The development of a new class of antihistamines, the H2-receptor antagonists, introduced a new era in the treatment of peptic ulcer diseases. Cimetidine, the first clinically effective H2-blocker, was introduced in 1976. Recently ranitidine, a second member approved for clinical use, has been found to be as effective as cimetidine in the management of peptic ulcer diseases. Soon after the introduction of cimetidine several reports of loss of libido, impotence and gynaecomastia were described in male patients who were on normal or high therapeutic doses of cimetidine. A few unsubstantiated reports of loss of libido and gynaecomastia attributed to ranitidine therapy have also appeared in literature. This study was undertaken to examine in detail the effects of acute and subchronic treatment with cimetidine and ranitidine on mating behaviour in sexually active male rats. Motor activity counts were recorded immediately before sexual behaviour observations. The animals were tested on every third day and observations were terminated after the first intromission of the next series of copulations. In the single dose study, mating behaviour tests were commenced 2 hours after treatment; mating tests during the subchronic dose studies were done 4 to 7 hours after the 6hOO dose. The following measures were used in the analysis of data: mount latency, intromission latency, mount frequency, intromission frequency, ejaculation latency, and the postejaculatory intromission latency. At the termination of the subchronic dose studies blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and the animals were subsequently autopsied. Cauda epididymal sperm counts and motility were determined, testes and accessory sex organs were weighed, and one testis was processed for histological examination. Cimetidine in the low dose, 128.6 mg/kg, significantly shortened the ejaculatory latency and to a lesser extent the postejaculatory intromission latency. At the higher dose, 257.1 mg/kg, cimetidine markedly prolonged the postejaculatory intromission latency and to a lesser extent increased the ejaculation latency. The inhibitory effect of cimetidine on copulatory behaviour at the higher dose level was accompanied by significant depression in motor activity. At the conclusion of the subchronic dose studies marked reductions in serum testosterone levels and decreased testes and accessory organ weights were observed in the cimetidine group. No significant changes in sperm counts were observed, although the sperm counts in the cimetidine group were lower than the control values. Histological examination of testes showed apparently normal spermatogenesis in all three treatment groups. However, in spite of the reduced testosterone levels and decreased testes and accessory sex organ weights in the cimetidine group, no impairment in mating behaviour was observed. In both the acute and the subchronic dose studies, similar to placebo, treatment with ranitidine showed no effect on mating behaviour. On final analysis of the results it is concluded that cimetidine, and not ranitidine, disrupts sexual behaviour in male rats. Furthermore, it is concluded that the effect of cimetidine on sexual behaviour is not related to H2-receptor blockade as equipotent doses of ranitidine did not produce similar effects. The mechanism of cimetidine-induced impairment of sexual performance in the male rat may possibly be attributed to some non-specific, direct or indirect action of cimetidine on some neurotransmitter system responsible for the control of sexual behaviour. It is further suggested that the effect may possibly be mediated by a blockade of central dopamine receptors. However, it must be stressed that further experimentation is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of action of cimetidine on sexual behaviour. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1985.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram os de avaliar a eficácia da cimetidina como única forma de tratamento para reduzir o tamanho de melanomas localizados em região ventral de cauda e períneo em equinos tordilhos, determinar a eficácia da droga no controle do aparecimento de novas formações nas mesmas regiões e avaliar a duração do tratamento com cimetidina após a sua suspensão com relação à manutenção da redução de tamanho e do aparecimento de novas formações. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho foram utilizados 32 equinos tordilhos, sem restrições de raça ou sexo, com idade entre sete e 30 anos, com melanomas em região de cauda e períneo de até 5,0 cm de diâmetro e sem histórico anterior de tratamento com cimetidina ou procedimento cirúrgico para esta finalidade. