The Formative Period in the Cajamarca ValleyThe University of Tokyo Archaeological Expedition has realized several excavations at Huacaloma (1979-1988), Layzón (1982), Cerro Blanco (1985), Loma Redonda (19.89), Kolguitin (1982 and 1989), Kuntur Wasi (1988-) and La Bomba (1993) in the department of Cajamarca. The main objective of these investigations has been to clarify the Formative Period in the northern highlands of Peru, thus divided into four phases: Early Huacaloma (1500-1000 B.C.), Late Huacaloma (1000-550 B.C.), EL (550-250 B.C.) and Layzón (250-50 B.C.) These intensive studies also made it possible to clarify the religious activities which were done at the temples like Huacaloma and Layzón. In the following, not only the chronology of the Formative Period in the Cajamarca Valley but also the process of the transformation of the ceremonial centers on the basis of the data recovered from the investigations. Simultaneously various aspects will be discussed: the appearance of the public or ceremonial architecture, the enlargement of the temple, its renovation and abandonment and the causes of the transformation of the ceremonial centers. / La Misión Arqueológica de la Universidad de Tokio ha realizado varios proyectos arqueológicos en el departamento de Cajamarca desde 1979 en sitios tales como Huacaloma (1979-1988), Layzón (1982); Cerro Blanco (1985), Loma Redonda (1989), Kolguitín (1982 y 1989), Kuntur Wasi (1988-) y La Bomba (1993). Su interés principal ha estado siempre en el Periodo Formativo de la sierra norte. Esta etapa en el valle de Cajamarca fue dividida en cuatro fases: Huacaloma Temprano (1500-1000 a.C.), Huacaloma Tardío (1000-550 a.C.), EL (550-250 a.C.) y Layzón (250-50 a.C.). También se registraron mayores evidencias sobre las actividades religiosas en centros ceremoniales como Huacaloma y Layzón. Este artículo trata de la cronología del valle de Cajamarca y el proceso de transformación del centro ceremonial durante esta etapa tomando como base las investigaciones en Huacaloma, Layzón y Kolguitín. También se trataran la aparición de la arquitectura comunal o religiosa, el aumento en el volumen del templo, su renovación y abandono, así como el contexto y causas de esa transformación.

In this article, we present data recently recovered from excavations at the Pacopampa archaeological site, carried out by the Pacopampa Archaeological Project, the National University of San Marcos, Perú, and the National Museum of Ethnology, Japan. The principal objective of this project is to reconfirm the chronology of the site, which is characterized by two phases previously developed by Peruvian archaeologists using radiocarbon data and their relation to architectural components. Although not all of the site’s architectural design is known, there is evidence to suggest that the ceremonial center at the site was established during the Pacompampa I phase (cal BC 1200-800), and was completely modified during the Pacopampa II phase (cal BC 800-500). The architecture presently observed from the surface of the site generally belongs to the last phase. The architectural changes at the site reflect a shift in power manipulated by leaders. Moreover, we have discovered a later occupation at the site, Pacopampa III phase (cal BC 500-1), which dates just before the abandonment of the Sunken Court located on the uppermost platform. The Sunken Court was sealed ritually in the last phase by the Cajamarca Culture during the Early Intermediate Period. / En este artículo se presentan los avances del Proyecto Arqueológico Pacopampa, organizado por la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y el National Museum of Ethnology de Osaka, Japón. El principal logro de este proyecto, que investiga en el sitio del mismo nombre desde 2005, es la verificación cronológica del asentamiento —caracterizada por la presencia de dos fases propuestas por anteriores investigadores— sobre la base de fechados radiocarbónicos y la correlación estratigráfica de sus componentes arquitectónicos. Aunque no se conoce la configuración arquitectónica en su integridad, se ha podido determinar que el centro ceremonial fue edificado en la fase Pacopampa I (c. 1200-900 a.C. [calib.]), y que fue totalmente remodelado en la fase Pacopampa II (c. 900-500 a.C. [calib.]), a la que corresponden casi todas las estructuras visibles en la superficie. Esta reconfiguración podría haber respondido a un cambio en el manejo del poder en el sitio. Además, se ha reportado una tercera fase de ocupación (Pacopampa III, c. 500-1 a.C. [calib.]), anterior a su abandono total, el que es evidente al observar el sello ritual de la Plaza Cuadrangular Hundida de la tercera plataforma en la última fase, que corresponde a la cultura Cajamarca, es decir, ya en el Periodo Intermedio Temprano.

