Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:41:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 437496.pdf: 12123309 bytes, checksum: 3b8d667c4708e630a619d67c40d65377 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-19 / The media has changed due to the emergence of new technologies. Traditional media has segmented the content to meet the demand of the population. The popular newspapers were created, reaching readers who did not use to buy printed papers because of the high cost. With a peculiar language, bold colors and eye-catching headlines, such publications caught the attention of part of a less favored population. With the advances in technology, popular journalism has also changed, following the natural order and also gaining ground in the online medium. Di?rio Ga?cho , a popular publication in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which covers readers from classes "B", "C" and "D" will be analyzed in this academic research in order to show how the popular journalism on the Internet happens. In addition, the readers interactivity relationships of this popular newspaper with the web will be observed. A few years ago, these readers had no access to the network, but due to the increasing purchasing power, they started standing out as one of the classes of higher growth in the Brazilian market. It is clear, then, that class C seeks information in the online medium and contributes to the means by sending content to the popular papers on the web. / Os meios de comunica??o sofreram mudan?as devido ao surgimento de novas tecnologias. As m?dias tradicionais segmentaram o conte?do para atender ? demanda da popula??o. Os jornais populares foram criados e atingiram leitores que, em sua maioria, n?o costumavam comprar impressos devido ao alto custo. Com uma linguagem peculiar, cores arrojadas e manchetes chamativas, esse tipo de publica??o conquistou uma parte da popula??o, at? ent?o, menos favorecida. Com os avan?os tecnol?gicos, o jornalismo popular tamb?m se modificou, mas seguiu a ordem natural e ganhou espa?o, ainda, no meio online. O Di?rio Ga?cho, publica??o popular do Rio Grande do Sul, que abrange um p?blico leitor de classes B, C, e D, ser? analisado, nesta pesquisa acad?mica, com o intuito de destacar como d?-se o jornalismo popular na internet. Ser?o observadas as rela??es de interatividade dos leitores deste jornal popular via web, sendo que, h? poucos anos, estes leitores n?o tinham acesso ? rede, mas, devido ao aumento do poder de consumo, passaram a destacar-se como uma das classes de maior crescimento no mercado brasileiro. Percebe-se, ent?o, que estas pessoas buscam informa??es no meio online e contribuem com os meios atrav?s de envio de conte?dos para os jornais populares na web.

本論文的研究主題在於：透過分析日治時期的「台灣寫真帖」中的視覺圖像，釐析「台灣」如何被觀看？編者如何編排一套「應該觀看台灣的方式」？在此視覺論述中，什麼被選擇？什麼被捨棄？相較先行研究者以後世眼光所分類之「類型」，可能切斷寫真既有的編輯思維及脈絡，本文乃將寫真帖重新置回原初的時代脈絡來觀察。 　　經由本文的分析，有以下幾點發現。首先，攝影傳入台灣及其發展情況，由辭彙轉譯的過程及拍攝、出版者來看，本文論析之「台灣寫真帖」可視為殖民者眼光所看見的「台灣」。而寫真帖的台灣視覺論述，可歸納以下幾項特性：（一）地理空間架構下的台灣，將台灣編制為北而南、由西向東的觀看順序；而東、西台灣的差異，呼應統制者經營台灣的態度及政策。（二）時間遞延下的台灣，歷經明治、大正、昭和不同時期各有不同的時代特性。（三）蕃族、自然資源、台灣風俗等視覺元素，並不特定被擺置於某一地理空間或某段時代，但依舊隱含殖民的凝視。綜論之，台灣寫真帖可以巨視和微觀的角度切入：巨視者與1908年縱貫鐵路通車密切相關，微觀則以1934年《台灣教材寫真教科書》分類框架最具代表性。 　　將寫真帖與其他文類對比參照後發現，其間多有互相複製、挪用的情形，可見殖民者建制台灣視覺論述的用心，並不僅見於寫真帖，亦以各種綜論性的台灣相關論著、教育讀本、美術作品的視覺圖像，相互作用以「召喚」個體（被觀看的「台灣」）進入主體（殖民者的知識體系）。