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: 21 animais no grupo tratamento que receberam 18 mg/kg de cimetidina por via oral, BID durante noventa dias e 11 animais no grupo controle, que não receberam nenhuma medicação ou placebo. Os equinos foram avaliados quinzenalmente durante o período de tratamento e monitorados mensalmente durante 150 dias após o término da administração da droga. A cimetidina, na dose de 18 mg/kg VO BID, apresenta ação sobre os melanomas em equinos tordilhos, mas sua ação mostrou-se bastante variável e individual, além de não apresentar efetividade na manutenção da redução do volume após o término do tratamento. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cimetidine as treatment for melanoma present in the perineal area and ventral tail of Grey horses. Reduction in tumor volume and the capability of the drug to control the appearance of new nodules were evaluated. Thirty two grey horses with ages ranging between sete and 30 years and no predilection of breed or gender were used in this study. All the animals selected had no attempted treatment prior to this study. The animals were divided in two groups: the treatment group, consisting of 21 horses and the control group consisting of 11 animals. Cimetidine was administered at a dosage of 18 mg/kg orally twice a day for a total of ninety days. During the lenght of treatment, the group was evaluated every two weeks, and all the animals were monitored once a month for another 150 days after the end of therapy. The efficacy of the treatment with cimetidine was observed in 11 animals of the treatment group which showed size reduction of the masses during the drug administration period followed by a slight increase and stabilization at lower volumes than the initial measures. In addition, the animals that responded to the treatment presented a very variable and individual response.

No description available.

O transportador de cátions orgânicos 2 (OCT2), expresso na membrana basolateral do túbulo proximal dos rins, promove a eliminação de compostos endógenos e de vários fármacos em uso na clínica. A gabapentina (GAB), anticonvulsivante utilizado para tratamento de dor neuropática, é eliminada principalmente por excreção renal e estudos sugerem participação da secreção ativa via OCT2. Dados experimentais observados em ratos com diabetes mellitus experimental (DME) induzido por estreptozotocina (STZ) sugerem que a hiperglicemia e/ou a redução dos níveis circulantes de insulina reduzem a expressão do OCT2. O objetivo do estudo é investigar a influência do DME, e do DME após administração de insulina, da cimetidina (inibidor de OCT2) e da metformina (substrato de OCT2) na disposição cinética da GAB em ratos. Ratos machos Wistar (n = 6 por tempo de coleta) foram divididos em cinco grupos: controle, cimetidina (dose única de cimetidina 100 mg/kg via intraperitonial), diabético (dose única de STZ 40 mg/kg via intravenosa), diabético tratado com insulina (dose única de STZ 40 mg/kg via intravenosa e doses de insulina 2 UI duas vezes por dia, por 15 dias) e metformina (dose única de metformina 100 mg/kg). Todos os animais receberam dose única de GAB (50 mg/kg, via gavagem). Amostras de plasma e urina foram coletadas até 12 horas após a administração da GAB. As concentrações plasmáticas e urinárias de GAB foram determinadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por espectrometria de massas e ultravioleta, respectivamente. A área sob a curva concentração plasmática versus tempo extrapolado ao infintito (ASC0-?) da GAB foi calculada pela quadratura de Gauss-Laguerre. A administração de dose única de GAB 50 mg/kg em ratos Wistar machos resultou em valores (média ± desvio padrão) de ASC0-?, Cmáx, Tmáx, CLT/F, t1/2, CLr e Fel de 96,31 ± 12,28 ?g.h/mL, 24,75 ± 9,26 ?g/mL, 3,66 ± 1,11 h, 0,52 ± 0,07 L/h.kg, 0,25 ± 0,07 L/h.kg e 0,48 ± 0,13, respectivamente. A disposição cinética da GAB não foi alterada após a administração simultânea de cimetidina ou metformina. O grupo diabético apresentou maiores valores de Fel quando comparado com o grupo controle (0.83 ± 0.25 × 0.48 ± 0.13, respectivamente). O Grupo Diabético tratado com insulina também apresentou maior Fel (0.85 ± 0.10) e CLr quando comparado ao grupo controle (0.55 ± 0.10 L/h.kg × 0.25 ± 0.07 L/h.kg). As diferenças encontradas podem ser explicadas pela hiperfiltração glomerular induzida pelo diabetes e pelo tratamento com insulina, devido ao aumento no fluxo sanguíneo renal. Conclui-se que o transporte ativo por OCT2 não é relevante para a disposição cinética da GAB em ratos. A hiperfiltração glomerular induzida pela diabetes mellitus experimental e pela administração de insulina sugerem que a filtração glomerular é o principal processo na eliminação renal da GAB. / The organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), expressed on the basolateral membrane of the proximal kidney tubule, promotes the elimination of endogenous compounds and various drugs in clinical use. Gabapentin (GAB), an anticonvulsant used to treat neuropathic