La littérature moderne ne cesse de puiser dans l’Histoire, notamment du XXe siècle, avec toutes les mutations qui l’ont traversée. Certes, le retour du récit après la rupture causée par le Nouveau Roman, s’impose avec la publication de la somme philosophique de Ricoeur, Temps et récit (1983-1984), « qui montre les limites d’une analyse structurale et rappelle la fonction anthropologique majeure de l’activité narrative ». En effet, les écrivains contemporains en quête d’identité, reconnaissent la nécessité de revoir le contexte historique de chaque période de leur vie ou de la vie des autres. Il est intéressant, dans cette perspective, de remarquer les récits retraçant l’Histoire du Liban, à partir du début de la Première Guerre Mondiale, date où des voix libanaises s’élèvent pour demander que le Liban soit éventuellement placé sous la protection française. Le cas de la chronique libanaise est un cas particulier parce qu’on attend depuis 2001 la mise en œuvre d’un livre d’Histoire agréé au Liban. Cette étude insiste avant tout sur la convivialité, l’unité du pays, et la meilleure compréhension de l’autre et cherche à travers la littérature, à trouver un terrain d’entente. Les textes d’écrivains libanais, de Salah Stétié, d’Amin Maalouf, d’Alexandre Najjar, de Jacqueline Massabki, et d’écrivains français comme Sorj Chalandon et Richard Millet, permettent de cerner l’Histoire libanaise de différents angles de vue. Loin de prétendre redresser tel quel le passé du Liban, ces écrivains en font la base de leur narration. / Modern literature continues to get inspiration from History, especially from the history of the twentieth century, with all the changes that marked it. Certainly, the return of the narrative after the rupture caused by the New Roman (Nouveau Roman), is highlighted with the publication of the philosophical sum of Paul Ricoeur, Time and Narrative (1983-1984), "which draws the limits of a structural analysis and recalls the major anthropological function of narrative activity ". Indeed, contemporary writers in search of identity recognize the need to review the historical context of each period of their lives or the lives of others. Thus, autobiography, as well as biography of others, is inseparable from history. The case of the Lebanese chronicle is exceptional, especially in the shadow of the controversy over the implementation of a unified book of History in Lebanon. This has been the case since 2001 and each party privileges his own version of history. This study emphasizes first of all the value of conviviality, the unity of the country, and the better understanding of the other and seeks, through literature, to find common ground. And to understand and live lucidly, one must face, according to Nietzsche, the tragic, even fate, this "dose of coldness, lucidity, hardness". Lebanese French-speaking writers and readers share the will to understand the past that haunts their destiny and to grasp the evolution of time. It is therefore remarkable to see the Lebanese history rising through a bouquet of observations, testimonies, comments and questions.The texts of Lebanese writers Salah Stétié, Amin Maalouf, Alexandre Najjar, Jacqueline Massabki, and French writers like Sorj Chalandon and Richard Millet, help to identify the Lebanese history of different angles of view. Far from pretending to correct Lebanon's past as such, these writers make it the platform of their narrative.

A tese Ocupações humanas pré-coloniais na Ilha de São Luís - MA: inserção dos sítios na paisagem, cronologia e cultura material cerâmica discorreu sobre a investigação realizada em cinco sítios arqueológicos situados no Maranhão: sambaquis do Bacanga, Panaquatira, Paço do Lumiar e sítios cerâmicos Vinhais Velho e Maiobinha I. A problemática de pesquisa foi inicialmente delineada em 2005, em dissertação de mestrado sobre o Sambaqui do Bacanga, que objetivou apresentar uma cronologia para a ocorrência de cerâmica nesta ocupação pescadora-coletora-caçadora. A ampliação do objeto de pesquisa se deu com a busca de outros sítios arqueológicos, no intuito de se construir conhecimento sobre as ocupações ceramistas na Ilha de São Luís, em uma perspectiva regional e sob os auspícios da Arqueologia da Paisagem. As atividades de campo consistiram de escavações em amplas áreas para evidenciação dos processos de formação do registro arqueológico, a espacialidade dos sítios e o contexto deposicional da cerâmica. A hipótese que norteou o trabalho principiou que a Ilha de São Luís foi densamente ocupada por diversos grupos humanos, em uma perspectiva de longa duração, em decorrência da estabilidade climática do Holoceno Médio, que propiciou um ambiente marítimo-estuarino-insular com alta taxa de produtividade nos ecossistemas litorâneos, principalmente os manguezais. A intepretação dos resultados possibilitou identificar distintos horizontes culturais que ocuparam a Ilha de São Luís, desde 6.600 anos Antes do Presente até o período de contato com o colonizador europeu, em princípios do século XVII. As ocupações humanas que colonizaram a Ilha de São Luís se diferenciaram pelo modo de vida, subsistência, cultura material e formação do pacote arqueológico. Correlações entre as variáveis espaçotemporais, inserção na paisagem e tecnotipologia cerâmica atestaram