Die Leistungsfähigkeit vieler kognitiver Funktionen zeigt tageszeitliche Schwankungen, welche auf dem Zusammenspiel der im 2-Prozess-Modell der Schlafregulation beschriebenen Prozes- se basieren: dem homöostatischen Schlafdruck (Prozess S) sowie dem circadianen Schrittma- cher (Prozess C). Darüberhinaus existieren verschiedene Chronotypen, welche oftmals einen synchrony-effect, also eine bessere Leistung zu für sie optimalen Tageszeiten im Vergleich zu nicht-optimalen Tageszeiten, zeigen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, in- wieweit die Leistungsfähigkeit der mittels des Attention Network Task (ANT) gemessenen Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen tonische und phasische Alertness, Orientierung und exekutive Aufmerksamkeit aufgrund homöostatischer und circadianer Faktoren bei extremen Chrono- typen tageszeitabhängige und/oder chronotypabhängige Variationen unter synchronisierten Bedingungen (also einem normalen Tag-Nacht-Rhythmus) mit selbstgewählten Schlafzeiten zeigen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden je 20 ausgeprägte Morgen- bzw. Abendtypen zu fünf ver- schiedenen Uhrzeiten (9:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00 und 21:00 Uhr) in randomisierter Reihenfolge getestet. Phasische Alertness, Orientierung sowie die exekutive Aufmerksamkeit zeigten sich bei beiden Chronotypen im Tagesverlauf stabil. Die in einer ähnlichen Studie gefundenen Schwankungen der phasischen Alertness der Morgen-/Neutraltypen sowie der exekutiven Auf- merksamkeit bei beiden Chronotypen konnten nicht repliziert werden, was wahrscheinlich auf eine unterschiedliche Einteilung in Chronotypgruppen sowie ein unterschiedliches Studiende- sign zurückzuführen ist. Möglicherweise kann dies aber auch darauf hinweisen, dass es sich bei der Chronotyp-Dimension auf behavioraler Ebene nicht um ein Kontinuum handelt. Wäh- rend die tonische Alertness bei den Morgentypen gleich blieb, zeigte sich bei den Abendtypen ein synchrony-effect, d.h. sie zeigten eine Verbesserung der Leistung im Tagesverlauf, wobei nicht auszuschließen ist, dass neben der nicht-optimalen circadianen Phase der Abendtypen am Morgen auch sleep inertia sowie partielle Schlafdeprivation zu diesem Verlauf beigetragen haben können. Darüberhinaus zeigten die Morgentypen unabhängig von der Tageszeit eine generell schlechtere Orientierungsfunktion als die Abendtypen, was die Hypothese einer ver- schiedenartigen hemisphärischen Dominanz bei den verschiedenen Chronotypen unterstützt. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie unterstützen die These, dass verschiedene kognitive Prozesse selektiv durch homöostatische und circadiane Prozesse moduliert werden, da selbst so ähnliche Funktionen wie die tonische und die phasische Alertness unterschiedliche Ver- läufe zeigen und in einer früheren Studie Schwankungen der phasischen Alertness und der exekutiven Aufmerksamkeit bei moderaten Morgen-/Neutraltypen bzw. moderaten Abendty- pen beschrieben wurden. Ob die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse der vorliegenden und früherer Studien tatsächliche Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Chronotypen reflektieren oder Un- terschieden des jeweiligen Studiendesigns geschuldet sind, ist in weiterführenden Studien zu untersuchen.

The prospective Ulm-SPATZ study was investigated to assess the role of child sleeping quality between 4 to 6 years of age in affecting a partner’s sleeping and relationship satisfaction within a couple. The study was conducted using a triadic approach in which the child was included in the Actor-Partner-Interdependence Model (APIM). Sleeping quality of the child was determined by using the German version of the children’s sleep habits questionnaire, sleeping features of the parents were assessed by using the Munich chronotype questionnaire, and the partner relationship assessment was performed by employing the German version of the parenting stress index questionnaire. In 211 German triads, we observed that sleeping characteristics and partner relationship scores at different child ages are consistent for both men and women. Higher and statistically significant sleep duration, time spent in bed, the midpoint of sleep, time getting out of bed, and sleep onset in women compared to men during the working days were observed. The APIM analyses showed a significant direct effect of child sleep quality on the partner relationship satisfaction. In women, a mediated effect of child sleep quality acted through sleep duration and time spent in bed on the partner relationship satisfaction score during both free and working days. In men, low child sleep quality was found to be associated with increased sleep onset during both free and working days. Child sleep quality influences relationship satisfaction mostly in mothers, likely because of their higher involvement in childcare during working days. Distress in the couple could be counteracted by a major involvement of the fathers in child management.