pain, is eliminated primarily by renal excretion, and studies suggest participation of active secretion via OCT2. Experimental data observed in mice with streptozotocin (STZ) induced experimental diabetes mellitus (EDM) suggest that hyperglycemia and/or reduction of circulating insulin levels reduce OCT2 expression. The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of EDM, EDM after insulin administration, cimetidine (OCT2 inhibitor) and metformin (OCT2 substrate) on the kinetic dispostion of GAB in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, cimetidine (single dose of cimetidine 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally), diabetic (single dose of STZ 40 mg/kg intravenously), diabetic treated (single dose of STZ 40 mg/kg intravenously and 2 IU twice daily for 15 days) and metformin (single dose metformin 100 mg/kg). All animals received a single dose of GAB (50 mg/kg, via gavage). Plasma and urine samples were collected up to 12 hours after GAB administration. Plasma and urine concentrations of GAB were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with detection by mass spectrometry and ultraviolet, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration versus time-extrapolated to infinity (ASC0-?) curve of GAB was calculated by the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature. Single dose administration of 50 mg/kg GAB in male Wistar rats resulted in values (mean ± standard deviation) of ASC0-?, Cmax, Tmax, CLT / F, T1/2, CLr and Fel of 96.31 ± 12.28 ?g.h/mL, 24.75 ± 9.26 ?g/mL, 3.66 ± 1.11 h, 0.52 ± 0.07 L/h.kg, 0.25 ± 0.07 L/h.kg and 0.48 ± 0.13, respectively. The kinetic disposition of GAB was not altered after the simultaneous administration of cimetidine or metformin. The diabetic group had higher Fel values when compared to the control group (0.83 ± 0.25 × 0.48 ± 0.13, respectively). The Diabetic Group treated with insulin also had higher Fel (0.85 ± 0.10) and CLr when compared to the control group (0.55 ± 0.10 L/hr.kg × 0.25 ± 0.07 L/hr.kg). The differences found may be explained by glomerular hyperfiltration induced by diabetes and by insulin treatment, due to increased renal blood flow. We concluded that the active transport by OCT2 is not relevant for the GAB kinetic disposition. Glomerular hyperfiltration induced by EDM and by insulin administration suggest that glomerular filtration is the main process in the renal elimination of GAB.

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in the uptake of hydrophilic drugs into the olfactory bulb and subsequently to the brain. Two OCT2 substrates, amantadine and cimetidine were used as model drugs for this purpose. Bovine nasal explants (olfactory and respiratory tissue) were used as an in vitro model for preliminary screening to identify the role of transporters involved in the uptake of drug across these tissues. It was observed from both PCR and immunohistochemistry that OCTs, OCT2, OCTN1 and OCTN2 were present in the bovine respiratory and olfactory mucosa. Transport studies of amantadine in the presence and absence of OCT2 and OCTN2 inhibitors indicated that both these transporters play a role in the transport of amantadine across the bovine respiratory mucosa, whereas transport across the olfactory mucosa was predominantly via OCT2. This was followed by in vivo studies in rats where the blood, striatum and olfactory bulb concentrations of amantadine were determined following intranasal and intra-arterial administration. Shortly after nasal administration, the olfactory bulb concentrations exceeded the concentrations in the striatum suggesting the olfactory pathway to be the major route of uptake. Co-administration of the drug with an OCT2 inhibitor intranasally showed statistically significant reductions in the brain uptake of amantadine. A synergistic inhibitory effect on amantadine uptake was observed with the combined inhibition OCT2 and OCTN2. Additionally, the CNS exposure of these drugs following intranasal administration in the presence and absence of the OCT inhibitors was evaluated using the ratio of the free drug concentrations in the brain compared to plasma. While the plasma concentration profiles were similar both in the presence and absence of inhibition, the free drug ratios were highest when no inhibitor was included. Additionally similiar in vivo studies were also carried out for a second model drug, cimetidine, where cimetidine uptake into the rat brain was found to be significantly reduced in the presence of the OCT2 inhibitor, pentamidine. This demonstrates that there was a greater CNS exposure to each drug when OCT transporters were active, confirming their role in their direct CNS distribution from the nasal cavity to the brain. The results of this study suggest that OCT substrates might be good candidates for the delivery to the brain via the olfactory route.

