Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

L'enquête porte sur l'Italie et les premiers temps du monde étrusque. Elle s'intéresse plus particulièrement à la période comprise entre un moment avancé du Premier âge du Fer et de la fin de l'Orientalisant (800-580 av. n.è.). Cette période charnière est celle du passage de la culture villanovienne à la culture étrusque. Les découpages chronologiques traditionnels ont entravé la lecture dans la diachronie de la documentation archéologique, et donc des transformations en œuvre dans la société étrusque. Dans ce travail, je me suis appuyée sur un corpus funéraire totalisant 771 tombes et plus de 10 000 objets provenant de trois sites parmi les mieux documentés de la Péninsule (Veio, Pontecagnano et Verucchio) pour reconstruire un cadre de développement chrono-culturel qui embrasse ces deux périodes traditionnellement disjointes. Ces analyses chronologiques étaient un préalable nécessaire à l'étude de dynamiques culturelles plus complexes qui ont amené à cette époque, les élites (proto) -étrusques à s'insérer dans ce grand courant méditerranéen que fut le phénomène orientalisant, et à s'attacher dans leurs tombes des biens et matières provenant d'Orient. La mise à plat de la documentation, ainsi que la périodisation élaborée dans ce travail permettent désormais de suivre dans une séquence continue et plus longue l'adoption des différents éléments orientaux par les communautés étrusques. / The present investigation deals with Italic peoples and the early days of the Etruscan world. It focuses more particularly on a period from the Early Iron Age to the end of the orientalizing period (800-580 B.C.). This crucial time shows the transition from Villanovian culture to Etruscan culture. The traditional chronological cuts have hindered the diachronical analysis of the archaeological documentation and, therefore, the ongoing social mutation of the Etruscan society. ln this research, I have used three major and well known funerary contexts (of Veio, Pontecagnano and Verucchio), totalizing 771 tombs and more than 10 000 artefacts, in order to reshape a precise chrono-cultural sequence which embraces those two periods, traditionally studied as separated chronological phases. My chronological analysis was a necessary precursor to the study of more complex cultural dynamics that occurred at this time in the Mediterranean Basin: the Orientalizing Phenomenon in which (proto)-Etruscan elites played an active role in using, as new identification criteria in their tombs, goods and raw materials coming from the Orient. The blank creation of the archaeological documentation and the new periodization created in this thesis work now allows us to follow, through a continuous and a longer sequence the adoption, by the Etruscan communities, of various oriental elements.

A presente dissertação discorre sobre a ocupação pré-histórica da Ilha de São Luís-Maranhão, a partir do estudo arqueológico realizado no sambaqui do Bacanga, que evidenciou vestígios materiais de populações pescadoras- coletoras- caçadoras e ceramistas, que se estabeleceram na região, em torno de 6.600 anos antes do presente e permaneceram habitando esse assentamento até o ano 900 antes do presente. A pesquisa em questão, pautada nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Arqueologia da Paisagem e da Antropologia das Técnicas, aglutinou uma gama de especialidades, que se envolveram na datação de material arqueológico, na análise técnica da cerâmica, na identificação dos vestígios arqueofaunísticos, no levantamento topográfico, altimétrico e na execução de plantas e desenhos da distribuição espacial dos vestígios, bem como na caracterização geoambiental, além da própria análise dos dados arqueológicos, principalmente o material cerâmico. A descrição, interpretação e a correlação das informações obtidas no sambaqui do Bacanga permitiram construir conhecimento inédito sobre os processos ocorridos na préhistória da Ilha de São Luís, ao atestar a existência e permanência, por um longo período de tempo, de populações pescadoras- coletoras- caçadoras e ceramistas adaptadas a ambiente estuarino-marinho, cuja dieta envolvia a captura de uma variedade de animais e a coleta de algumas espécies vegetais, mas que contudo, encontrava a sua base de sustentação na pesca e na utilização de crustáceos e moluscos como alimentos. O foco da análise centrou-se na investigação do modo de vida de tais populações, a partir da caracterização técnica e tipológica da cerâmica, uma vez que a presença desse tipo de evidência em sambaquis tem sua área geográfica bastante circunscrita no Brasil, envolvendo majoritariamente algumas regiões do Pará, Maranhão e em menor escala Sergipe e Bahia. Além disso, um aspecto de fundamental importância para arqueologia brasileira e que não se obteve paralelo na literatura analisada relacionou-se à descoberta de um assentamento ceramista pré-sambaqui, cuja localização era a mesma do sambaqui do Bacanga, estando situado nas camadas mais antigas de ocupação, algo entre 6.600 a 5.500 anos antes do presente, com