Objetivo Investigar a associação dos horários de trabalho e padrões de exposição à luz com ciclo vigília-sono e secreção de melatonina em trabalhadores da Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes. Método Estudo transversal realizado no município de Xapuri, Acre, com 340 seringueiros e 148 trabalhadores uma fábrica de preservativos (46 trabalhadores administrativos e 102 operários). Na primeira etapa do estudo foram coletados, por meio de questionários, dados sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, condições de trabalho, padrões de sono, preferência diurna, perfil cronobiológico (cronotipo), morbidades referidas e relato de dores musculoesqueléticas. Na segunda etapa do estudo, observando critérios de exclusão, foram selecionados 62 trabalhadores (42 seringueiros e 20 operários). Nesta etapa, seringueiros e operários foram acompanhados por 21 dias e 10 dias, respectivamente, nos quais foram coletados dados referentes ao padrão de atividade/repouso (actimetria), exposição à luz e melatonina salivar. Resultados Os resultados da primeira etapa mostraram que os dias de trabalho e folga dos seringueiros são diferentes em relação aos horários de início, fim e duração de sono (p<0,01). Similarmente aos seringueiros, também foram observadas diferenças relativas aos padrões de sono (horários de início e fim), entre os operários, em todos os turnos estudados (matutino, vespertino e noturno), segundo dia de trabalho e dia de folga. A segunda etapa da pesquisa evidenciou que a presença de energia elétrica na residência teve efeito significativo no horário de início e duração de sono e no horário de início da secreção de melatonina dos seringueiros (p<0,01). Os seringueiros mostraram um adiantamento do horário de início da secreção de melatonina, padrão semelhante ao encontrado em parte dos operários, o que pode estar relacionado a uma maior tendência à matutinidade. Além disso, os seringueiros foram expostos à intensidade e período de luz (natural e artificial) maiores quando comparados aos trabalhadores da fábrica. Os operários apresentaram maiores escores de sonolência nos turnos matutino e noturno, sendo este último associado à ocorrência de distúrbios de sono e fadiga ao acordar. Conclusão A distinção observada entre os padrões de sono dos trabalhadores, segundo dias de trabalho e folga, tanto para seringueiros quanto trabalhadores da fábrica, sugere a relevância dos horários de trabalho no ciclo vigília-sono da população estudada. A presença de energia elétrica, assim como a exposição à luz (natural e artificial), revelaram papel significativo na expressão do sistema de temporização circadiana dos trabalhadores estudados. / Aim To investigate the association of working hours and light exposure patterns with the wake-sleep cycle and melatonin secretion of workers from the Chico Mendes Extractivist Reserve. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Xapuri, Acre, involving 340 rubber tappers and 148 condom factory workers (46 administrative workers and 102 shop-floor operatives). The first stage of the study entailed collection, by questionnaire, of data on sociodemographic, life-style, working conditions, sleep patterns, daily preference, chronobiological profile (chronotype), and morbidities and musculoskeletal pains reported. In the second stage of the study, after applying exclusion criteria, a total of 62 workers (42 rubber tappers and 20 factory workers) were selected. In this stage, rubber tapper and factory workers were followed up for 21 days and 10 days, respectively. During the follow-up period, data was collected on activity/rest patterns (actimetry), light exposure, and melatonin levels in saliva. Results The results of the first stage revealed that the work days and days off of rubber tappers differed with regard to start, end and duration of sleep time (p<0.01). Akin to rubber tappers, differences in sleep patterns (start and end times) were also noted among the factory workers, across all shifts studied (morning, evening and night) for work days and days off. The second stage of the study found that having electricity available in the home had a significant effect on the start time and duration of sleep and on the start time of melatonin secretion of the rubber tappers (p<0.01). The rubber tappers exhibited an earlier start time for melatonin secretion, having a similar pattern to that found in some of the factory workers, possibly related to a greater tendency for morningness. In addition, rubber tappers were exposed to greater intensity and periods of light (natural and artificial) compared to the factory workers. The factory workers had higher sleepiness scores during morning and night shifts, with night shifts associated with the occurrence of sleep disturbance and fatigue at waking. Conclusion The differences in the workers´ sleep patterns between work days and days off observed for both rubber tappers and factory workers suggest an influence of working hours on the wake-sleep cycle of the population studied. Presence of electricity, as well as exposure to light (natural and artificial), had an important role in the expression of the circadian rhythm/timing system of the workers studied.

