The non-linear film - a film telling a story using a reversed or scrambled chronology - has existed since the late 20’s, but just recently gained huge influence and popularity due to films such as Quentin Tarantinos cult-declared Pulp Fiction. In this essay I will analyze this form of narrative, and more specifically; how it’s used in my example film Memento. In my examination, I have seen the original version of the film, and then a re-cut version where the story is “turned over” to form a “normal”, linear narrative. My comparison of the two versions, along with glances towards other films that uses non-linear narrative constitutes the foundation of the analysis, which is also supported by literary resources in the subject. My aim is to formulate some sort of answer to the question; what does the non-linear narrative mean for my understanding of the film? I will in addition, briefly explain my understanding of the difference between linear and non-linear narrative.

Sammandrag Alla tiders historia? är en studie av vad läroplanen i historia 1a1 (Gymnasieskola 2011) de facto innebär för ämnet vad gäller innehåll och historiesyn. Uppsatsen inleds med en kort presentation av ämnet för att sedan redogöra för olika lingvistiska och semantiska tolkningsmodeller hämtade hos filosofer som Saussure, Russell och Wittgenstein vilka kommer att användas i själva analysen av läroplanerna och Skolverkets kommentarer till dessa. I syfte att visa på hur historiesyn hör ihop med kunskapssyn ges även en presentation av olika epistemologiska skolor.  Själva textanalysen visar att det råder en stor begreppsförvirring i läroplanen då många begrepp inte definieras, eller ges olika innehåll vid olika tillfällen.  Analysen visar även att läroplanen förordar en dialektisk historiesyn med inslag av historicism utan att visa på alternativa perspektiv på historien. / Abstract The history of all time? is a study of what the curriculum in history 1a1 (Gymnasieskola 2011) de facto means for the subject in terms of content and historical views. The essay begins with a brief presentation of the topic and then explains various linguistic and semantic interpretation models retrieved by philosophers like Saussure, Russell and Wittgenstein which will be used in the actual analysis of the curricula and the National Agency for Education comments on them. In order to show how historical views is associated with the concept of knowledge is also given a display of various epistemological schools. The actual text analysis shows that there is great confusion in the curriculum since many concepts are not defined, or given different content at different times. The analysis also shows that the curriculum advocates a dialectical view of history with elements of historicism but fails to show alternative perspectives on history. Keywords: history, curriculum, view of history, semantics, text analysis, historicism, chronology

This thesis is divided into three distinct yet related chapters. The first chapter deals with the question of the actual calendar which is used in Jubilees. The work criticizes scholarly opinions concerning the calendar which have gone relatively unchallenged since the Qumran discovery. The chapter concludes that while the calendar question is difficult and many calendars can be detected as functioning in the work, it is the 28-day month which is dominant and not months of 30, 30 and 31 days. In the second chapter which deals with the genealogy of the patriarchs, the attention of the reader is directed to the names of the wives of the patriarchs. The question which the thesis raises at this point is related to the function of these women in the narrative in relation to the etymology of their names. The conclusion reached is that the narrative and the etymology of the names are clearly related. For example, when the etymological meaning of a woman is favourable, the narrative at that point is positive and vice versa. Chapter Three deals with chronology which is in close proximity to both calendar and genealogy. The question the thesis asks is how the chronology of Jubilees relates to the chronologies of MT, LXX and SP and also raises the question as to which chronology that of Jubilees is dependant upon for its structure. It is determined that Jubilees and SP are most closely related. The structure itself of the chronology of Jubilees is examined and it is concluded that the design is more concerned with past history than future history. The implications of the thesis on the questions of date and authorship are considered. The conclusion is reached that the author is a member of an unnamed conservative-pietist sect who wrote at a time later than Antiochus IV.

Habil.-Schr., Bern. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

This review considers important themes concerning the peopling of South America that have been analyzed in the various articles in this volume. The identification of the oldest lithic tools, the criteria of human association with extinct faunas and the selection of analytical units used to describe the process of peopling are the main themes. Paleoenvironmental issues and its relevance to understand the process of human colonization are also considered. / Se presenta una discusión acerca de algunos temas centrales relacionados con el poblamiento de América del Sur que han sido objeto de análisis en los distintos artículos de este volumen. Se enfatizan cuestiones de identifi cación de las herramientas líticas más antiguas, criterios de asociación humana con fauna extinta y elección de unidades analíticas utilizadas para describir los procesos de poblamiento. También se considera la relevancia de los aspectos paleoambientales para comprender el proceso de colonización humana.