grande concentração de cerâmica, sem, no entanto, apresentar o acúmulo de restos alimentares nos pisos de ocupação. Ao passo que as populações pescadoras- coletoras- caçadoras e ceramistas do sambaqui propriamente dito, assentaram-se entre 5.000 a 900 anos antes do presente. Em síntese, a inserção do sítio em questão, nas escalas espaciais, temporais e ambientais, bem como o estudo dos vestígios arqueológicos estabeleceram parâmetros pioneiros para que futuras pesquisas no Maranhão encontrem referenciais de suporte e levem em consideração a história de longa duração dos primeiros povoadores da Ilha de São Luís. / The present dissertation discusses about the pre-historic occupation at São Luís Island-Maranhão, from the archaeological study realized at Bacanga Shell Mound, that appointed material vestiges of the fishing-collecting-hunters and ceramists populations that settled in the region, around 6.600 years before present and remained living this settlement until 900 before present. The research, based in theorical-methodological issues of the Landscape Archaeology and the Technicist Anthropology, united a variety of specialties, that were involved in the archaeological material process of date, in the analyses of ceramics, in the identification of archaeofaunistical vestiges, in the topographical, altimetrical research and in the execution of plants and drawings of this site, in the geoenvironmental characterization, besides the analyses of the archaeological information, mainly the ceramics remains. The description, interpretation and co-relation of the information obtained at Bacanga Shell Mound allowed to build inedited knowledge about the processes occurred in the pre-history of São Luís Island, testifying the existence and permanence, for a long period, of fishing-collecting-hunters and ceramists population adapted to estuary-sea environmental, whose diet involved the gathering of a variety of animals and gathering of some vegetable species, but, the, however, found support in the fishing and in the crustacean and mollusks as food. The focus of analyses was centered in the investigation of the way of life of this population, from the technicist and typological characterization of ceramics, considering that the presence of this kind of evidence in shell mounds has its geographical area really circumscribed in Brazil, involving majorly some regions in Pará, Maranhão, and, in a minor scale, Sergipe and Bahia. Besides that, as aspect of fundamental importance to the brazilian archaeology and that does not have parallel in the literature analyzed related to the discovery of a pre-shell mound ceramist settlement, whose, localization was the same of Bacanga shell mound, being localized in the older layers of the settlement, from 6.600 to 5.5000 years before present, with big concentration of ceramics, without, however, presenting an accumulation of food residues in the settlement floors. Making a summary, the insertion of this site, in spatial, temporal, and environmental scales, and the study of archaeological vestiges establish primary parameters to future researches in Maranhão, finding references of support and considering the long duration history of the first population in São Luís Island.

Este trabalho visa a apresentar o teórico, encenador e dramaturgo Timochenco Wehbi. Sociólogo e autor de teatro de destaque nacional e internacional dos anos 1970 até 1986, também foi professor na Universidade de São Paulo, crítico de cinema e teatro em jornais de São Paulo e Presidente Prudente, tomando parte em comissões julgadoras de festivais de teatro amador em todo o Brasil. A estrutura da dissertação é composta por quatro partes essenciais, a saber: Cronologia de vida e obra do autor, Apresentação dos trabalhos de mestrado (Brecht, num outro tempo, num outro espaço), doutorado (O drama social do teatro no Brasil) e projeto de livre-docência (Uma contribuição portuguesa na história do Teatro Brasileiro: o papel de Francisco Santos), Apresentação das peças de teatro de sua autoria e encenadas no Brasil, Portugal e Colômbia (A Vinda do Messias, Palhaços, A Dama de Copas e o Rei de Cuba, A Perseguição ou o Longo Caminho que vai de Zero a Ene, As Vozes da Agonia ou Santa Joaninha e sua Cruel Peleja contra os Homens de Guerra, contra os Homens d´Igreja, Curto-circuito e Bye, bye Pororoca) e Considerações finais. Para a execução da pesquisa contou-se com acesso ao acervo familiar do autor, falecido em 1986, e com seus trabalhos de titulação, disponíveis na Universidade de São Paulo, além de sete peças de teatro, reunidos pela Editora Terceira Margem, em 2013, numa publicação em dois volumes. As conclusões a que se chega apontam para uma poética que se compõe da fantasia e do realismo, no período marcado pela opressão do regime ditatorial brasileiro, resultado do olhar arguto de um estudioso que reflete sobre questões sociais transpondo-as para o palco, consciente de seu papel como intérprete do comportamento humano e da vida brasileira. Um anexo iconográfico é parte do trabalho e reúne imagens e documentos que confirmam a