Objetivo Investigar a associação dos horários de trabalho e padrões de exposição à luz com ciclo vigília-sono e secreção de melatonina em trabalhadores da Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes. Método Estudo transversal realizado no município de Xapuri, Acre, com 340 seringueiros e 148 trabalhadores uma fábrica de preservativos (46 trabalhadores administrativos e 102 operários). Na primeira etapa do estudo foram coletados, por meio de questionários, dados sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, condições de trabalho, padrões de sono, preferência diurna, perfil cronobiológico (cronotipo), morbidades referidas e relato de dores musculoesqueléticas. Na segunda etapa do estudo, observando critérios de exclusão, foram selecionados 62 trabalhadores (42 seringueiros e 20 operários). Nesta etapa, seringueiros e operários foram acompanhados por 21 dias e 10 dias, respectivamente, nos quais foram coletados dados referentes ao padrão de atividade/repouso (actimetria), exposição à luz e melatonina salivar. Resultados Os resultados da primeira etapa mostraram que os dias de trabalho e folga dos seringueiros são diferentes em relação aos horários de início, fim e duração de sono (p<0,01). Similarmente aos seringueiros, também foram observadas diferenças relativas aos padrões de sono (horários de início e fim), entre os operários, em todos os turnos estudados (matutino, vespertino e noturno), segundo dia de trabalho e dia de folga. A segunda etapa da pesquisa evidenciou que a presença de energia elétrica na residência teve efeito significativo no horário de início e duração de sono e no horário de início da secreção de melatonina dos seringueiros (p<0,01). Os seringueiros mostraram um adiantamento do horário de início da secreção de melatonina, padrão semelhante ao encontrado em parte dos operários, o que pode estar relacionado a uma maior tendência à matutinidade. Além disso, os seringueiros foram expostos à intensidade e período de luz (natural e artificial) maiores quando comparados aos trabalhadores da fábrica. Os operários apresentaram maiores escores de sonolência nos turnos matutino e noturno, sendo este último associado à ocorrência de distúrbios de sono e fadiga ao acordar. Conclusão A distinção observada entre os padrões de sono dos trabalhadores, segundo dias de trabalho e folga, tanto para seringueiros quanto trabalhadores da fábrica, sugere a relevância dos horários de trabalho no ciclo vigília-sono da população estudada. A presença de energia elétrica, assim como a exposição à luz (natural e artificial), revelaram papel significativo na expressão do sistema de temporização circadiana dos trabalhadores estudados. / Aim To investigate the association of working hours and light exposure patterns with the wake-sleep cycle and melatonin secretion of workers from the Chico Mendes Extractivist Reserve. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Xapuri, Acre, involving 340 rubber tappers and 148 condom factory workers (46 administrative workers and 102 shop-floor operatives). The first stage of the study entailed collection, by questionnaire, of data on sociodemographic, life-style, working conditions, sleep patterns, daily preference, chronobiological profile (chronotype), and morbidities and musculoskeletal pains reported. In the second stage of the study, after applying exclusion criteria, a total of 62 workers (42 rubber tappers and 20 factory workers) were selected. In this stage, rubber tapper and factory workers were followed up for 21 days and 10 days, respectively. During the follow-up period, data was collected on activity/rest patterns (actimetry), light exposure, and melatonin levels in saliva. Results The results of the first stage revealed that the work days and days off of rubber tappers differed with regard to start, end and duration of sleep time (p<0.01). Akin to rubber tappers, differences in sleep patterns (start and end times) were also noted among the factory workers, across all shifts studied (morning, evening and night) for work days and days off. The second stage of the study found that having electricity available in the home had a significant effect on the start time and duration of sleep and on the start time of melatonin secretion of the rubber tappers (p<0.01). The rubber tappers exhibited an earlier start time for melatonin secretion, having a similar pattern to that found in some of the factory workers, possibly related to a greater tendency for morningness. In addition, rubber tappers were exposed to greater intensity and periods of light (natural and artificial) compared to the factory workers. The factory workers had higher sleepiness scores during morning and night shifts, with night shifts associated with the occurrence of sleep disturbance and fatigue at waking. Conclusion The differences in the workers´ sleep patterns between work days and days off observed for both rubber tappers and factory workers suggest an influence of working hours on the wake-sleep cycle of the population studied. Presence of electricity, as well as exposure to light (natural and artificial), had an important role in the expression of the circadian rhythm/timing system of the workers studied.