Mother's milk provides multiple benefits to the offspring. However, xenobiotics transferred into breast milk may pose a risk to the nursing infant. The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) actively transports xenobiotics into breast milk. BCRP also transports nutrients, like riboflavin, and together with recently identified riboflavin transporters (RFT), may provide a mechanism for riboflavin secretion into breast milk. Expression of RFT in the mammary gland remained unknown. Our objective was to characterize Bcrp and Rft mRNA expression in the mammary gland of FVB/N mice, and investigate a strategy to decrease excretion of BCRP-transported xenobiotics into the milk using riboflavin intervention. Rft and Bcrp mRNA were upregulated in the mammary gland of lactating mice. An intravenous riboflavin administration significantly reduced the levels of BCRP-transported cimetidine in milk. This study demonstrates the use of riboflavin to exploit the function of mammary BCRP in order to reduce xenobiotic secretion into breast milk.

Mother's milk provides multiple benefits to the offspring. However, xenobiotics transferred into breast milk may pose a risk to the nursing infant. The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) actively transports xenobiotics into breast milk. BCRP also transports nutrients, like riboflavin, and together with recently identified riboflavin transporters (RFT), may provide a mechanism for riboflavin secretion into breast milk. Expression of RFT in the mammary gland remained unknown. Our objective was to characterize Bcrp and Rft mRNA expression in the mammary gland of FVB/N mice, and investigate a strategy to decrease excretion of BCRP-transported xenobiotics into the milk using riboflavin intervention. Rft and Bcrp mRNA were upregulated in the mammary gland of lactating mice. An intravenous riboflavin administration significantly reduced the levels of BCRP-transported cimetidine in milk. This study demonstrates the use of riboflavin to exploit the function of mammary BCRP in order to reduce xenobiotic secretion into breast milk.

The aims of the study were to obtain a method with which it would be possible to produce standardized wounds in the gastric mucosa, and to follow the regeneration of the acid producing parietal cells in those lesions during different experimental conditions. Quantitative methods applied to light and electron microscopy were used. Wounds were cauterized in the corpus mucosa in Sprague-Dawley rats and in addition, pyloroplasty, truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty or ant- rectoiriy were performed. Other groups of rats with wounds were given long-term treatment with pentagastrin or cimetidine. Stimulation tests were carried out in two groups of wound operated rats. After different periods of time the animals were perfusion fixed and specimens from the wounds and normal mucosa beside the wounds were pre­pared for light and electron microscopy. By means of stereological techniques, different mucosal and cellular structures were then measur­ed. Parietal cells were found in 90 days old wounds. At this stage they were immature with large nuclei and few specialized cell organelles. In spite of this appearance they were able to respond morphologically to stimulation and to secrete acid. With further healing the morphology of the parietal cells became normal, but their volume fraction in the mucosa remained subnormal. The fraction of mucosa occupied by epithel­ial cells also stayed lower than normal. Pyloroplasty resulted in decreased cell and nuclear size of both normal and regenerating parietal cells. In the latter, there was also a de­crease in the mitochondrial volume density. If a truncal vagotomy was added to the pyloroplasty these changes disappeared and, in addition, an increase in parietal cell volume density was noticed in the normal mucosa. Antrectorny produced smaller parietal cells, and their maturation was delayed. Furthermore, mucosal thickness decreased. If pentagastrin was given to rats with wounds an increase in the number of parietal cells was noted, but maturation and morphology remained unaffected. Cimetidine treatment did not affect the parietal cell volume density in wounds or normal mucosa. However, a large increase in the secretory surface density was noticed when the effect of the last dose had ceas­ed. / <p>S. 1-45: sammanfattning, s. 47-121 utgörs av 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