「台灣」在殖民論述下如何被操作及轉化，本文以北白川宮、新高山、香蕉為例討論，援引羅蘭巴特的神話學概念，分析各樣文類構築的「台灣神話」。最後，從「觀看」到「觀光」的實踐，將觀光指南中的「台灣」與寫真對照，以「日月潭杵歌」與「台灣神社」為例，試論神話形構後，傳遞過程中可能的變異性。 / This research aims to interpret how Taiwan was observed by analyzing the visual icons in the “Taiwan shashin cho (Taiwan photo albums/台湾写真帖)” during the Japanese Colonial period. In addition, we will discuss about the way to see Taiwan arranged by the editor, and which factors was chosen or abandoned in the editorial process. Regarding prior researches, the classifications of former researchers possibly break both the thinking and the context of photo-album editors in later versions. We purpose to place the “Taiwan shashin cho” in the original context of the old times. 　　With our analysis, our research findings are: First of all, based on the development of photography in Taiwan, the Taiwanese translation of photography as well as the photographers and publishers, the “Taiwan shashin cho” in this research can represent the “Taiwan” image in the colonial perspective. We generalize three characteristics in the basis of the “Taiwan shashin cho”: A. Geographically, the order to view Taiwan by region was arranged from the north to the south and then the west to the east. The differences between western and eastern Taiwan corresponded to the colonial attitude and policy in this era. B. Chronologically, the “Taiwan shashin cho” implicated individual temporal characteristics in each section of the Japanese Colonial period, respectively. C. Generally, the visual factors such as aborigines, natural resources, and the customs and traditions cannot be categorized into specific regions and period, though they still implied the gaze of the rulers. In summary, there are two kinds of perspectives to analyze “Taiwan shashin cho”: macro and micro. The macro perspective is closely related to the operation of the North-South Railway. On the other hand, the category framework of the “Taiwan kyozai shashin kyokashu (Sources of Photography for Taiwan Textbook/台湾教材写真教科書)” in 1934 is the most typical micro perspective. 　　Secondly, to compare with other archives, numerous visual icons are reproduced and appropriated from the “Taiwan shashin cho”. Thus, we can conclude that the rulers spare no efforts to build up the visual discourse of Taiwan images with the “Taiwan shashin cho”, those treatises, educational textbooks and fine art works. By these archives, the individual (the Taiwan observed) is interpellated to the subject (the knowledge of the rulers). Based on the Mythologies by Roland Barthes, this thesis take the “Kitashirakawa-no-miya Yoshihisa-shinno (Imperial Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa/北白川宮能久親王)”, the “niitakayama(former name of Yushan/新高山)”, and the “bananas” as examples to understand how “Taiwan” was operated and transformed. Furthermore, how the forecited archives constructed the “Taiwan Myths”. 　　Finally, this research compares the “Taiwan shashin cho” with the “Taiwan ryoco annai(Guidebooks of Taiwan Railway Tour/台湾鉄道旅行案内)” in the practice of transforming “seeing” to “sightseeing” for discussing about the divergences in the process of propagating myth with two illustrations, “ Zizugezu tan kineuta(Pestle Dancing in Sun Moon Lake/日月潭杵唄)” as well as “Taiwan Zinzha(Taiwan shrine/台湾神社)”.

