The aim of the thesis is to cast light on the earliest settlement of northern Sweden. The starting point is lithic artifacts, which have been studied from a technological as well as a more conventional typological perspective (Papers I, II, and IV). Paper III deals primarily with geological and palaeoecological methods and my contribution is mainly confined to the lithic artifacts. The main research objectives are concerned with early postglacial colonization and cultural affiliation mirrored through technological traditions. Another “main thread” is a source-critical discussion regarding dating problems, and the chronological integrity of find contexts. The chronological position of artifact types in the North Swedish Mesolithic is another related problem being discussed. The geographical area under investigation comprises northern Sweden sensu largo: Norrland plus the provinces of Värmland and Dalarna. The time period studied is the Mesolithic, with an emphasis on the earliest part, ca. 8500–7500 BP. Paper I discusses the Mesolithic in the province of Värmland. There are traits indicating both an affiliation with the Lihult/Nøstvet sphere (for example, Lihult axes and saws/knives of sandstone) as well as other features more common in an eastern/northern context (quartz use, bipolar reduction, and, at least for the final Mesolithic and Neolithic, slate artifacts). Paper II aims at elucidating microblade technology in northern Sweden as regards chronological position and cultural context. It was found that microblade production from handle cores (also called wedge-shaped cores) was introduced at about the same time in northern Sweden as in other areas of Scandinavia where these artifacts occur, ca. 8000–7500 BP. The handle core tradition continued until ca. 5500/5000 BP. Paper III deals with lake-tilting caused by non-uniform glacio-isostatic uplift. This phenomenon has been used to identify potential areas of Mesolithic occupation in the Arjeplog area, Lapland. Surveys and excavations within the research project "Man, Fire, and Landscape", have significantly increased the number of Mesolithic sites in the area. The investigations have resulted in the discovery of the oldest firmly dated archaeological site in northern Sweden, Dumpokjauratj, in Arjeplog parish, Lapland, with a maximum date of 8630 ± 85 BP. Paper IV discusses the pioneering phase of occupation in northern Sweden, in the light of the above-mentioned site of Dumpokjauratj and a site at Garaselet in northern Västerbotten. These are further compared with contemporary sites in surrounding areas of Fennoscandia. The majority of the assemblages are dominated by platform reduction, even if bipolar reduction also occurs at the earliest sites. Slate artifacts found at Dumpokjauratj suggest connections with the Finnish Mesolithic, which is the only cultural context in our region with documented slate use at this early point in time. But there are also traits that do not specifically point towards Finland, e.g. frequent use of fine-grained flint-like materials and porphyry, and (at Dumpokjauratj) a lanceolate microlith made of a microblade of this fine-grained igneous rock. The latter suggests associations with the Scandinavian Mesolithic in general. In any event, the early dates from Dumpokjauratj show that interior Lapland was occupied soon after deglaciation, probably within a few hundred years.

Three long sediment cores (BDP-98 – 600 m, BDP-96 – 200 m and BDP-93 – 100 m) drilled in Lake Baikal (Siberia) have been studied with the aims of establishing an absolute chronology and reconstructing paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes in the region. The location of the lake at relatively high latitude and continental interior and a thick continuous sedimentary archive that developed in a rift system tectonic setting provide unique material for this investigation. The cosmogenic isotope 10Be was used for dating and the results indicate time spans of 8 (+0.8\-0.6) Myr for BDP-98, 5.5 (±0.13) Myr for BDP-96 and >0.7 Myr for BDP-93. Two major sedimentary facies (deltaic and hemipelagic) are distinguished by textural geochemical and mineralogical data. Detrital mineral composition suggests negligible change in provenance during the period studied. Formation of authigenic minerals, such as framboidal pyrite, vivianite and siderite, reflects variable environmental conditions in the lake and climate change in the region. Biogenic silica content shows climatic influence, which is modified by the supply of detrital material and postdepositional alterations. 10Be dating, combined with lithological analysis of the sediments, makes it possible to place temporal constrains on climate cooling at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary (5 Myr ago) and at the Early/Late Pliocene boundary (3.6 Myr ago) as well as the beginning of the northern hemisphere glaciation at about 2.5–2.6 Myr ago. The regional east-west tectonic extension of south-east Asia, related to Tibetan Plateau uplift, was confined in the Baikal area to between about 7 and 5 Myr ago, with a rifting rate calculated at 7 mm year-1. Furthermore, the 10Be data suggest that geomagnetic field intensity strengthened around the Miocene/Pliocene boundary.