a existência de uma ocupação mais antiga, representada por um horizonte ceramista pré-sambaquieiro; seguida de uma ocupação intermediária de longa duração, associada a um horizonte ceramista sambaquieiro; substituída por um horizonte ceramista tardio associado à terra preta arqueológica, seguido de um horizonte ceramista simples e finalizando com um horizonte associado aos Tupinambás, que se estendeu até o período do contato. Os resultados obtidos nesta tese indicaram que, mesmo com a diversidade cultural e amplitude temporal, as ocupações humanas na Ilha de São Luís se assentaram nas mesmas áreas, tornando-se esses lugares atrativos ao longo dos milênios, por apresentar áreas de captação de recursos alimentares, matérias-primas, fontes de água doce e relacionar-se com os locais mais privilegiados topograficamente para habitação. / The thesis Occupations human precolonial on the island of São Luís - MA: inclusion of sites in the landscape, and material culture pottery chronology discussed the investigation into five archaeological sites located in Maranhão: sambaquis of Bacanga, Panaquatira, Paço do Lumiar and sites Vinhais Velho and Maiobinha I. The issue of research was initially outlined in 2005 dissertation on the Sambaqui Bacanga, which aimed to provide a chronology for the occurrence of pottery in this occupation fisher-gatherer-hunter. The expansion of the object of research was to search for other archaeological sites in order to build knowledge about occupations potters on the Ilha de São Luís, from a regional perspective and under the auspices of the Archaeological Landscape. Field activities consisted of excavations in broad areas for disclosure of the formation processes of the archaeological record, the spatiality of the sites and depositional context of ceramics. The hypothesis that guided the work began that the Ilha de São Luís was densely occupied by different groups of people in a long term perspective, due to the climatic stability of the Middle Holocene, which provided an environment-marine-estuarine islands with high rate productivity of coastal ecosystems, particularly mangroves. The Interpretation of the results allowed to identify distinct cultural horizons that occupied the Ilha de São Luís, from 6600 years Before Present to the period of contact with European settlers in the early seventeenth century. Human occupations that colonized the Ilha de São Luís differentiated by the way of life, subsistence, material culture and archaeological training package. Correlations between variables spatio-temporal integration in the landscape and tecnotipologia pottery attested to the existence of an earlier occupation, represented by a pre-sambaquieiro potter horizon, followed by an intermediate long-term occupation, associated with a horizon sambaquieiro potter; replaced by a horizon late ceramist associated with archaeological black earth, followed by a simple potter horizon and ending with a horizon associated with Tupinambás, which lasted until the period of contact. The results obtained in this thesis indicated that even with the cultural and temporal amplitude, human occupations on the Ilha de São Luís sat in the same areas, making it attractive these places over the millennia, to present catchment areas of food resources, raw materials, fresh water sources and relate to the most privileged topographically housing.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-12T17:23:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 altamirobatistadarochajunior.pdf: 764525 bytes, checksum: 6494ccba37da04b473f97d9d1d9f8af3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-27T19:33:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 altamirobatistadarochajunior.pdf: 764525 bytes, checksum: 6494ccba37da04b473f97d9d1d9f8af3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T19:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 altamirobatistadarochajunior.pdf: 764525 bytes, checksum: 6494ccba37da04b473f97d9d1d9f8af3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-04 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho traz uma proposta de abordagem introdutória para o ensino de Matemática Financeira no ensino médio, que chamamos de Abordagem Cronol ógica, isto é, uma abordagem que valorize o correr natural do tempo, que analise etapa por etapa da evolução de uma dívida ou de um investimento. Desse modo podemos ter o aluno analisando o que realmente acontece per íodo a período, tirando conclusões e, assim, se tornando autônomo. Como embasamento teórico, buscamos pela história da Matemática justi cativas para as práticas usuais no mercado, principalmente as que aparentam ter culminado no surgimento do número e. / This paper proposes an introductory approach to Financial Math teaching in high-school, what we called Chronological Approach, that is, an approach that values the natural ow of time, which analyzes step by step the evolution of a debt or of an investment. This way, we can have the student analyzing what really happens in each period, drawing conclusions and, thus, becoming autonomous. As theoretical foundation, we looked through Mathematics History for explanations for the usual practices in the market, especially the ones that appears to have culminated in the emerging of the number e.

