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Orientador: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: Luis Gustavo Wesz da Silva / Resumo: Faltas permanentes em alimentadores de distribuição causam atuação do sistema de proteção interrompendo o fornecimento de energia elétrica aos consumidores. Um número considerável de faltas é ocasionado por animais e vegetação em contato com partes energizadas da linha. A redução do número de desligamentos indevidos provocados pela vegetação pode ser obtida através de um criterioso programa de podas das árvores que estão sob os circuitos alimentadores. Nesta dissertação o problema de programação de podas de árvores sob a rede de distribuição é formulado como um modelo de programação não linear binária dinâmica. Neste modelo busca-se a redução das taxas de faltas devido à vegetação e a alocação otimizada de recursos humanos e financeiros anuais disponíveis pelas empresas distribuidoras para manutenção da vegetação sob a rede, de modo a não violar a restrição de confiabilidade do sistema. O modelo matemático utiliza como parâmetro a taxa de faltas no alimentador devido à vegetação. Desta forma, foram propostas duas metodologias para determinar as taxas de faltas. Em uma dessas metodologias utiliza-se um modelo de crescimento da vegetação para determinar à taxa de falta, e na outra metodologia a taxa de falta é obtida diretamente dos dados históricos de interrupção do alimentador devido á vegetação, e não requer um segundo modelo para relacionar o crescimento da vegetação às taxas de falta. Para solução do modelo matemático é proposto um algoritmo genético dedicado de Chu-Beasley. A metodologia que utiliza a taxa de crescimento da vegetação foi testada em um sistema de distribuição teste composto por 15 alimentadores, e com diferentes tipos de vegetação sob os mesmos, em que deve ser realizado o planejamento anual de manutenção da vegetação. E a outra metodologia que não considera a taxa de crescimento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Permanent outages in distribution feeders cause the action of the protection system, interrupting the electrical energy supply to the consumers. A considerable number of faults in distribution systems are due to animals and vegetation that come in contact with the overhead power lines. The reduction of the number of faults, due to vegetation under the overhead power lines, can be achieved by means of an adequate vegetation maintenance scheduling. In this dissertation, the vegetation maintenance scheduling is formulated as a non-linear binary and dynamic programming model. This model aims to reduce vegetation-related failure rates and to optimize annual human and financial resources available by electrical energy companies for vegetation maintenance, subject to the system reliability constraint. The vegetation-related failure rate is used as a parameter in the mathematical model. In this way, two methodologies for the vegetation-related failure rates were proposed. The first one utilizes a vegetation growth model to determine failure rates. In the second methodology, failure rates are gotten from historical interruption data that occur on the feeder due to vegetation. In this case, a second model to relate the growth of vegetation with a vegetation-related failure rate is not required. To solve the mathematical model a dedicated Chu-Beasley genetic algorithm is proposed. The first methodology was tested in a test distribution system with 15 sections and different vegetation types, under the circuit feeders where the annual vegetation maintenance scheduling must be found. The other methodology was tested in a real system composed of 27 urban feeders in a city inside the São Paulo's state (Brazil) / Mestre

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面對全球化浪潮的衝擊，外國直接投資(Foreign direct investment, FDI)對於國家經濟與區域發展所扮演的角色越來越重要，此些FDI跨國企業所採取全球生產網絡(Global production networks, GPNs)佈局的投資行為，影響國際間不同區域的產業發展與消長，同時也牽動著台灣地區的產業生態，特別是在中國崛起後對台商所產生磁吸效應的壓力下，如何吸引廠商植根或回流台灣，便成為相當重要的課題。 新竹工業區於開發之初即劃設僑外專區，近幾年來園區的總產值居國內各編定工業區之冠，且區位鄰近新竹科學園區，其產業群聚現象正可作為分析全球生產行為的重要對象。基此，本研究一方面以FDI理論為基礎探討新竹工業區內外資廠商的演進變化，另一方面以GPNs理論建立本研究之分析架構，對工業區內的廠商進行深度訪談並輔以問卷調查，探討工業區內廠商的全球生產營運情況，以及全球生產網絡影響下之投資決策及區位變化。 研究結果發現，外資廠商在1980年代大量聚集在新竹工業區周邊，但在全球化浪潮影響下逐漸撤離台灣或轉進大陸，而之後進駐工業區的外資廠商受到先行廠商的影響，在投資產業類別乃至於資金來源都相當類似，一些未撤離的廠商，則是進一步從生產中心的角色轉化為以知識密集為主的研發中心。 另外，工業區內廠商在全球佈局的投資策略下則是將新竹工業區視為第二鏈(2nd tier)的生產與代工者，以圖像化(mapping)分析的方式(Henderson et al., 2002)發現工業區內廠商(如錸德集團)在價值的創造、增強與獲取上雖然比較低，但在全球與跨界的生產網絡中，其決策的權力卻具有極高的地位，而在地方鑲嵌上則與地區機構與同異業廠商建立一定程度的關係。 / Facing the globalization trend, foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role in national economic and regional development. Global production networks (GPNs) of transnational corporations (TNCs) have influence over worldwide industry and the circumstances of Taiwan. Hsin-chu industrial park planned foreign zone at initial phase of development, and is now with the highest manufacture productivity than other industrial parks in Taiwan. Owing to its proximity to Hsin-chu Science Park, the industry cluster of Hsin-chu industrial park and their production networks shouldn’t be examined with traditional industrial parks. Therefore, this research based on the concept of FDI and GPNs to build a framework for analyzing firms’ changing, globalization decision making and the relocation behavior by using questionnaire and interview. Research results find that the foreign firms can follow up the firms who had left Hsin-chu industrial park, and those who stayed changed their operation type from labor-intensive in1980s to knowledge-intensive at nowadays. Besides, firms in Hsin-chu industrial park play key producers, OEM and ODM in global production networks (2nd tier). By mapping analysis, this research also finds that flag firms (ex: RITEK) have lower value added, enhancement and capture, but have higher power of decision in GPNs and cross-border production networks and embedded deeply in local.