La partie orientale de la Méditerranée, est une des régions sismiques les plus actives en Europe. La présence dans cette région de nombreux lacs et bassins marins isolé fait de cette région un endroit idéal pour étudier l'enregistrement de l'activité sismo- tectonique et les principaux changements climatiques dans des environnements subaquatiques. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude de l'enregistrement paléosismique subaquatique du Quaternaire tardive dans deux bassins: la Mer de Marmara et le Golfe de Corinthe. Ces derniers sont des bassins marins isolés traversés par des failles majeures (par exemple, la faille Nord Anatolienne). Nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'identification des traces laissées par des paléoséismes dans l'enregistrement sédimentaire, en particulier, les couches nommées ici: "homogenites + turbidites" (HmTu), lequel représentent des événements sédimentaires quasi instantanés induits par des secousses sismiques. Leur identification a été réalisée à partir des analyses sédimentologiques classiques et des propriétés magnétiques, en particulier, l'anisotropie de la susceptibilité magnétique. Les analyses ont été effectuées sur les sédiments carottés à l'aide du système géant à piston CALYPSO. Ces sédiments représentent les dernières 17 cal ka BP de sédimentation, et ont enregistré le dernier passage de conditions non marine à des conditions marines. Dans la mer de Marmara, ce passage a été identifié autour de 12,8 cal ka BP, tandis que, dans le golfe de Corinthe était d'environ 11,7 cal ka BP. Dans les deux bassins, l'enregistrement des événements instantanés considérés comme induits par des séismes a permis l'estimation d'un intervalle moyen de récurrence. Dans le bassin de Çınarcık de la mer de Marmara, l'intervalle de récurrence moyenne minimale varie entre ~155 et ~365 ans, tandis que pour la partie orientale du golfe de Corinthe, l'intervalle de récurrence moyenne minimale varie entre ~400 et ~500 ans. Enfin, dans le bassin central de la mer de Marmara, l'étude des événements HmTu corrélées sur les côtés opposés d'un segment de la faille nord-anatolienne permet d'estimer le décalage vertical co-sismique pour une période continue de 2 ka. Des valeurs significatives observées étaient des décalées verticalement (jusqu'à 144 cm), ce qui implique un déplacement verticalement dominant (normal) pour ce segment. / The Eastern Mediterranean is one of most seismically active and rapidly deforming regions in Europe. The presence in this region of numerous lakes and isolate marine basins makes this region an ideal area to study the record of the seismo-tectonic activity and the main climatic changes in sub-aquatic environments. In this thesis we are interested in studying the Late Quaternary sub-aquatic paleoseismic record of two basins: The Sea of Marmara and The Gulf of Corinth. Both are isolated deep marine basins, crossed by major faults (e.g. the North Anatolian Fault). We focused on identifying the traces left by paleoearthquakes in the sedimentary record, particularly, the layers named here: “homogenites+turbidites” (HmTu), which represent individual sedimentary seism-induced events. Their identification was performed through classical sedimentological analyzes and magnetic properties, in particular the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility. Analyzes were conducted on sediment recovered by long Calypso piston cores. These sediments represent the last 17 cal kyr BP of sedimentation, and have recorded the last non-marine to marine change. In the Sea of Marmara, this passage was identified around 12.8 cal kyr BP, whereas in the Gulf of Corinth was around 11.7 cal kyr BP. In both basins, the record of the earthquake induced instantaneous events allowed the estimation of the average earthquake recurrence interval. In the Çinarcik Basin of the Sea of Marmara, the minimum average recurrence interval varies between ∼155 and 365 yr, while for the eastern part of the Gulf of Corinth the minimum average recurrence interval varies between ∼400 and ∼500 yr. Finally, in the Central Basin of the Sea of Marmara, the study of correlated HmTu events at opposite sides of a segment of the North Anatolian Fault allows the estimation of the co-seismic vertical offset for a continuous period of 2 kyr. Significant values of vertical offset were observed (up to 144 cm), implying a dominant vertical (normal) throw for this fault segment.

The Ceramics of Tiwanaku: What does the Variability Mean?Increasingly researchers observe a wide range of variability in Tiwanaku ceramics, not only in distant regions but also within the Tiwanaku heartland of the south Titicaca Basin. This variation makes it difficult to apply the three phase or five phase chronologies developed earlier this century, as is evidenced by the wide variety of adaptations made to accommodate new data into the old periodizations. What emerges from this newly described variability is a timeline for Tiwanaku that is both shorter and more complex than previously thought. This contradicts models of Tiwanaku as a monolithic, highly centralized state with few definable periods of distinct ceramic production or decorative style. / Cada vez más investigadores notan una amplia gama de variabilidad en la cerámica de Tiwanaku, no solo en las regiones a mucha distancia, sino también en la región central de Tiwanaku, al sur de la cuenca del lago Titicaca. Esta situación hace difícil aplicar las cronologías de tres y cinco fases desarrolladas a comienzos de este siglo, como lo evidencia la gran variedad de modificaciones hechas en ellas para poder acomodar los nuevos datos. Lo que emerge de esta nueva información es que el desarrollo temporal de la entidad política Tiwanaku es, simultáneamente, más corto y complejo de lo que se pensaba anteriormente. Esto contradice los modelos de Tiwanaku como un estado monolítico altamente centralizado, con algunos pocos periodos definibles de producción cerámica o estilo decorativo.