ampla atuação de Timochenco como autor, professor, crítico, encenador e pesquisador. / This work aims to present Theorist, Playwright and Director Timochenco Wehbi. As a sociologist and theater author of national and international prominence from the years 1970 to 1986, he was also a professor at the University of São Paulo, a critic of cinema and theater in newspapers of São Paulo and Presidente Prudente, taking part in judging commissions of amateur theater festivals in all of Brazil. The structure of the dissertation is composed of four essential parts, namely: Chronology of life and work of the author, presentation of master\'s works (Brecht, num outro tempo, num outro espaço), doctorate (O drama social do teatro no Brasil), post-graduated project (Uma contribuição portuguesa na história do Teatro Brasileiro: o papel de Francisco Santos) and the presentation of the plays of her own and staged in Brazil, Portugal and Colombia (A Vinda do Messias, Palhaços, A Dama de Copas e o Rei de Cuba, A Perseguição ou O Longo Caminho que Vai de Zero a Ene, As Vozes da Agonia ou Santa Joaninha e Sua Cruel Peleja Contra os Homens de Guerra, Contra os Homens d´Igreja, Curto-Circuito and Bye, bye Pororoca) and Conclusion. In order to carry out the research, there was access to the author\'s family collection, who died in 1986, and to his degree studies, available at the University of São Paulo, as well as seven plays by Editora Terceira Margem in 2013, in a two-volume publication. The conclusions reached point to a poetics that is composed of fantasy and realism, in a period marked by the oppression of the Brazilian dictatorial regime, which is the result of the sharp eye of a scholar who reflects on social issues, transposing them to the stage and conscious of his role as an interpreter of the human behavior and Brazilian life. An annex iconographic is part of the work and brings together images and documents that confirm Timochenco\'s broad work as an author, teacher, critic, director and researcher.

Lors de la période classique, entre 200 et 800 ap. J.-C., les centres urbains complexes se développèrent en sur l’ensemble de la Mixteca, en lien étroit avec les cités de Teotihuacan sur les hauts plateaux centraux et de Monte Alban dans les vallées centrales d'Oaxaca. La période plus tardive du Postclassique récent, à partir de 1200 apr. J.-C. et jusqu’à la conquête espagnole, est à nouveau documentée, par les codex peints et les vestiges archéologiques : la Mixteca était densément peuplée et très dynamique, et ses populations liées par une idéologie commune. Le Postclassique ancien, entre 800 et 1200 apr. J.-C., est mal connu. Aucun marqueur archéologique n'a été relevé et daté pour cette période, les Mixtecas Aira et Baja en particulier semblèrent désertées. Cependant, les codex peints plus tardifs témoignent de dynamiques importantes lors de cette période intermédiaire, période la plus ancienne peinte dans les codex. La présente recherche consiste en une synthèse éclairée des données publiées et d'archives, des collections de musées et de réserves archéologiques dans le but de mettre en évidence, dans un premier temps, les marqueurs archéologiques du Postclassique ancien dans la Mixteca, Alta en particulier, et de les dater fermement. Dans un second temps il s'agit de confronter ces données à celles issues des codes mixtèques concernant le Postclassique ancien, témoignant de corrélations évidentes. Ces données collectées, datées et organisées permettent de dresser un premier bilan concernant le Postclassique ancien, de la réorganisation politique, religieuse et spatiale des sociétés après les effondrements politiques classiques. / During the classical period, between A.D. 200-800, complex urban centers grew ail over the Mixteca, in close contact with the cities of Teotihuacan in the central highlands and of Monte Alban, in the central valley of Oaxaca. The later Late Postclassic, from A.D. 1200 to the Spanish Conquest, is documented by painted codex and archaeological remains : the Mixteca was densely populated and very dynamic, populations were united by a shared ideology. Early Postclassic, between A.D. 800 and 1200, is poorly known. No archaeological marker has been identified and precisely dated for this rime, Mixtecas Alta and Baja seemed uninhabited. However, late painted codex demonstrate important dynamics during this intermediary period, the older one painted in codex. This research includes an enlightened overview of published and unpublished data, of museum artefacts and of storage archaeological collections in order to, first, highlight and put a date on archaeological markers for the Early Postclassic in the Mixteca, especially the Mixteca Alta. Then, this research compares these archaeological data to the ethnohistorical ones from the mixtecan codex concerning the Early Postclassic period, showing obvious correlations. These collected, dated and organized data draw up a first report on the Early Postclassic, about political, religious and spatial reorganization of societies after the classical political collapses.