本論文之研究動機有三：一是希望藉著對諸葛亮傳說內容的探討，可發掘其中所蘊含的民間旺盛的文學創造力；二是希望藉由對諸葛亮傳說的探討，能更瞭解諸葛亮在民間豐富的形象與評價；三是希望藉著對諸葛亮傳說中所包藏的民俗意識，加以分析探討，以便能更瞭解民間的思想與文化。本論文之論述範圍，主要以80年代中國大陸所搜集整理出版的傳說集子為對象。由於傳說與歷史的關係密切，而三國人物的傳說又常與《三國演義》的成書有關，因而在本論文的研究方法上，首先採取比較研究法，把傳說與歷史小說做比對分析；又由於傳說本身常富涵一些民間文化與思想，因而我們又採取民俗學的角度切入，仔細而深刻的探討這些文化思想，並試著闡釋民俗與傳說的連繫方式。本論文除第一章〈緒論〉與第六章〈結論〉外，共分為四章：第二章為〈三顧茅廬前的諸葛亮傳說〉，主要探討有關諸葛亮的少年時期，我們分為求學、娶親與得寶三部份述說。這時期的傳說內容常為正史或小說所忽略，大部份為人民自己的想像創造，因而我們的探討便較傾向傳說內容所包含的民間文化與思想。第三章為〈三顧茅廬後的諸葛亮傳說〉，主要探討有關諸葛亮的青壯時期的傳說，包括三顧茅廬、借箭、借東風與空城計四個部份。此部份為史家或小說家所刻意渲染的，因而我們的探討重點在傳說與史實小說的比較分析。第四章為〈諸葛亮之死與死後的傳說〉，主要探討的範圍包括諸葛爭壽、遣計埋墳與諸葛亮墓的傳說。這部份的傳說內容主要突顯了諸葛亮過人的智慧，其神機妙算幾乎如同神仙一般。第五章為〈有關諸葛亮的地方風物傳說〉，主要探討的範圍包括地方傳說與物產傳說。

Since Chu T¡¦ien-wen was sixteen years old, she has been an important role in Taiwan literature. Chu T¡¦ien-wen has been influence by her parents and Zhang Ai-ling in Chinese literature for a long time. In the chinese ritual music cultur, she was educated under Hu Lan-cheng and became an author in the style of Zhang Qiang Hu Diao. Therefor, Chu T¡¦ien-wen and her sister Chu T'ien-hsin published San San magazine. However, after been through Nativist Literature Controversy and Hu Lan-cheng's death, she became a screenwriter for the movie, directed by Hou Hsiao-hsien and became one of the important participant of New Movie Movement in Taiwan. To face the problems of cross-srait relations and the visitions for the relatives, leading Chu T'ien-wen walk out military dependents' village and walk out San San and Grand View Garden, the style has also changed from San San ¢w¢w a young girl¡¦s fantasies style through growth theme of military dependents' village style and turned into the metropolis mature style. After Hu Lan-cheng passed away, Chu T'ien-wen swore to accomplish his unfinished ¡§ Woman Theory ¡¨ . To pass down the Female Writing of Woman Theory of Civilization, she decided to use ¡§ the Splendors of Fin de Siècle ¡¨ Notes of a Desolate Man and Words of a Witch. Hu Lan-cheng used to describe Chu T'ien-wen as a Japanese witch, and praised of the youth and beauty of her literature of art, which gives an inspiration to Chu T'ien-wen and to start a journey for witch. In ¡§ the Splendors of Fin de Siècle ¡¨ , giving Chu T¡¦ien-wen an advice as witch who predicted that patriarchal society were devastated. And in Notes of a Desolate Man that a desolate man who had feminine soul to offer Japanese witching dance for god. In Words of a Witch as witching word to fly from time and death that become unique to Chu T'ien-wen¡¦s Witched Writings.