The excavations in the archaeological site of Kuntur Wasi, carried out from 1988 to 2002 by the Japanese Archaeological Mission, have clarified, in detail, the architectural sequence of this ceremonial center in the northern highlands of Perú during the Formative Period. The authors have established nine architectural sub-phases at the site. According to our analyses, at the beginning of the Kuntur Wasi phase, the "basic construction principle" of the temple was established. This is composed of three architectural elements, which were maintained until the second sub-phase of the Copa phase. However, in the last sub-phase of the Copa phase the importance of the "basic construction principle" was lost. During the Sotera phase, Kuntur Wasi no longer functioned as a ceremonial center. The results of our analysis of the architectural sequence at Kuntur Wasi offer a point of reference for discussing social processes of the Formative Period in the Central Andes within a broader context. / Las excavaciones en el sitio arqueológico de Kuntur Wasi, realizadas desde 1988 hasta 2002 por parte de la Misión Arqueológica Japonesa, han podido esclarecer en detalle la secuencia arquitectónica de un centro ceremonial en la sierra norte del Perú durante el Periodo Formativo y han establecido nueve subfases constructivas. Según los análisis, al inicio de la fase Kuntur Wasi se estableció el Principio Constructivo Básico del Templo, compuesto por tres elementos arquitectónicos; este principio se mantuvo vigente hasta la segunda subfase constructiva de la fase Copa. Por último, en la fase Sotera, Kuntur Wasi dejó de funcionar como un centro ceremonial. Los resultados del estudio de la secuencia constructiva de este complejo ofrecen un punto de referencia desde el que es posible discutir el proceso social del Periodo Formativo en los Andes centrales en un contexto más amplio.

The Formative Period in PiuraUp to the eighties knowledge about the Piura Formative was basically restricted to the coast whereas the Upper Piura area was insufficiently known. The Archaeological Project Upper Piura (1986-1990) and subsequent research have changed this perspective drastically. The recent results are presented and critically examined concentrating on their potential for a new chronological framework and Piura’s particular significance for the understanding of the Northern Formative in general. / Hasta la década de los ochenta, el Periodo Formativo de Piura se conoció básicamente a través de investigaciones en el litoral del Bajo Piura, mientras que el conocimiento del Alto Piura era deficiente. El Proyecto Arqueológico Alto Piura (1986-1990) e investigaciones posteriores han cambiado esencialmente esta situación. Se presentan los resultados recientes examinándolos críticamente con el fin de establecer una cronología y de conocer la particular importancia de Piura en el Formativo del norte.

With the objective of refining regional chronologies in the lower portion of Nepeña Valley, coastal Áncash, this article examines sequential data from architecture and ceramic contexts at the site of Huambacho. Recent investigations at the Early Horizon center of Huambacho have brought evidence to explore the emergence and development of a regional cultural tradition in the lower portions of the north-central coast of Perú, characterized by a typical architectural design of interior colonnade. This contribution reviews architectural and material elements of this tradition, its regional distribution, and excavation from stratified deposits. Data from building sequences, ceramics, and radiocarbon measurements are analyzed in light of previous interpretive frameworks. Results suggest the development of a distinct cultural tradition encompassing the lower portions of coastal Áncash and contemporary with a multitude of ceramic styles previously interpreted as successive chronological phases. / Este artículo examina datos secuenciales de contextos arquitectónicos y cerámicos del sitio de Huambacho con el objetivo de refinar las cronologías regionales en la parte baja del valle de Nepeña, costa de Áncash, durante el primer milenio a.C. Las recientes investigaciones en el centro del Horizonte Temprano de Huambacho han brindado indicios para explorar el surgimiento y el desarrollo de una tradición cultural regional que se caracteriza por un diseño típico de columnatas interiores. Esta contribución revisa los elementos arquitectónicos y materiales de esta tradición, su distribución regional y excavación en contextos estratificados. Los datos de las secuencias constructivas, la cerámica y las mediciones radiocarbónicas son analizados a la luz de los marcos interpretativos previos. Los resultados sugieren el desarrollo de una tradición cultural distinta, que se distribuye en las partes bajas de la costa de Áncash y fue contemporánea con una diversidad de estilos cerámicos previamente interpretados como fases cronológicas sucesivas.