Esta pesquisa expõe contraposições teóricas e empíricas aos clássicos modelos de ocupação da Amazônia. Através de uma fusão entre base empírica e o corpus de conhecimento atualmente disponível, propõe uma história de ocupação da Amazônia central agenciada por grupos culturais integrados através de um complexo sistema sócio-político, que extrapolou fronteiras étnicas, lingüísticas e ambientais. Este sistema estaria materializado na tradição Borda Incisa e teria se desenrolado ao longo de muitos séculos, com início em torno do anno domini e se estendendo até os séculos XI e XII d.C. A esta intrincada rede macro-regional, que aqui denomino Esfera de Interações, estão ligados elementos como a padronização de um sistema de comunicação, expresso através da cultura material e das formas de usar e organizar o espaço. A cronologia apresentada neste doutoramento também oferece parâmetros para uma reavaliação do uso de conceitos arqueológicos tradicionais, como as fases e tradições. Logra-se maior flexibilização de tais categorias, uma vez que a fluidez de limites é inerente aos conjuntos artefatuais estudados. Na área de confluência dos rios Negro e Solimões, esta história é contada através do entendimento das relações entre as fases Açutuba, Manacapuru e Paredão. / This dissertation offers new theoretical insights and empirical data that supplements some of the classic models of occupation of Amazonia. Through a combination between empirical data and current knowledge, the dissertation proposes a history of occupation of the Central Amazon region that places cultural groups integrated in a complex socio-political system extending beyond ethnic, linguistic and environmental boundaries as its main agents. The material correlates of this system, which developed from around the beginning of the Christian era and reached until the eleventh or twelve century AD, would be pottery and associated contexts of the Incised Rim tradition. This intricate macroregional network, in effect an Interaction Sphere, includes such features as a standardisation of communication systems expressed in material culture and in forms of using and organizing space. The chronology presented in this dissertation also provides pointers to reassess the use of traditional archaeological concepts such as phases and traditions. It employs these categories with some flexibility inasmuch as the sets of artefacts that have been studied show inherent fluidity in their definitions. In the confluence area of the Negro and Solimões rivers, this permits unravelling a history that is based on an understanding of the relationships between the Açutuba, Manacapuru and Paredão phases.

Les formes du temps chez Albert Cohen ont montré qu'il existe une interaction entre le temps chronologique romanesque et l'histoire écrite en filigrane l'ensemble des œuvres. Les différentes formes et modes d'expression du temps chez Cohen constituent le socle d'une écriture plurielle en contradiction avec son temps. L’œuvre de Cohen dépasse tous les clivages de la temporalité poétique, romanesque, lyrique, théâtrale, autobiographique, profane et sacrée pour atteindre une dimension universelle d'une construction du temps fondé sur la différence. Le récit a précisément pour rôle de permettre le décryptage du temps par l'homme à travers une expérience intime dont les différentes manifestations les plus fréquentes dans les romans cohéniens sont l'attente, la solitude, l'ennui et la mélancolie. Le moment intime est non seulement illimité mais il reste ouvert à plusieurs horizons ce qui permet d'ailleurs la cohabitation de multiples séquences spatio-temporelles. Avec l'Histoire, le temps admet deux réalités parallèles : une première, terrestre, à partir de laquelle l'homme commence à évaluer le temps chronologique et linéaire ; une seconde, mythique regroupant la première en lui donnant un ancrage dans le temps d'antan que l'écrivain régénère avec l'avènement d'un nouvel Adam. / Forms at the time Albert Cohen showed that there is an interaction between chronological time and history novels written between the lines of all works. Different forms and modes of expression of time in Cohen are the foundation of a plural writing in contradiction with the times. Cohen's work transcends all divisions of temporality poetic, romantic, lyrical, dramatic, autobiographical, profane and sacred dimension to achieve a universal construction based on the time difference. The History is precisely to allow the decryption part time by man through an intimate experience with the various manifestations common in novels cohéniens are waiting, loneliness, boredom and melancholy. The intimate moment is not only unlimited but it remains open in several horizons thereby also the coexistence of multiple spatio-temporal sequences. With history, time admits two parallel realities : first, land, from which he begins to evaluate the chronological time and linear second, involving the mythical first giving it a foothold in the time of old regenerates the writer with the advent of a new Adam.