At first, the basics of microeconomics from the perspective of companies, effectiveness and methods of its measurement and the most important information on the distance function this thesis, are shown. It also contains the development of the Malmquist productivity index. The aim of this work is the description of this index and its components. Indicate how these values are calculated and what expressed. Secondary objectives are to introduce different variants of Malmquist indexes and their use. Four models are used for calculating individual components of the Malmquist productivity index. These are the DEA models, Aigner-Chu, Stochastic production frontiers and Stochastic activity analysis. The first three in this work are described in detail. In conclusion is an illustrative example of calculation Malmquist productivity index using DEA models. For the calculation I used the program Lingo.

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L'année 2019 marque le début d'une crise sanitaire qui remettrait en question plusieurs politiques publiques au sein du système de santé. Durant cette période, des changements structurels permettant d'assurer la protection des professionnels de la santé et des usagers dans les milieux de soins étaient devenus impératifs. L'une des conséquences de ces changements était une augmentation fulgurante de l'utilisation d'équipements de protection individuelle (ÉPI). Cependant, les multiples enjeux et les inquiétudes face à l'utilisation massive des pièces de l'ÉPI à usage unique comme la blouse jetable et la gestion des déchets qui en résultent ont induit un questionnement sur leurs éventuels impacts environnementaux, et plus précisément, la conséquence de ces impacts sur la santé publique. Cette étude examine l'impact environnemental de l'utilisation de blouses jetables par rapport aux blouses réutilisables dans les cinq unités d'urgence du CHU de Québec-Université Laval. Pour les quatre indicateurs de dommages inclus dans le cadre de cette étude, les analyses d'impact ont révélé que quand on les compare aux blouses jetables, les blouses réutilisables ont généralement un impact environnemental moindre. Les résultats ont démontré que les blouses réutilisables offrent un avantage significatif du fait de l'impact réduit sur la santé humaine (48 fois moins grande), sur la qualité des écosystèmes (9 fois moins polluante) et sur la perte des ressources non renouvelables (6 fois plus avantageuse), soulignant ainsi les bénéfices potentiels des pratiques de réutilisation dans les établissements de santé. Néanmoins, les calculs ont également démontré qu'outre les impacts réduits qui ont été observés à la fabrication et à la fin de vie, la transition vers les blouses réutilisables va nécessiter une attention particulière lors de la prise de décisions opérationnelles durables dans le domaine de la gestion du linge. En effet, elles ont des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) plus élevées dans leur processus d'utilisation, c'est-à-dire au lavage. Les analyses de sensibilité ont permis d'établir que l'impact de la blouse réutilisable sur la santé pourrait être réduit de 26% de plus si elle est lavée au CHU. Les résultats mettent en évidence l'importance de promouvoir des pratiques de réutilisation dans les établissements de santé québécois afin de réduire leur empreinte écologique tout en maintenant des normes élevées de protection des professionnels de la santé et des patients. Prendre en compte les risques environnementaux dans les processus de prise de décision en matière de soins de santé est impératif pour faire progresser les objectifs de développement durable et assurer la résilience des systèmes de santé face aux défis mondiaux. / The healthcare landscape has been profoundly impacted by the events of 2019, which marked the onset of a significant health crisis necessitating fundamental changes in policy and practice. Amidst heightened concerns for healthcare workers' safety, the utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE) surged, particularly single-use items like disposable gowns. However, this surge raised critical questions about the environmental repercussions and their potential effects on public health. This study investigates the ecological footprint and health impacts associated with the use of disposable versus reusable gowns in CHU de Quebec's emergency services. Through the use of a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, the study identifies key ecological hotspots across gown production, use, and disposal stages. The analysis reveals that reusable gowns generally exhibit lower environmental burdens compared to their disposable counterparts. The results demonstrated that reusable gowns offer a significant advantage due to reduced impacts on human health (48 times less), ecosystem quality (9 times less polluting), and fossil resource loss (6 times more advantageous), thus emphasizing the potential benefits of gown reuse practices in healthcare establishments. However, the calculations also showed that in addition to the observed reduced impacts at the manufacturing and end-of-life stage, transitioning to reusable gowns will require special attention when making sustainable operational decisions in laundry management. Indeed, the reusable gowns cause high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the cleaning step. Sensitivity analyses enabled us to establish that the impact of reusable gowns on human health could be further reduced by 26% if washed at the CHU. Ultimately, this study underscores the importance of sustainable practices in mitigating the ecological footprint of Quebec's healthcare systems while emphasizing the need for ongoing efforts to safeguard public health. Integrating environmental considerations into healthcare decision-making processes is imperative for advancing sustainable development goals and ensuring the resilience of healthcare systems in the face of global challenges.