Le travail presenté étudie à l’exemple de la Bohême la question dans quelle mesure la naissance des oppida (ou plus largement la transformation culturelle de la Transalpine à La Tène récente) a-t-elle été influencée par des impulsions venues depuis la Méditerranée et dans quelle mesure, par contre, peut elle être expliquée comme phénomène local. La carte historique et culturelle de la problématique est analysée en détail. La question même est étudiée à travers une analyse du corpus des importations méditerranéennes en Europe Centrale, ciblée à évaluer dans le cadre de l‘Europe centrale le rôle et la position de la Bohême dans les contacts avec la Méditerranée; ensuite les correspondances et différences entre les oppida et les systèmes d’habitat dont ils font partie et les villes méditerranéennes. Les contacts du monde transalpin avec la Méditerranée paraissent constants et très significatifs pour la Transalpie, les oppida se présentent toutefois plutôt comme un phénomène local. / The presented study analyses on the example of Bohemia the question in what extent the creation of oppida (and more broadly the cultural transformation of the Transalpine world in the recent La Tène period) were influenced by Mediterranean impulses and to what extent they may be on the other hand considered as a local phenomenon. The historical and chronological background are studied in detail, the question itself is approached by an analysis of the corpus of Mediterranean imports in central Europe intended to evaluate the role of Bohemia (within the central European context) in the contacts with the Mediterranean. In the concluding chapter the oppida and their settlement systems are confronted with the Mediterranean towns. The contacts with the Mediterranean turn out to have been constant and significant for the Transalpine word, the oppida, however, seem to be a largely local phenomenon.

Aux sources de la pensée chinoise: l‘œuvre du P.de Mailla (1669-1748) et l’histoire des idées européennesMissionnaire jésuite en Chine, le P. de Mailla publia une oeuvre monumentale sur l'histoire de la Chine et l'origine de la culture chinoise. Son Histoire générale de la Chine eut un retentissement considérable en France et en Europe. L'ouvrage s'inscrivait dans la longue liste des travaux érudits publiés par les jésuites sur la Chine. Une polémique naquit cependant à propos des affirmations de l'auteur sur la haute antiquité de la Chine, qui semblait contester la chronologie biblique. La thèse replace l'ouvrage du P. de Mailla dans son contexte historique ; elle en étudie la gestation et la diffusion dans l'espace européen, et tout particulièrement en France. La recherche porte également sur l’influence de la pensée chinoise auprès des écrivains européens, aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. A travers la réception de l’Histoire, on découvre aussi la différence entre deux types de culture philosophique, notamment en ce qui concerne la vision du cosmos et de l'histoire. Des systèmes métaphysiques divergents sont ainsi mis au jour dans une perspective transculturelle, où les effets de miroir prolongent la quête du sens.Mots-clés: mission(missionnaire), histoire, jésuites, chronologie, cosmologie, valeurs, étude transculturelle et interculturelle, dix-septième et dix-huitième / At the source of the Chinese thought: the work of Father Mailla (1669-1748) and the history of european ideasJesuit missionary in China, Father Mailla published a monumental work about chinese history and the origin of Chinese culture. His General history of China had a considerable echo in France and Europe. The book was part of the long list of scholarly works published about China by the Jesuits. However, the polemics were born due to the author's affirmation about chinese high antiquity, who seemed to challenge the biblical chronology.The thesis puts the book of Father Mailla in its historical context; it studied the gestation and the diffusion in the European area, and particularly in France. The Research also focuses on the influence of Chinese thought to the european writers and philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through the reception of “history”, we also discover the difference between two types of philosophical culture, particularly with regard to the vision of the cosmos and of the history. The divergent metaphysical systems are brought to light in a transcultural perspective, where the mirror effects extend the search for meaning.Key words. Mission(missionary), history, jesuits, chronology, cosmology, value, intercultural and transcultural studies, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Cuzco est aujourd’hui connue comme l’ancienne capitale des Incas. Carrefour entre différents étages écologiques et régions du Pérou, la Région du Cuzco recèle de nombreuses et diverses ressources, qui attirèrent des populations dès l’Epoque Précéramique. La première culture attestée, Marcavalle, mit en place des traditions culturelles qui aboutiront, près de 2400 ans plus tard, au grand empire inca.Cette thèse consiste à redéfinir la chronologie de la région en se fondant sur les diverses sources mises à notre disposition. Cette étude tente de redéfinir la carte de la région grâce aux nombreux vestiges et aux quelques sources écrites et ce, afin de retracer le parcours des ethnies ancêtres des Incas. / Cuzco is now known as the ancient Inca capital. Crossroads between different regions and ecological levels of Peru, Cuzco Region contains many different resources, which attracted people since the Preceramic Period. The first culture confirmed, Marcavalle, set up cultural traditions that will lead, almost 2400 years later, the great Inca Empire.This thesis consists to redefine the chronology of the region based on various sources available to us. This study attempts to redefine the map of the region thanks to the many ruins and the few written sources and, in order to trace the course of the ethnic ancestors of the Incas.