Orientador: Elenice Aparecida de Moraes Ferrari / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T09:45:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_RubiaAparecidaPereiradeCarvalho_M.pdf: 3863370 bytes, checksum: 488ca978a38a7cb5f131a008fc5ceac4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este estudo investigou a distribuição do cronotipo (matutino, intermediário e vespertino), a sonolência diurna, o desempenho em testes de memória e de compreensão de leitura em estudantes do turno da manhã e da tarde (12 a 17 anos). Na Fase 1, foram utilizados o Questionário de Cronotipo (HO) e o formulário para identificação de queixas de sono (n = 435). Na Fase 2 (n = 81) utilizou-se a Escala de Sonolência de Karolinska (KSS) aplicada imediatamente antes da sessão de testes, que ocorreram em dois horários (7h00 e 16h45), as Escalas de Leitura (EL) e de Desempenho Escolar em Língua Portuguesa (ED), o Teste de Extensão de Dígitos direto e inverso (SPANdir; SPANinv), o Teste dos Blocos de Corsi direto e inverso (CORSIdir; CORSIinv), o Teste de Memória Episódica imediato e tardio (MEI; MET) e o Teste de compreensão da leitura (CLOZE). Os resultados mostraram uma distribuição normal para os diferentes cronotipos, com aumento na vespertinidade em adolescentes mais velhos. As queixas mais freqüentes (Teste qui-quadrado) foram insônia e muita necessidade de sono predominantes em vespertinos, independentemente do turno de estudo. Os adolescentes de cronotipo matutinos estavam menos sonolentos em relação aos vespertinos, em ambos os horários testados, sendo que os testados no horário da tarde estavam menos sonolentos que os da manhã (ANOVA; p < 0,05). A pontuação média na EL e ED classificou os adolescentes em alto nível acadêmico (ANA), média = ou > que 5 (n = 50) e baixo nível acadêmico (BNA), média < que 5 (n = 31). A análise do conjunto de dados de todos os 81 sujeitos (ANA e BNA) mostrou melhor desempenho no teste CORSIinv realizado no horário da tarde (R = -0,5) em adolescentes vespertinos e no teste MET no horário da manhã (R = -0,4) em adolescentes menos sonolentos (Teste de Spearman; p < 0,05). Quando se analisou apenas os sujeitos ANA observou-se melhor desempenho dos adolescentes matutinos nos testes SPANinv realizados no horário da manhã (R = 0,3) e no teste MEI no horário da tarde (R = 0,4). Também foi verificado melhor desempenho em adolescentes menos sonolentos nos testes CORSIinv (R = -0,6) e CLOZE (R = -0,5) realizados no horário da manhã (Teste de Spearman; p < 0,05). Em conjunto, essas análises demonstraram que o cronotipo, a sonolência diurna, o nível de leitura e o desempenho escolar exercem influência no desempenho em testes de memória. Mais ainda, mostram a importância de se avaliar o nível acadêmico do indivíduo para precisar a relação que cronotipo e a sonolência exercem sobre a memória / Abstract: This study investigated the distribution of different chronotypes (morning, indifferent and evening), the diurnal sleepiness, the performance in tests of memory and reading comprehension in students (12-17 years old) of both morning and afternoon school periods. In the Phase 1, we used the Chronotype Questionnaire (HO) and Sleep Complaints form (n = 435). In Phase 2 (n = 81) there has been used the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) immediately before the morning (7am) and afternoon (4:45pm) testing sessions, the Reading (SR) and School Performance in Portuguese Language (SP) Scales, the Digit Span (direct, SPANdir and inverse, SPANinv), Corsi Block (direct, CORSIdir and inverse, CORSIinv), Episodic Memory (immediate, IEM and late, LEM) and the reading comprehension test (Cloze). The results showed a normal distribution of the different chronotypes, with increased eveningness in older adolescents. The most frequent sleep complaints ( x -square test) were the need for longer sleep duration and the insomnia. Those complaints were more frequent in the evening type adolescents, regardless of the school