques et pourrait conduire à moyen terme à l’intégration de liens optiques au sein mêmes des circuits intégrés électroniques. La prochaine étape est en effet envisagée pour l'interconnexion des processeurs au sein de puces multi-cœurs en positionnant les liens photoniques sur un même support de silicium (« interposer »). Plusieurs travaux ont démontré la possibilité d'intégrer tous les éléments nécessaires pour la réalisation de liaisons optiques sur un substrat de silicium ouvrant des perspectives de co-intégration optique et électronique très riches.Dans ce contexte, la première contribution de cette thèse est l'optimisation d'un lien de photonique de silicium en terme d'efficacité énergétique par bit (à minimiser). L'optimisation que nous avons conduite a pris en compte une modélisation de la consommation d'énergie pour le laser de la liaison, celle de l’étape dé-sérialisation des données, du résonateur en anneau considéré comme modulateur optique et des circuits de réception (« front-end ») et de décision. Les résultats ont montré que les principales contributions à la consommation de puissance au sein d’un lien optique sont la puissance consommée par le laser et les circuits d’alimentation du modulateur électro-optique. En considérant des paramètres de consommation extraits de simulations numériques et de travaux publiés dans des publications récentes, le débit optimal identifié se trouve dans la plage comprise entre 8 Gbits/seconde et 22 Gbits/seconde selon le nœud technologique CMOS utilisé (65nm à 28nm FD SOI). Il est également apparu qu’une diminution de la consommation de puissance statique du modulateur utilisé pourrait encore ramener ce débit optimal en-dessous de 8 Gbits/seconde.Afin de vérifier ces résultats, un circuit intégré récepteur de liaison optique a été conçu et fabriqué en se basant sur un débit de fonctionnement de 8 Gbits/seconde. Le récepteur utilise une technique d’entrelacement temporel destinée à réduire la vitesse d'horloge nécessaire et à éviter potentiellement l’étape de dé-sérialisation dédiée des informations. / Future high performance computer (HPC) systems will face two major challenges: interconnection bandwidth density and power consumption. Silicon photonic technology has been proposed recently as a cost-effective solution to tackle these issues. Currently, copper interconnections are replaced by optical links at rack and board level in HPCs and data centers. The next step is the interconnection of multi-core processors, which are placed in the same package on silicon interposers, and define the basic building blocks of these computers. Several works have demonstrated the possibility of integrating all elements needed for the realization of short optical links on a silicon substrate.The first contribution of this thesis is the optimization of a silicon photonic link for highest energy efficiency in terms of energy per bit. The optimization provides energy consumption models for the laser, a de- and serialization stage, a ring resonator as modulator and supporting circuitry, a receiver front-end and a decision stage. The optimization shows that the main consumers in optical links is the power consumed by the laser and the modulator's supporting circuitry. Using consumption parameters either gathered by design and simulation or found in recent publications, the optimal bit rate is found in the range between 8 Gbps and 22 Gbps, depending on the used CMOS technology. Nevertheless, if the static power consumption of modulators is reduced it could decrease even below 8 Gbps.To apply the results from the optimization an optical link receiver was designed and fabricated. It is designed to run at a bit rate of 8 Gbps. The receiver uses time interleaving to reduce the needed clock speed and aleviate the need of a dedicated deserialization stage. The front-end was adapted for a wide dynamic input range. In order to take advantage of it, a fast mechanism is proposed to find the optimal threshold voltage to distinguish ones from zeros.Furthermore, optical clock channels are explored. Using silicon photonics a clock can be distributed to several processors with very low skew. This opens the possibility to clock all chips synchronously, relaxing the requirements for buffers that are needed within the communication channels. The thesis contributes to this research direction by presenting two novel optical clock receivers. Clock distribution inside chips is a major power consumer, with small adaptation the clock receivers could also be used inside on-chip clocking trees.