During the years 2006-2010 Gotland University conducted seminars excavations in Västergarn parish on Gotland. Inside the wall a total of six house foundations have been found and a total of 127 combs have been registered. This thesis is based on a material study of the 127 registered medieval combs. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the combs and with their chronology illuminate in which period the society of Västergarn was active. And also to find out what the material remains can tell us about the place and its people. The questions concern the dating and chronology of the combs, and also how analyzing the combs can provide additional information to Västergarn. The method used is a comparative material - and literature study. The result of the analyze is that the combs are from the transitional period of the Viking - Medieval age, 900- 1100th century. A variety of nine different types could be distinguished. I believe that through an osteological –, and contextual spatial analysis and a comparative material study of the combs more information on the site can be presented.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The Earliest Human Remains of Northern Perú: Balances and PerspectivesGenerally in American prehistory the very first protagonists have been kept outside of the main discourse. This absence of information is evident if we review the construction of this history and accept that there has been a preconceived pact of indifference towards skeletal remains. The north of Peru is a good example and choice for the objectives of this paper. Given this lack of information, we present our findings about these "lost" bodies in order to finally integrate these data into the study of the earliest people of the Americas. / De manera genérica, la prehistoria americana ha mantenido fuera de su discurso a los restos de sus propios protagonistas. Semejante afirmación adquiere sentido si observamos la confección de esta historia pasada y aceptamos una cierta indiferencia pactada hacia los restos óseos. El norte peruano resulta un buen ejemplo y compromiso de intereses encontrados. Con este trabajo se busca cómo entender esta ausencia, encontrar los cuerpos "ausentes" y finalmente integrarlos al acervo de los materiales de estos primeros grupos humanos.

Chavín de Huántar is one of the key sites of the Formative Period in the Central Andes, with many decades of investigations by dozens of investigators, but ironically its chronology is still poorly defined and contested. This article reviews the historical evidence for Chavín chronology, emphasizing an examination of calibrated radiocarbon dates, and summarily reviewing related radiocarbon evidence from approximately contemporary sites. The more voluminous C14 evidence from recent work at Chavín is then examined, particularly focused on dates from known ceramic and architectural contexts. A large number of determinations concur, both in and outside of Chavín, in dating stamped polished blackware "janabarroide" ceramics in the range of 800-500 BC in calibrated age. Earlier and later occupations at Chavín are documented, helping confirm this time range for "Early Horizon" materials. Chavín, unlike some other important Formative sites, loses its temple function by around 500 BC calibrated, although major construction seems to have greatly decreased well before that time. / Chavín de Huántar es uno de los sitios fundamentales para entender el Periodo Formativo en los Andes centrales. Irónicamente, a pesar de muchas décadas de investigaciones realizadas por docenas de investigadores, su cronología es todavía debatida e insegura. Este artículo presenta una reseña de la evidencia histórica para la cronología de Chavín, enfatizando la contribución de los fechados radiocarbónicos calibrados y, de manera breve, revisando los que están temporalmente relacionados con otros sitios formativos. Se analizan, también, los numerosos fechados de carbono-14 asociados a cerámica y contextos arquitectónicos conocidos en Chavín derivados de estudios recientes. De hecho, muchos fechados de Chavín y sitios relacionados concuerdan en ubicar a la cerámica negra pulida estampada, denominada janabarroide, alrededor de 800-500 a.C. (calib.). La presencia de ocupaciones anteriores y posteriores, documentadas con fechados, ayudan a confirmar este rango temporal para materiales reconocidos del "Horizonte Temprano". En contraste con algunos otros importantes sitios formativos, Chavín deja de funcionar como templo hacia 500 a.C. (calib.), aunque los esfuerzos destinados a las construcciones principales ya estaban disminuyendo, de manera notable, antes de esta época.

Early Monumental Architecture in the Middle Fortaleza ValleySurface surveys in 1993 led to the location of some 30 monumental sites of the Formative Period in the Middle Fortaleza Valley. The authors present a typology of the architecture, a chronological and corological scheme based on comparisons with other sites to the north and south, distribution patterns, settlement patterns and the relationship of agricultural potential of surrounding lands as well as functional and social relevance of the buildings through formative times. / Prospecciones llevadas a cabo en 1993 permitieron la ubicación de unos 30 sitios monumentales del Periodo Formativo en la parte media del valle de Fortaleza. Los autores proponen una tipología de la arquitectura, una cronología y corología basadas en comparaciones con sitios al norte y al sur, un patrón de distribución y su relación con la tierra cultivable así como las posibles funciones y la importancia social de estos sitios en el curso del Periodo Formativo.