period. The morning type adolescents were less sleepier than the evening type adolescents in both testing times, but during afternoon sessions they were less sleepier than during the morning sessions (ANOVA; p < 0,05). The adolescents were classified in high (HAL, score > 5, n = 50), or low academic level (LAL, score < 5, n = 31), accordingly to their SR and SP average score. The analysis considering all the 81 adolescents (ANA e BNA) indicated that evening type had better performance than the morning type adolescents in the CORSIinv test conducted at the afternoon time (R = -0.5), whereas less sleepy adolescents showed better performance than more sleepy adolescents (R = -0.4) in the MET test during the morning session (Spearman test; p < 0.05). Data analysis of the HAL students only showed that morning type adolescents performed better than evening type adolescents in the SPANinv test conducted in the morning (R = 0.3) and MEI test conducted in the afternoon (R= 0.4). Also the performance in CORSIinv (R = -0.6) and CLOZE tests (R = -0.5) was better in less sleepy than in more sleepy adolescents during the morning sessions (Spearman test; p < 0.05). Together, these results demonstrate that the performance of adolescents in memory tests can be influencied by their chronotype, sleepiness and level of academic performance. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that assessment of the academic level helps to clarify the role that chronotype and sleepiness have on memory / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestra em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

My experiment concerned the influence of chronobiological (circadian) rhythm on fatigue, effort, and cardiovascular (CV) response. It evaluated responses of morning people (Larks) presented an easy or difficult recognition memory task at a time congruent or incongruent with their rhythm. Based on an extension of a conceptual analysis of fatigue influence, my central prediction was that circadian rhythm would combine interactionally with task difficulty to determine effort and associated CV responses. Specifically, effort and associated CV responses were expected to be (1) positively correspondent to task difficulty in the morning (stronger where difficulty is high), but (2) negatively correspondent to difficulty in the evening (stronger where difficulty is low). Preliminary results showed concerning gender effects on difficulty appraisal of the task, thus we examined women and men's data separately. CV findings for women were broadly, but not completely, consistent with predictions. Analyses revealed no group differences in CV response for Lark men.

Navrhovaná štúdia sa zaoberá výkonom jedinca v kognitívnych testoch, ktoré sú bežnou súčasťou kognitívneho vyšetrenia a sú kľúčové pre stanovenie kognitívneho deficitu neurologických a neuropsychiatrických ochorení ako sú Alzheime schizofrénia a ďalšie poruchy kognitívnych funkcií. Keďže k vyšetrovaniu pacientov môže dochádzať v rôznom čase v priebehu dňa, je nesmierne dôležité stanoviť, či môže čas testovania chronotyp testovaného ovplyvniť kognitívny výkon klinicky významnou mierou. Cieľom tejto štúdie je stanoviť, či chronotyp ovplyvňuje kognitívne funkcie, hlavne pracovnú pamäť, pozornosť a psychomotorické tempo v súvislosti s časom testovania u zdravých dobrovoľníkov. Taktiež u vybraných testových metód stanoviť, či sú ich výsledky závislé na ohľadom na subjektívnu preferenciu participanta a dentifikovať batériu testov vhodnú pre vyšetrovanie kognitívneho deficitu nezávisle na chronotype jedinca a čase testovania. Najskôr boli participantom zadané dotazníky MEQ na určenie chronotypu. Cieľom bolo identifikovať skupinu dobrovoľníkov dvoch extrémne vyhranených chronotypov, u ktorých druhej fáze experimentu sledovali výkon v kognitívnych testoch testech ( ich preferovanú a nepreferovanú dobu. Použitím neparametrických testových metód boli nájdené signifikantné rozdiely medzi sovami vtáčatami a tiež medzi...