La industria textil libera al ambiente grandes cantidades de aguas residuales que, entre otros varios contaminantes, contienen colorantes azo en su composición, los cuales son compuestos tóxicos, carcinogénicos y mutagénicos que afectan negativamente la vida acuática y la calidad del agua. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo caracterizar a nivel fisiológico y genómico cepas nativas con potencial de degradación de colorantes azo obtenidas de un efluente de industria textil de Lima, Perú. Se aplicó el método de la microplaca a doce aislados bacterianos para su selección en base a su respuesta positiva a la decoloración de tres colorantes azo: Azul directo 71, Rojo remazol RGB y Amarillo Oro Remazol RGB. La actividad decolorante de las cepas seleccionadas fue evaluada mediante espectrofotometría UV-Visible en medio ZZ con el colorante respectivo a 100 ppm y en condiciones de microaerofilia durante 24 horas. El secuenciamiento de los genomas se realizó utilizando la tecnología HiSeq 2500 de Illumina, el ensamblaje de novo con el software SPAdes, la extensión de los contigs y reparación de gaps a través de los programas ABACAS e IMAGE y la anotación con Prokka. Las dos cepas con mejor eficiencia de degradación correspondieron a Shewanella sp. LC-2 y Shewanella sp. LC-6, ambas identificadas mediante análisis filogenómico resultando muy cercanas al grupo filogenético de Shewanella sp. FDAARGOS_354. Las cepas mostraron una actividad decolorante frente a Azul Directo 71, Rojo Remazol y Amarillo Remazol con porcentajes de 94.42, 94.79, 91.67 para Shewanella sp. LC-2 y 94.37, 94.92, 83.24 para Shewanella sp. LC-6 a las 24 h. Asimismo, los genomas de Shewanella sp. LC-2 y LC-6 revelaron la presencia de genes que codifican azorreductasas dependientes de NADH, peroxidasas decoloradoras de tinte (DyPs), genes implicados en la desaminación, asimilación de sulfatos, reducción de nitratos y metales pesados, como también en la degradación de benzoatos, catecol y gentisato. Se concluye que las cepas Shewanella LC-2 y LC-6 tienen una actividad metabólica eficaz para la decoloración de Azul directo 71, Rojo remazol RGB y Amarillo Oro Remazol RGB, presentan versatilidad catabólica y son de potencial aplicación en la biorremediación de aguas residuales textiles. / Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima). Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Posgrado / Perú. Ministerio de la Producción. Programa Nacional de Innovación para la Competitividad y Productividad (Innóvate Perú). Fondo para la Innovación, la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FINCyT) / Tesis

O mercado brasileiro de processamento de batata tem mostrado expressivo crescimento nos ultimos anos. No entanto, sua expansao e condicionada pelo suprimento de materia-prima adequada ao processamento industrial. As principais industrias de batata frita priorizam cultivares aptas para cada forma de processamento, pois a escolha correta da cultivar contribui para a reducao do custo de producao e para o aumento do rendimento e da qualidade do produto final. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi estudar a eficiencia produtiva, a aptidao culinaria e as caracteristicas das cultivares de batata quando processadas na forma de palha e chips. Avaliou-se nove cultivares de batata: Agata, Almera, Arizona, Caruso, Destiny, Excelence, Fontane, Markies e Saviola. \'Agata\' e \'Almera\' foram utilizadas como cultivares nao aptas para fritura e \'Fontane\' e \'Markies\' como cultivares recomendadas para fritura. O ensaio foi conduzido no periodo de janeiro a maio de 2013, nas condicoes ambientais de Nova Resende, na regiao Sudoeste de Minas Gerais. As cultivares Arizona, Caruso, Agata e Markies exibiram o maior potencial produtivo e, junto a Saviola, a maior producao de tuberculos comerciaveis. Os teores mais elevados de materia seca foram exibidos por \'Destiny\' e \'Caruso\' (superior a 20%), seguidas por \'Excelence\', \'Fontane\' e \'Markies\' (17 a 18%). \'Caruso\' proporcionou o maior rendimento de fritura em ambas as formas de processamento. As cultivares Destiny, Excelence (ambas com cor amarela extremamente clara apos a fritura), e Caruso (cor dourada) na forma de palha; e Caruso e Destiny (cor amarela clara a dourada) na forma de chips apresentaram baixos teores de acucares redutores. Entre as cultivares avaliadas a maior eficiencia produtiva de materia-prima com aptidao para fritura foi exibida por \'Caruso\', \'Destiny\' e \'Excelence\', sendo que todas sao aptas ao processamento na forma de palha. Ja na forma de chips somente \'Destiny\' e \'Caruso\' proporcionaram fritas adequadas. / There is an increasing market for potato processing in Brazil, and the expansion of the potato industry can only be sustained if good quality product supplies of raw material are available. To reduce production costs and increase industrial efficiency, the industry must choose appropriated cultivars for each kind of product. This research investigated the tuber yield, frying aptitude, and the potato quality attributes for shoestring and chips. Nine potatoes cultivars were evaluated: Agata, Almera, Arizona, Caruso, Destiny, Excelence, Fontane, Markies and Saviola. \'Agata\' and \'Almera\' were considered unfit for frying, \'Fontane\' and \'Markies\' with frying standards. The trial ran from January to May 2013, in the south-west region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The cultivars Arizona, Caruso, Agata and Markies exhibited higher yield potential. These cultivars and Saviola obtained the highest marketable tubers. \'Destiny\' and \'Caruso\' showed the highest dry matter contents (higher than 20%) and were followed by \'Excelence\', \'Fontane\' and \'Markies\' (17- 18%). \'Caruso\' showed greater industrial efficiency for shoestring and chips. \'Destiny\', \'Excelence\' (extra light fries) and Caruso (medium light) for shoestring, and Caruso and Destiny (extra light to medium light) for chips showed low contents of reducing sugars. It was concluded that \'Destiny\', \'Excelence\' and \'Caruso\' outperformed all other cultivars in terms of yield. Besides, these varieties also displayed aptitude for shoestring frying. On the other hand, \'Destiny\' and \'Caruso\' were apt to frying as chips.