The Early Intermediate Period (Middle Horizon) at Cochabamba Valleys: A Perspective of the Analysis of Human Settlements and Land UseKnowledge of regional interaction during the Intemediate Period (AD 500-1000) in the South Central Andes (corresponding to the Middle Horizon of the Central Andes) is essential for understanding the territorial expansion of Prehispanic Andean states. This study analyzes settlement and land use patterns in Cochabamba during the transition from the Early Intermediate Period (200 BC-AC 500) to the Middle Horizon. It has been suggested that during this latter period Cochabamba was colonized by the Tiwanaku polity to obtain agricultural resources. Archaeology of the Middle Horizon in Cochabamba is characterized by the presence of Tiwanaku style pottery, but presence of ceramics alone does not document colonization or administration from the Altiplano. In this study I analyze human occupation during the Middle Horizon in two survey areas, examining settlement and land use (agricultural capacity). The absence of changes in land use strategies and only minor variations in settlement patterns during the Middle Horizon do not correspond with changes accompanying territorial expansion by the Tiwanaku polity. I suggest a model of independent local populations to understand the occupation of Cochabamba durign the Middle Horizon. Consequently, this study offers a new example of variation in regional interaction during the Tiwanaku times in the southern Andes. / La interacción regional durante el Periodo Intermedio (500-1000 d.C) en los Andes centro-sur (correspondiente al Horizonte Medio en los Andes Centrales) es esencial para la comprensión de la expansión territorial de estados prehispánicos en los Andes. En esta investigación se han estudiado cambios en los patrones de asentamiento y el uso de tierras en Cochabamba en la transición del Periodo Intermedio Temprano (200-500 d.C.) al Periodo Intermedio. Se ha sugerido que, en este último periodo, Cochabamba es colonizada por la sociedad Tiwanaku para explotar recursos agrícolas. En efecto, el Periodo Intermedio se caracteriza por la presencia de cerámica de estilo Tiwanaku, pero ello no se puede asumir como presencia de poblaciones altiplánicas. En este estudio se analiza cómo se organiza la ocupación humana y el uso de tierras en el Periodo Intermedio usando datos de la capacidad agrícola de las zonas prospectadas. La ausencia de cambios en las estrategias de uso de tierras y variaciones menores en los patrones de asentamiento del Periodo Intermedio no corresponden a una expresión de expansión territorial de Tiwanaku. Se postula el modelo de independencia de las poblaciones locales para entender la ocupación del Periodo Intermedio. Este estudio sugiere así una nueva forma de interacción regional que amplía los conocimientos de las relaciones territoriales de la sociedad Tiwanaku y de sociedades expansionistas de los Andes.

Este trabalho visa a apresentar o teórico, encenador e dramaturgo Timochenco Wehbi. Sociólogo e autor de teatro de destaque nacional e internacional dos anos 1970 até 1986, também foi professor na Universidade de São Paulo, crítico de cinema e teatro em jornais de São Paulo e Presidente Prudente, tomando parte em comissões julgadoras de festivais de teatro amador em todo o Brasil. A estrutura da dissertação é composta por quatro partes essenciais, a saber: Cronologia de vida e obra do autor, Apresentação dos trabalhos de mestrado (Brecht, num outro tempo, num outro espaço), doutorado (O drama social do teatro no Brasil) e projeto de livre-docência (Uma contribuição portuguesa na história do Teatro Brasileiro: o papel de Francisco Santos), Apresentação das peças de teatro de sua autoria e encenadas no Brasil, Portugal e Colômbia (A Vinda do Messias, Palhaços, A Dama de Copas e o Rei de Cuba, A Perseguição ou o Longo Caminho que vai de Zero a Ene, As Vozes da Agonia ou Santa Joaninha e sua Cruel Peleja contra os Homens de Guerra, contra os Homens d´Igreja, Curto-circuito e Bye, bye Pororoca) e Considerações finais. Para a execução da pesquisa contou-se com acesso ao acervo familiar do autor, falecido em 1986, e com seus trabalhos de titulação, disponíveis na Universidade de São Paulo, além de sete peças de teatro, reunidos pela Editora Terceira Margem, em 2013, numa publicação em dois volumes. As conclusões a que se chega apontam para uma poética que se compõe da fantasia e do realismo, no período marcado pela opressão do regime ditatorial brasileiro, resultado do olhar arguto de um estudioso que reflete sobre questões sociais transpondo-as para o palco, consciente de seu papel como intérprete do comportamento humano e da vida brasileira. Um anexo iconográfico é parte do trabalho e reúne imagens e documentos que confirmam a ampla atuação de Timochenco como autor, professor, crítico, encenador e pesquisador. / This work aims to present Theorist, Playwright and Director Timochenco Wehbi. As a sociologist and theater author of national and international prominence from the years 1970 to 1986, he was also a professor at the University of São Paulo, a critic of cinema and theater in newspapers of São Paulo and Presidente Prudente, taking part in judging commissions of amateur theater festivals in all of Brazil. The structure of the dissertation is composed of four essential parts, namely: Chronology of life and work of the author, presentation of master\'s works (Brecht, num outro tempo, num outro espaço), doctorate (O drama social do teatro no Brasil), post-graduated project (Uma contribuição portuguesa na história do Teatro Brasileiro: o papel de Francisco Santos) and the presentation of the plays of her own and staged in Brazil, Portugal and Colombia (A Vinda do Messias, Palhaços, A Dama de Copas e o Rei de Cuba, A Perseguição ou O Longo Caminho que Vai de Zero a Ene, As Vozes da Agonia ou Santa Joaninha e Sua Cruel Peleja Contra os Homens de Guerra, Contra os Homens d´Igreja, Curto-Circuito and Bye, bye Pororoca) and Conclusion. In order to carry out the research, there was access to the author\'s family collection, who died in 1986, and to his degree studies, available at the University of São Paulo, as well as seven plays by Editora Terceira Margem in 2013, in a two-volume publication. The conclusions reached point to a poetics that is composed of fantasy and realism, in a period marked by the oppression of the Brazilian dictatorial regime, which is the result of the sharp eye of a scholar who reflects on social issues, transposing them to the stage and conscious of his role as an interpreter of the human behavior and Brazilian life. An annex iconographic is part of the work and brings together images and documents that confirm Timochenco\'s broad work as an author, teacher, critic, director and researcher.