Esta dissertação descreve as atividades realizadas durante duas etapas de escavações em 2006 e 2007 nos sítios Lago do Iranduba e Laguinho, ambos localizados no município de Iranduba (AM), e apresenta os resultados e conclusões oriundas desta pesquisa. Buscou-se, desde a primeira intervenção, compreender os padrões de uso, ocupação e abandono dos sítios, além de estabelecer uma cronologia baseada em datações relativas e absolutas. As pesquisas realizadas pelo PAC (Projeto Amazônia Central) em sítios na região sugerem um ápice demográfico da ocupação humana pré-colonial na Amazônia central durante o fim do primeiro milênio DC. Confirmar esse clímax ocupacional nos sítios Lago do Iranduba e Laguinho é o principal objetivo desta pesquisa. Para testar esta hipótese, investigamos as informações contidas no material cerâmico, sobretudo diagnosticando-o em relação às fases já estabelecidas para a região. Interpretamos também as feições e montículos como correlatos materiais destas ocupações humanas. Sugerimos nesta dissertação um método de classificação das feições baseada em seu conteúdo, morfologia e volume, que gerou uma tipologia; e calculamos o volume dos grandes montículos do sítio Laguinho para discorrer sobre sua monumentalidade e criar quadros hipotéticos sobre o esforço humano envolvido em sua construção. Nesta pesquisa identificamos duas ocupações humanas no sítio Lago do Iranduba, relacionadas às fases cerâmicas Paredão e Guarita. No sítio Laguinho foram identificadas três ocupações distintas, relacionadas à cerâmica das fases Açutuba, Paredão e Guarita. Através das datações absolutas e relativas e da interpretação do registro arqueológico confirmamos a hipótese do apogeu demográfico, ocorrido no fim do primeiro milênio na Amazônia central, por grupos fabricantes da cerâmica Paredão. Ocupação humana responsável pelas principais modificações da paisagem, representadas na construção dos grandes montículos e da maior parte das feições no sítio Laguinho. / This dissertation describes the two excavation seasons in 2006 and 2007, in Lago do Iranduba and Laguinho sites, both in Iranduba city, estate of Amazonas - Brazil; and presents the results and conclusions of this research. Since the first archaeological intervention, we have been trying to comprehend the patterns of use, occupation and abandon of the sites and to establish a chronology based on relative and absolute dates. The research developed by PAC (Central Amazon Project) in the region sites suggests a demographical apex in the pre-colonial occupations in central Amazon during the end of the first millennium AD. To confirm this climax in the occupations in Laguinho and Lago do Iranduba sites is the main goal of this research. To test this hypothesis, we investigate the data enclosed in the ceramics to diagnose it in accordance with the ceramic phases already established to the area. The features and the mounds were also considered correlated materials of these human occupations. We suggest in this dissertation a classification method for features that rely on its content, morphology and volume, and create a typology; we also calculate the volume of the larger mounds of Laguinho site to discuss its monumentality and develop simulations about human effort involved on its construction. In this research we identified two occupations in Lago do Iranduba site, related to Paredão and Guarita phases. In Laguinho site three different occupations were identified, related to Açutuba, Paredão and Guarita phases. Through the absolute and relative dates and the interpretation of the archaeological record we confirm the hypothesis of demographic apogee occurring in the en of the first millennium in central Amazon, by groups that manufactured the ceramics classified as Paredão phase. The same human occupation is responsible for the major changes in the landscape, represented on the building of the large mounds and most of the features.