La glycosylation est un processus enzymatique permettant l'ajout de sucres à des composés (sucres, lipides ou protides), modifiant ainsi leurs propriétés. La glycosylation est impliquée dans la détoxification des xénobiotiques et des variations d'activité des enzymes responsables ont été identifiées comme facteur de risque de cancer en particulier dans les organes exposés aux xénobiotiques. Dans la première partie de notre travail nous étudions l'impact des polymorphismes génétiques de certaines enzymes responsables de la détoxification (UGT1A7, GST et XRCC1) sur le risque de carcinome hépatocellulaire. Nous montrons que la combinaison de certains polymorphismes génétiques peut entraîner une augmentation du risque de CHC. Des modifications d'expression des glycoprotéines de surface ont été observées dans les cellules cancéreuses jouant un rôle dans leurs interactions avec le microenvironnement. Dans la seconde partie, nous étudions l'effet de l'inhibition des interactions des cellules de CHC/cellules endothéliales par le blocage du couple sialyl Lewis x/E-sélectine sur la croissance tumorale. Ce blocage est obtenu, d'une part par transfert du gène de la Fucosyl-transferase I, inhibant l'expression de sLex à la surface des cellules de CHC, et d'autre part, par utilisation de cimétidine ou d'amiloride permettant une inhibition de l'expression de la E-sélectine par les cellules endothéliales. Nous obtenons une inhibition de la croissance tumorale in vivo par blocage de la néoangiogénèse. Ces travaux permettent donc d'identifier des facteurs de risque génétiques de CHC et d'envisager une autre voie de traitement du CHC. / Glycosylation is an enzymatic process that consists of the addition of glycosyl groups to compounds (sugars, lipids or proteins), thus modifying their properties. Glycosylation is involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and variations in activity of enzymes responsible have been identified as a potential risk factor for cancer in particular in organs in contact with the external environment. In the first part of our work we study the impact of polymorphisms of detoxification enzyme (UGT1A7, GST and XRCC1) on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. We show that the combination of genetic polymorphisms of such enzymes may increase the risk of HCC. Modifications in the expression of surface glycoproteins have been observed in cancer cells and play a role in their interactions with the tumoral microenvironment. In the second part, we study the effect of inhibition of interactions of HCC cells / endothelial cells on tumor growth by blocking the interaction between sialyl Lewis x and E-selectin. First, we achieved the inhibition of the expression of sLex on the surface of HCC cells by introducing fucosyl transferase- I gene in HCC cells. In a second part of our work we used cimetidine and amiloride to inhibit the expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells. This approach resulted in inhibition of HCC cells / endothelial cells interaction and thereby tumor growth inhibition in vivo. This effect is mediated by an inhibition of tumor neoangiogenesis. This work therefore identifies genetic risk factors for HCC and allows considering another way of treatment of HCC.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:54:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JusleneAparecidaOliveiraCosta-dissertacao.pdf: 896769 bytes, checksum: 1744062ba6c85af80f07a70043a38f54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-09 / Helianthus annus is a plant known as "sunflower". The use of plants as medicine for human use dates back to the old age. The hydroalcoholic extract of sunflower seed (HESS) has been indiscriminately used for gastric lesions, without scientific support to validate their action. This study assessed quantitatively and qualitatively the probable gastric protection of HESS in stress, and in the use of ethanol and indomethacin; checked the acidity (pH) through the gastric pylorus ligation (gastric residue, either pure or added with water); and compared differences in pH values in both techniques. A total of 120 rats (5 in each group) of the species Rattus norvegicus albinus, weighing 150-230g,were divided into 24 groups, which received the following treatments: HESS: 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg and 2000mg / kg; ethanol; cimetidine; indomethacin; water; cimetidine and ethanol; cimetidine and endomethacin; pylorus ligation and water; pylorus ligation and cimeditine; HESS and ethanol; HESS and indomethacin; pylorus ligation and HESS. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test for evaluation of gastric lesions, and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn, to evaluate the gastric pH, with a statistically significance at p <0.05. This work was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, with protocol no. 04 A / 2009. The results showed that HESS 250 mg/kg and 1000mg/kg suggests probable gastric protection in stress. In the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model, the doses of 250 and 1000 mg / kg showed probable gastric protection; the HESS 250 mg / kg + indomethacin, the dose of 250 mg / kg suggests gastric protection. Regarding the pH, the gastric residue, when pure, is more acidic than water, thus indicating that the model of addition of 3 ml of water is increasing the pH, thus proving that the pure pH model is more appropriate and more practical. Therefore, the data obtained in this study show that HESS probably provides gastric protection at certain doses. So, the results show that the sunflower,should be further studied for the development of phytomedicines or new chemicals with antiulcerogenic activity. / Helianthus annus é uma planta conhecida como girassol . A utilização das plantas, como medicamento para o tratamento das enfermidades que acometem a espécie humana remonta à idade antiga. O uso do extrato hidroalcoólico de semente de girassol (EHSG) para lesões gástricas é utilizado de forma indiscriminada, sem base em estudos científicos que tenham validado sua ação. O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar quantitativamente e qualitativamente a provável proteção gástrica do EHSG com a cimetidina, frente ao estresse, ao uso da indometacina e do etanol e o pH gástrico por meio da ligadura pilórica (resíduo gástrico puro e com adição de água). Foram estudados 120 ratos (5 em cada grupo) da espécie Rattus norvegicus albinus, com peso de 150-230g, divididos em 24 grupos distintos, os quais receberam o EHSG nas dosagens de 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg e 2000mg/kg, etanol 0,5ml, cimetidina 150mg/ml, indometacina 20mg/Kg e água 1ml. Estes grupos foram submetidos à associação da cimetidina com etanol e indometacina, às 4 dosagens do EHSG com etanol 70% e indometacina, aos grupos submetidos à ligadura pilórica e administração de água, cimetidina e às 4 dosagens de EHSG. As análises estatísticas dos resultados foram realizadas por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA), seguidas pelo teste de Tukey, para avaliação das lesões no estômago, e Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo teste Dunn, para avaliação do pH do estômago, utilizando diferença estatisticamente significante para p<0,05. O presente trabalho foi encaminhado e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, com o protocolo 04 A / 2009. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que o EHSG nas dosagens 250 e 1000mg/kg sugerem proteção contra as lesões gástricas no estresse. No modelo de indução de úlcera gástrica por etanol, as dosagens de 250 e 1000 mg/kg apresentaram provável proteção gástrica; no grupo utilizando EHSG 250 mg/kg + indometacina, a dosagem de 250 mg/kg sugere proteção gástrica. Em relação ao valor de pH, o resíduo gástrico, quando verificado puro, mostrou-se mais ácido que pelo modelo da adição de água, significando que este último aumentou o pH, verificando assim que o modelo do resíduo gástrico puro é mais indicado e mais prático. Portanto, os resultados obtidos no presente estudo apontam provável efeito protetor gástrico do EHSG em determinadas doses. Assim, pode-se concluir que a planta em questão constitui interessante alvo de estudo, visando ao desenvolvimento de fitomedicamentos ou à busca de novas entidades químicas com ação antiulcerogênica.