Results of I-Xe analyses have been obtained from meteorite samples that experienced different extents of thermal processing in the early Solar System in order to help characterise the movements of iodine and xenon in the early Solar System and constrain the timing of these movements using the I-Xe chronometer. Samples were irradiated to convert 127I to 128Xe* and allow simultaneous measurements of iodine and xenon isotopes. Xe isotopes were measuring using the RELAX mass spectrometer.I-Xe ages of material of different metamorphic grade from R-chondrites NWA 6492, NWA 830 and NWA 3364 suggest a link between the time of closure to Xe-loss and extent of metamorphism on the R-chondrite parent body. However, further I-Xe analyses of R5 material from NWA 6492 and R4 and R6 material from other R-chondrites are needed to confirm this. The most primitive material analysed give I– Xe ages between 4559 – 4554 Myr, slightly later than reported Mn-Cr ages. This may support the ideal of radial heterogeneity of 53Mn in the early Solar System. However differences could also be due to variations in the samples analysed. Future analyses of I-Xe and Mn-Cr ages in mineral separates from the same R-chondrite are recommended in order to investigate this hypothesis. Closure to Xe-loss in chondrules on the R-chondrite parent body appears to have occurred ~5 – 10 Myr later than on the ordinary and enstatite parent bodies. This implies either later accumulation of material or slower cooling in a larger body.Comparisons of I-Xe systematics in anomalous eucrites Bunburra Rockhole and Ibitira and “nomalous” eucrites Juvinas and Béréba show lower 129I/244Pu ratios in the “nomalous” eucrites. This is not due to formation on a less volatile-rich body but instead reflects extended loss of Xe on 4 Vesta. 129I/244Pu ratios indicate igneous processing continued on 4 Vesta for ~50-100 Myr after geological activity had ceased on the anomalous eucrites parent bodies. The extended processing seen in Juvinas and Béréba is attributed to formation on a larger body that retained heat for longer. If, as the data suggest, the anomalous eucrites formed on a separate parent body it must have been catastrophically disrupted as Vesta is thought to be the only remaining differentiated asteroid. The larger size of Vesta may explain why it has uniquely survived the impacts that destroyed its siblings. Analyses of the unique achondrite GRA 06129 show that the I-Xe system in this meteorite has no chronological significance. The data instead suggest that iodine-bearing plagioclase formed early but thermal metamorphism resulted in loss of 129Xe* from iodine bearing sites. Uranium-bearing apatite appears to be a secondary mineral that incorporated parentless 129Xe* and 129Xe*that had been redistributed during earlier metamorphism. A trapped-Xe component released at high-temperatures may be a primitive component such as Q-Xe, though terrestrial–Xe acquired during weathering cannot be ruled out by this study. If Q-Xe is present, it is most likely hosted in a primary phase other than plagioclase. During its terrestrial residence time GRA 06129 acquired iodine via Antarctic weathering. I-Xe analyses on Antarctic meteorites should therefore be carried out with caution. Further Xe analyses of mineral separates from GRA 06129 would help constrain the host phase of the trapped Xe. That the I-Xe system of the plagioclase has been completely reset make it a good candidate mineral for I-Xe dating of primary processes whereas I-Xe dating of apatite appears more problematic.

The documented legacy of South African architect Norman Musgrave Eaton (1902– 1966), as preserved at the University of Pretoria, provides the material for a contemporary analysis and extrapolation of his domestic oeuvre through the construction of a biographical-disciplinary context and chronology. Why and how Eaton’s domestic architecture expresses its lineage of forms, space, material, and detail are explored in this study. Eaton’s architectural oeuvre demonstrates a rare encounter between the Modern Movement and Africa. The residential architecture of Eaton, he being based in Pretoria, draws strongly on the African monumental past, while denoting both a regional and universal consciousness. Local influences are drawn from diverse sources: Cape Dutch architecture, Great Zimbabwe, Eastern Africa and the unselfconscious architectural endeavours of the Ndebele. Through the systematization of his records, the researcher is able to set up a biography within context in order to capture the critical moments in Eaton’s development and his designer’s mind. The chronological study of his domestic drawings further allows for the tracing of African and other influences in relation to his travels and their translation into architectural expression. Typological plan compositions and motifs emerge with clarity to aid in providing a critical appraisal of his domestic work. / Dissertation (MArch)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Architecture / Unrestricted