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This thesis is devoted to the study and application of constraint-based metabolic models. The objective was to find simple ways to handle the difficulties that arise in practice due to uncertainty (knowledge is incomplete, there is a lack of measurable variables, and those available are imprecise). With this purpose, tools have been developed to model, analyse, estimate and predict the metabolic behaviour of cells. The document is structured in three parts. First, related literature is revised and summarised. This results in a unified perspective of several methodologies that use constraint-based representations of the cell metabolism. Three outstanding methods are discussed in detail, network-based pathways analysis (NPA), metabolic flux analysis (MFA), and flux balance analysis (FBA). Four types of metabolic pathways are also compared to clarify the subtle differences among them. The second part is devoted to interval methods for constraint-based models. The first contribution is an interval approach to traditional MFA, particularly useful to estimate the metabolic fluxes under data scarcity (FS-MFA). These estimates provide insight on the internal state of cells, which determines the behaviour they exhibit at given conditions. The second contribution is a procedure for monitoring the metabolic fluxes during a cultivation process that uses FS-MFA to handle uncertainty. The third part of the document addresses the use of possibility theory. The main contribution is a possibilistic framework to (a) evaluate model and measurements consistency, and (b) perform flux estimations (Poss-MFA). It combines flexibility on the assumptions and computational efficiency. Poss-MFA is also applied to monitoring fluxes and metabolite concentrations during a cultivation, information of great use for fault-detection and control of industrial processes. Afterwards, the FBA problem is addressed. / Llaneras Estrada, F. (2011). Interval and Possibilistic Methods for Constraint-Based Metabolic Models [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/10528 / Palancia

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No / The identification of an agent that is selectively activated by a cytochrome P450 (CYP) has the potential for tissue specific dose intensification as a means of significantly improving its therapeutic value. Towards this goal, we disclose evidence for the pathway of activation of a duocarmycin analogue, ICT2700, which targets CYP1A1 for biological activity.

Ziele: Mittels absolutquantifizierender Protonen-Magnet-Resonanz-Spektroskopie (1H-MRS) wollten wir das Ergebnis einer Vorstudie bestätigen, die im Frontallappen einen reduzierten Quotienten von myo-Inositol/Gesamtcreatin (mI/tCr) bei Depressiven fand. Darüber hinaus testeten wir den antidepressiven Effekt von Inositol als Add-on-Therapie. Methodik: Wir untersuchten Einzelvoxel (2 x 2 x 2 cm3) in der weißen Substanz der rechten und linken Präfrontalregion mit Hilfe eines 3-Tesla Bruker Medspec Systems (STEAM Sequenz, TR/TE/TM = 6000/20/30 ms). Die einzelnen Metabolite wurden anhand des cerebralen Wassers als internem Standard quantifiziert (nach dem LCModell). Es wurden 24 unmedizierte Patienten mit unipolaren depressiven Episoden mit 24 alters- und geschlechtsgematchten gesunden Kontrollen verglichen. In doppelblindem, Plazebo-kontrollierten Parallelgruppen-Design erhielten die Patienten täglich 18 Gramm Inositol oder Plazebo zusätzlich zu Citalopram über vier Wochen. Ergebnisse: An der Baseline unterschieden sich die mI-, Cholin- und N-Acetyl-Aspartat-Konzentrationen der Patienten nicht von jenen der Kontrollen. Es fanden sich keine sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Inositol- und Plazebo-Gruppe. Überraschenderweise zeigten die depressiven Patienten an der Baseline gegenüber den Kontrollen signifikant höhere tCr-Konzentrationen (mmol/kg) links (5,57 ± 0,96 vs. 4,87 ± 0,63; + 15 %, p < 0,01) und rechts präfrontal (5,29 ± 0,92 vs. 4,46 ± 0,41; + 17 %, p < 0,01). Nach der Behandlung ergab sich eine Reduktion der tCr-Konzentration links- (Tag 28: 5,05 ± 1,16; – 12 %, p = 0,08) und rechtsfrontal (Tag 28: 4,61 ± 1,07; – 9 %, p = 0,09). Die tCr-Konzentrationen der Patienten am Tag 28 unterschieden sich nicht mehr von jenen der Kontrollen. Zusammenfassung: Wir zeigten eine reversible Steigerung der tCr-Konzentration der Patienten im Vergleich zu Kontrollen, die auf Veränderungen des Creatin-Transports oder der ATP-Synthese bei unmedizierter unipolarer Depression hinweisen könnte. / Objectives: By means of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) with