L'objectif de ce travail est d'évaluer l'impact du programme de dépistage néonatal universel chez de l’anémie falciforme (AF) chez les enfants. Méthode : Nous avons procédé à une étude de cohorte rétrospective sur 600 dossiers d’enfants atteints d’AF suivis au CHU Saint-Justine sur une période de janvier 2000 à décembre 2019. Nous avons divisé la durée de suivi en deux grandes périodes, avant 2013 (pré-dépistage néonatal, pré-DN) et après 2013 (post-dépistage néonatal, post-DN) et avons retenu 410 enfants et le logiciel R version 4.2.1 a été utilisé pour les analyses de différentes variables retenues. Résultats : Alors que 42.6% des enfants avant novembre 2013 étaient diagnostiqués pour une première manifestation de l’AF, tous les enfants nés au Québec après 2013 qui nous ont été référés ont bénéficié d’une prise en charge précoce. Nous observons ainsi une diminution de l’âge médian lors du diagnostic de 10.8 mois (EI, 1.2-52.8) en pré-DN à 1.2 mois (EI, 1.2-43.2) en post-DN, p< 0.006) et à la 1ère visite de 14.4 mois (EI, 2.4-72) en pré-DN à 1.2 mois (EI, 1.2-57.6) en post-DN, p< 0.001). La prise en charge précoce s’est traduite par une diminution de l’âge médian à l’introduction de l’hydroxyurée (HU) passant de 5 ans à 9 mois (p<0.001) pour des patients SS et Sβ0, alors que l’âge médian d’introduction n’a que peu varié chez des patients non SS (7.9 pré-DN et 7.7 ans post-DN, p>0.9). De même, le délai moyen d’introduction de l’HU depuis la première visite a diminué de 4.5 ans avant 2013 à 0.8 mois après 2013 (p<0.001). Le taux moyen d’hospitalisation par patient année (hospit/pt-an) a diminué en post-DN de moitié passant de 2 hospit/pt-an pré-DN (1st Qu.1.0 et 3rd Qu.3.0) à 1.0 hospit/pt-an (1st Qu.0.6 et 3rd Qu.1.4) avec un p (<0.001). Conclusion : L’universalisation du programme de dépistage néonatal de l’AF a permis une détection et une référence précoces des enfants dans les centres de prise en charge, associée à une diminution du taux d’hospitalisation. / The aim of this work is to evaluate the impact of the universal neonatal screening program with sickle cell disease (SCD) in children Method: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 600 records of children with SCD followed at the CHU Saint-Justine over a period from January 2000 to December 2019. We divided the duration of follow-up into two main periods, before 2013 (pre-neonatal screening, pre-DN) and after 2013 (post-neonatal screening, post-DN) and retained 410 children. R software version 4.2.1 was used for the analyses of different retained variables. Results: Whereas 42.6% of children before November 2013 were diagnosed with a first manifestation of SCD, all children born in Quebec after 2013 who were referred to us benefited from early management. We observed a reduction in median age at diagnosis from 10.8 months (AR, 1.2-52.8) pre-DN to 1.2 months (range, 1.2-43.2) post-DN, p< 0.006) and at 1st visit from 14.4 months (range, 2.4-72) pre-DN to 1.2 months (range, 1.2-57.6) post-DN, p< 0.001). Early management resulted in a decrease in the median age at introduction of hydroxyurea (HU) from 5 years to 9 months (p<0.001) for SS patients, whereas the median age at introduction didn’t vary significantly in non-SS and Sβ0 patients (7.9 pre-DN and 7.7 years post-DN, p>0.9). Similarly, the median time to introduction of HU since the first visit decreased from 4.5 years pre-2013 to 0.8 months post-2013 (p<0.001). The mean hospitalization rate per patient year (hosp/pt-year) decreased post-DN by half from 2 hosp/pt-year pre-DN (1st Qu.1.0 and 3rd Qu.3.0) to 1.0 hosp/pt-year (1st Qu.0.6 and 3rd Qu.1.4) with a p (<0.001). Conclusion: Universalization of the neonatal SCD screening program has resulted in early detection and referral of children to care centers, associated with a decrease in the rate of hospitalization