Esta dissertação descreve as atividades realizadas durante duas etapas de escavações em 2006 e 2007 nos sítios Lago do Iranduba e Laguinho, ambos localizados no município de Iranduba (AM), e apresenta os resultados e conclusões oriundas desta pesquisa. Buscou-se, desde a primeira intervenção, compreender os padrões de uso, ocupação e abandono dos sítios, além de estabelecer uma cronologia baseada em datações relativas e absolutas. As pesquisas realizadas pelo PAC (Projeto Amazônia Central) em sítios na região sugerem um ápice demográfico da ocupação humana pré-colonial na Amazônia central durante o fim do primeiro milênio DC. Confirmar esse clímax ocupacional nos sítios Lago do Iranduba e Laguinho é o principal objetivo desta pesquisa. Para testar esta hipótese, investigamos as informações contidas no material cerâmico, sobretudo diagnosticando-o em relação às fases já estabelecidas para a região. Interpretamos também as feições e montículos como correlatos materiais destas ocupações humanas. Sugerimos nesta dissertação um método de classificação das feições baseada em seu conteúdo, morfologia e volume, que gerou uma tipologia; e calculamos o volume dos grandes montículos do sítio Laguinho para discorrer sobre sua monumentalidade e criar quadros hipotéticos sobre o esforço humano envolvido em sua construção. Nesta pesquisa identificamos duas ocupações humanas no sítio Lago do Iranduba, relacionadas às fases cerâmicas Paredão e Guarita. No sítio Laguinho foram identificadas três ocupações distintas, relacionadas à cerâmica das fases Açutuba, Paredão e Guarita. Através das datações absolutas e relativas e da interpretação do registro arqueológico confirmamos a hipótese do apogeu demográfico, ocorrido no fim do primeiro milênio na Amazônia central, por grupos fabricantes da cerâmica Paredão. Ocupação humana responsável pelas principais modificações da paisagem, representadas na construção dos grandes montículos e da maior parte das feições no sítio Laguinho. / This dissertation describes the two excavation seasons in 2006 and 2007, in Lago do Iranduba and Laguinho sites, both in Iranduba city, estate of Amazonas - Brazil; and presents the results and conclusions of this research. Since the first archaeological intervention, we have been trying to comprehend the patterns of use, occupation and abandon of the sites and to establish a chronology based on relative and absolute dates. The research developed by PAC (Central Amazon Project) in the region sites suggests a demographical apex in the pre-colonial occupations in central Amazon during the end of the first millennium AD. To confirm this climax in the occupations in Laguinho and Lago do Iranduba sites is the main goal of this research. To test this hypothesis, we investigate the data enclosed in the ceramics to diagnose it in accordance with the ceramic phases already established to the area. The features and the mounds were also considered correlated materials of these human occupations. We suggest in this dissertation a classification method for features that rely on its content, morphology and volume, and create a typology; we also calculate the volume of the larger mounds of Laguinho site to discuss its monumentality and develop simulations about human effort involved on its construction. In this research we identified two occupations in Lago do Iranduba site, related to Paredão and Guarita phases. In Laguinho site three different occupations were identified, related to Açutuba, Paredão and Guarita phases. Through the absolute and relative dates and the interpretation of the archaeological record we confirm the hypothesis of demographic apogee occurring in the en of the first millennium in central Amazon, by groups that manufactured the ceramics classified as Paredão phase. The same human occupation is responsible for the major changes in the landscape, represented on the building of the large mounds and most of the features.