This diploma thesis focuses of czech population's description from the perspective of chronotype and its relationship to sociodemographic characteristics and to variables affecting lifestyle. The aim of this thesis is to describe the sample examined in terms of social jetlag. The thesis is based mainly on quantitative methods, specifically I was using individual forms of regression analyzes, which allow to capture the influence of independent variables on the dependent variable. The analytical part data from Qualitas 2016 survey within the AV21 Strategy project are processed. The analysis revealed the existence of an association between chronotype and gender, respectively between chronotype and age. It also turned out that extreme owls consume addictive substances to a greater extent than extreme larks. Owls also generally have higher BMI, lower psychological well-being and more often suffer from social jetlag than those with early circadian preference. However, the social jetlag does not only concern respondents with late circadian preference, but the whole sample analyzed. The average length of social jetlag in the sample is 66 minutes. The analysis also revealed the link between social jetlag and addictive substance abuse.

Ett beteende som vi kan återfinna hos många människor är tendensenatt idealisera tidigt uppstigande genom att tillskriva det positivaegenskaper, något vi valt att benämna morgonidealisering. Deninfluerar våra attityder gentemot såväl morgon- som kvällsmänniskoroch kan bidra till uppfattningar som saknar förankring i verkligheten.I en tvärsnittsstudie där vi samlade in data från enkäter ifyllda avrespondenter som var 15 år eller äldre (N = 246), undersökte vi hurutbrett morgonidealisering är i stickprovet, hur det påverkarvälmående, och huruvida det prediceras av kapitalistisk anda (attman besitter kapitalistiska värderingar), tillmötesgående ochsamvetsgrannhet. Vi fann att morgonidealisering inte har någotsamband med välmående, att samvetsgrannhet och kapitalistisk andapredicerar morgonidealisering till viss del och att morgonidealiseringexisterar i vårt stickprov. Vi bör uppmärksamma attmorgonidealisering existerar för att skydda oss mot den snedvridninggentemot olika kronotyper som den medför. Ett sätt att göra detta äratt upplysa allmänheten om att attityden existerar, att den inte ledertill mer välmående och vilka som är särskilt troliga att anammaattityden / The tendency to idealise getting up early in the morning by attributingit with positive qualities is a behaviour we can observe in a lot ofpeople. We call this behaviour morning idealisation. It permeates ourattitudes toward morning people as well as evening people andcontributes to certain prejudice against both. In a cross-sectionalstudy we gathered data from questionnaires completed by respondentsolder than 15 (N = 246). By analyzing the data we looked into howprevalent morning idealisation is in our sample, how it influenceswellbeing, and to what extent it is influenced by spirit of capitalism,agreeableness and conscientiousness. We found that there is noconnection between morning idealisation and wellbeing, that morningidealisation exists in our sample and that morning idealisation couldpartially be explained by spirit of capitalism and conscientiousness.We should acknowledge the existence of morning idealisation in orderto protect ourselves from biases towards different chronotypes. Oneway to do this is to inform people about the existence of morningidealisation, to show that it doesn’t lead to wellbeing and to show whoare particularly prone to pick up the attitude.

There is a noticeable difference in the debate regarding adolescents’ sleep patterns between the biological clock and society’s clock when we talk about adolescents. Sleep scientists or somnologists, are alarming as more evidence reach the surface that young people are not getting the recommended sleep that is required to perform academically well. Not only are there direct connections between sleep deficit and academic performance, but sleep deficit also takes a critical toll upon their physical and mental health. The problem is that adolescents’ circadian cycle is postponed with a few hours compared to children and adults. This results in a major sleep deficit when adolescents must adjust to societal rhythms and habits – a clock they are not programmed biologically to follow. Adolescents must attend to school in the early morning, when in reality their needs point to that school times in fact should start around 10:00. Society’s view has traditionally been that teenagers are lazy but in fact evidence does prove that it may not be the case. The following essay will therefore serve as an informative update to what has been stated by somnologists and raise awareness regarding adolescents and what happens when they are exposed to a chronic sleep deficit put on them by society.