absolute quantification we wanted to confirm our previous finding of decreased ratios of the metabolites myo-Inositol/total creatine (mI/tCr) in the right frontal brain of depressives. Moreover, we tested the antidepressive effect of oral Inositol ingestion as add-on-therapy. We measured concentrations (mmol/kg ww) of mI, tCr (= Creatine + Phosphocreatine), Choline (Cho) and N-Acetyl-Aspartate (NAA) in the frontal brain. Methods: Single voxels (2x2x2 cm3) in the white matter of the left and right prefrontal region were examined in a three Tesla Bruker Medspec System (STEAM sequence, TR/TE/TM = 6000/20/30 ms). Metabolites were quantified using the LCModel. At baseline, 24 drug-free patients with unipolar depressive episodes were compared to 24 age and sex matched healthy controls. In a double blind, placebo controlled parallel-group design patients received daily 18 grams Inositol or placebo as an add on therapy to Citalopram over four weeks. Results: At baseline, mI, Cho and NAA concentrations showed no significant differences between patients and controls. The treatment with Inositol did not result in any significant differences to the treatment with placebo. Surprisingly the patients showed significant higher tCr concentrations in the left (5.57 ± 0.96 vs. 4.87 ± 0.63; + 15 %, p < 0.01) as well as in the right prefrontal region (5.29 ± 0.92 vs. 4.46 ± 0.41; + 17 %, p < 0.01) compared to controls. The treatment caused a trend towards a decrease of tCr in the left (day 28: 5.05 ± 1.16; – 12 %, p = 0.08) and in the right frontal hemisphere (day 28: 4.61 ± 1.07; – 9 %, p = 0.09) compared to baseline. The differences between the patients’ tCr at day 28 and the tCr of controls were no more significant. Conclusion: We have found a state dependent increase of tCr concentration indicating bifrontal deviations in Creatine transport or ATP synthesis in drug free unipolar depressives.

Preface - Biotechnology is generally considered to be the wave of the future. To facilitate accurate and rapid development of medication and treatments, it is critical that we are able to simulate the human body. One section of this complex model would be the human energy system. Pharmaceutical companies are currently pouring vast amounts of capital into research regarding general simulation of cellular structures, protein structures and bodily processes. Their aim is to develop treatments and medication for major diseases. Some of these diseases are epidemics like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, stress, obesity, etc. One of the most important causes of these diseases is poor blood glucose control. Current management methods for insulin dependent diabetes are limited to trial and error systems: clearly ineffective and prone to errors. It is critical that better management systems be developed, to ease the diabetic epidemic. The blood glucose control system is one of the major systems in the body, as we are in constant need of energy to facilitate the optimum functioning of the human body. This study makes use of a developed simulation model for the human energy system to ease the management of Diabetes mellitus, which is a malfunction of the human energy system. This dissertation is presented in two parts: The first part discusses the human energy simulation model, and the verification thereof, while the second presents possible applications of this model to ease the management of Diabetes. The human energy system simulation model - This section discusses the development and verification of the model. It also touches on the causes, and current methods, of managing diabetes, as well as the functioning of the human energy system. The human energy model is approached with the conservation of energy in mind. A top down model is developed, using data from independent studies to verify the model. Application of human energy simulation model - The human energy simulation model is of little use if the intended audience cannot use it: people suffering from malfunctioning energy systems. These include people having trouble with obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc. To facilitate this, we need to provide a variety of products useable by this group of people. We propose a variety of ways in which the model can be used: Cellular phone applications, Personal digital assistants (PDAs) applications, as well as computer software. By making use of current technology, we generate a basic proof-of-concept application to demonstrate the intended functionality. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering) North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004