<p>The aim of the thesis is to cast light on the earliest settlement of northern Sweden. The starting point is lithic artifacts, which have been studied from a technological as well as a more conventional typological perspective (Papers I, II, and IV). Paper III deals primarily with geological and palaeoecological methods and my contribution is mainly confined to the lithic artifacts. The main research objectives are concerned with early postglacial colonization and cultural affiliation mirrored through technological traditions. Another “main thread” is a source-critical discussion regarding dating problems, and the chronological integrity of find contexts. The chronological position of artifact types in the North Swedish Mesolithic is another related problem being discussed.</p><p>The geographical area under investigation comprises northern Sweden sensu largo: Norrland plus the provinces of Värmland and Dalarna. The time period studied is the Mesolithic, with an emphasis on the earliest part, ca. 8500–7500 BP.</p><p>Paper I discusses the Mesolithic in the province of Värmland. There are traits indicating both an affiliation with the Lihult/Nøstvet sphere (for example, Lihult axes and saws/knives of sandstone) as well as other features more common in an eastern/northern context (quartz use, bipolar reduction, and, at least for the final Mesolithic and Neolithic, slate artifacts).</p><p>Paper II aims at elucidating microblade technology in northern Sweden as regards chronological position and cultural context. It was found that microblade production from handle cores (also called wedge-shaped cores) was introduced at about the same time in northern Sweden as in other areas of Scandinavia where these artifacts occur, ca. 8000–7500 BP. The handle core tradition continued until ca. 5500/5000 BP.</p><p>Paper III deals with lake-tilting caused by non-uniform glacio-isostatic uplift. This phenomenon has been used to identify potential areas of Mesolithic occupation in the Arjeplog area, Lapland. Surveys and excavations within the research project "Man, Fire, and Landscape", have significantly increased the number of Mesolithic sites in the area. The investigations have resulted in the discovery of the oldest firmly dated archaeological site in northern Sweden, Dumpokjauratj, in Arjeplog parish, Lapland, with a maximum date of 8630 ± 85 BP.</p><p>Paper IV discusses the pioneering phase of occupation in northern Sweden, in the light of the above-mentioned site of Dumpokjauratj and a site at Garaselet in northern Västerbotten. These are further compared with contemporary sites in surrounding areas of Fennoscandia. The majority of the assemblages are dominated by platform reduction, even if bipolar reduction also occurs at the earliest sites. Slate artifacts found at Dumpokjauratj suggest connections with the Finnish Mesolithic, which is the only cultural context in our region with documented slate use at this early point in time. But there are also traits that do not specifically point towards Finland, e.g. frequent use of fine-grained flint-like materials and porphyry, and (at Dumpokjauratj) a lanceolate microlith made of a microblade of this fine-grained igneous rock. The latter suggests associations with the Scandinavian Mesolithic in general.</p><p>In any event, the early dates from Dumpokjauratj show that interior Lapland was occupied soon after deglaciation, probably within a few hundred years.</p>

<p>Three long sediment cores (BDP-98 – 600 m, BDP-96 – 200 m and BDP-93 – 100 m) drilled in Lake Baikal (Siberia) have been studied with the aims of establishing an absolute chronology and reconstructing paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes in the region. The location of the lake at relatively high latitude and continental interior and a thick continuous sedimentary archive that developed in a rift system tectonic setting provide unique material for this investigation. The cosmogenic isotope ¹⁰Be was used for dating and the results indicate time spans of 8 (+0.8\-0.6) Myr for BDP-98, 5.5 (±0.13) Myr for BDP-96 and >0.7 Myr for BDP-93. Two major sedimentary facies (deltaic and hemipelagic) are distinguished by textural geochemical and mineralogical data. Detrital mineral composition suggests negligible change in provenance during the period studied. Formation of authigenic minerals, such as framboidal pyrite, vivianite and siderite, reflects variable environmental conditions in the lake and climate change in the region. Biogenic silica content shows climatic influence, which is modified by the supply of detrital material and postdepositional alterations. ¹⁰Be dating, combined with lithological analysis of the sediments, makes it possible to place temporal constrains on climate cooling at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary (5 Myr ago) and at the Early/Late Pliocene boundary (3.6 Myr ago) as well as the beginning of the northern hemisphere glaciation at about 2.5–2.6 Myr ago. The regional east-west tectonic extension of south-east Asia, related to Tibetan Plateau uplift, was confined in the Baikal area to between about 7 and 5 Myr ago, with a rifting rate calculated at 7 mm year^-1. Furthermore, the ¹⁰Be data suggest that geomagnetic field intensity strengthened around the Miocene/Pliocene boundary.</p>