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Ionenkanäle in deaktivierter MikrogliaEder, Claudia 10 April 2001 (has links)
In der vorliegenden Habilitationsarbeit wurden die Ionenkanäle von Mikrogliazellen mit Hilfe der Patch-clamp-Technik untersucht, nachdem die Mikrogliazellen in den deaktivierten Zustand überführt worden waren. Die Deaktivierung der Mikroglia erfolgte durch die Zugabe des astrozytenkonditionierten Mediums. Nach der Deaktivierung exprimierten die Mikrogliazellen einwärts- und auswärtsgleichrichtende sowie Ca2+-aktivierte Kaliumkanäle. Der auswärtsgleichrichtende Kaliumkanal wurde erst nach Zugabe des astrozytenkonditionierten Mediums exprimiert, wobei das durch die Astrozyten freigesetzte Zytokin transformierender Wachstumsfaktor für diesen Prozeß verantwortlich gemacht werden konnte. Zusätzlich wurden Chloridkanäle an deaktivierten Mikrogliazellen nachgewiesen, die an den Ramifizierungsprozessen der Zellen, d.h. dem Übergang von der amöboiden in die ramifizierte Zellmorphologie, beteiligt waren. Die an Mikrogliazellen exprimierten Protonenkanäle spielen offensichtlich eine wichtige Rolle bei der Generierung von reaktiven Sauerstoffradikalen und wurden im Prozeß der Deaktivierung der Mikrogliazellen herunterreguliert. / The current work describes patch clamp recordings in cultured murine microglial cells, which had been deactivated following exposure to astrocyte-conditioned medium. Deactivated microglial cells expressed inwardly rectifying, outwardly rectifying and calcium-activated potassium channels. The outwardly rectifying potassium channels were upregulated following treatment of microglial cells with the astrocyte-conditioned medium. The anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor was released by astrocytes and appeared to be responsible for the observed upregulation of outwardly rectifying potassium channels in deactivated microglia. In addition, deactivated microglial cells expressed chloride channels, which were found to be involved in microglial ramification, i.e., in the transformation of microglial cells from ameboid into ramified morphology. Voltage-gated proton channels, which are involved in processes of oxygen radical generation, were downregulated in deactivated microglial cells.
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LNA-clamp-PCR zum sensitiven Nachweis von Punktmutationen im Rahmen der Entwicklung eines Darmkrebsfrüherkennungstests / LNA-clamp-PCR as a method for sensitive detection of point mutations as part of the development of an assay for the early diagnosis of colon cancerSchatz, Daniela January 2011 (has links)
Darmkrebs ist die zweithäufigste malignombedingte Todesursache in den westlichen Industrieländern. Durch eine frühzeitige Diagnose besteht jedoch eine hohe Chance auf Heilung. Der Goldstandard zur Darmkrebsfrüherkennung ist gegenwärtig die Koloskopie. Eine Darmspiegelung ist jedoch invasiv und mit Unannehmlichkeiten für den Patienten verbunden. Die Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung ist daher gering. Ziel des BMBF- Projektes „Entwicklung eines nichtinvasiven Nachweissystems zur Früherkennung von humanem Darmkrebs“, in dessen Rahmen diese Arbeit entstand, ist die Bereitstellung eines nichtinvasiven Nachweisverfahrens zur Darmkrebsfrüherkennung. Der Nachweis soll über die Detektion von aus neoplastischen Zellen stammender DNA in Stuhl erfolgen. Die Entartung dieser Zellen beruht auf Veränderungen im Erbgut, welches unter anderem Mutationen sind. Im ersten Teil des BMBF-Projektes wurde ein Set von Mutationen zusammengestellt, welches eine hohe Sensitivität für Vorstufen von Darmkrebs aufweist.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, eine Nachweismethode für die zuvor identifizierten Punktmutationen zu entwickeln. Das Nachweisverfahren musste dabei unempfindlich gegen einen hohen Hintergrund nichtmutierter DNA sein, da im Stuhl geringe Mengen DNA aus neoplastischen Zellen bei einem hohen Hintergrund von DNA aus gesunden Zellen vorliegen. Hierzu wurden Plasmidmodellsysteme für die aus dem Marker-Set stammenden Genfragmente BRAF und dessen Mutante V600E, CTNNB1 und T41I, T41A, S45P und K-ras G12C hergestellt. Mit Hilfe dieser Plasmidmodellsysteme wurde dann das Nachweissystem entwickelt.
Der entscheidende Schritt für die Detektion von Punktmutationen bei hohem Wildtypüberschuss ist eine vorhergehende Anreicherung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde dazu die Methode der LNA-clamp-PCR (locked nucleic acid) etabliert. Die Bewertung der erzielten Anreicherung erfolgte über das relative Detektionslimit. Zur Bestimmung des Detektionslimits wurde die Schmelzkurvenanalyse von Hybridisierungssonden eingesetzt; diese wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit für die drei oben genannten Genfragmente und ihre Mutanten entwickelt.
Die LNA-clamp-PCR wird in Anwesenheit eines LNA-Blockers durchgeführt. Das Nukleotidanalogon LNA weist im Vergleich zu DNA eine erhöhte Affinität zu komplementären DNA-Strängen auf. Gleichzeitig kommt es bei Anwesenheit einer Basenfehlpaarung zu einer größeren Destabilisierung der Bindung. Als Blocker werden kurze LNA-DNA-Hybridoligonukleotide eingesetzt, die den mutierten Sequenzbereich überspannen und selbst der Wildtypsequenz entsprechen. Durch Bindung an die Wildtypsequenz wird deren Amplifikation während der PCR verhindert (clamp = arretieren, festklemmen). Der Blocker selbst wird dabei nicht verlängert. Der Blocker bindet unter optimalen Bedingungen jedoch nicht an die mutierte Sequenz. Die Mutante wird daher ungehindert amplifiziert und somit gegenüber dem Wildtyp-Fragment angereichert. Die Position des Blockers kann im Bindungsbereich eines der Primer sein und hier dessen Hybridisierung an dem Wildtyp-Fragment verhindern oder zwischen den beiden Primern liegen und so die Synthese durch die Polymerase inhibieren. Die Anwendbarkeit beider Systeme wurde in dieser Arbeit gezeigt.
Die LNA-clamp-PCR mit Primerblocker wurde für BRAF etabliert. Es wurde ein Detektionslimit von mindestens 1:100 erzielt. Die LNA-clamp-PCR mit Amplifikationsblocker wurde erfolgreich für BRAF, K-ras und CTNNB1: T41I, T41A mit einem Detektionslimit von 1:1000 bis 1:10 000 entwickelt. In Stuhlproben liegt DNA aus neoplastischen Zellen nach Literaturangaben zu einem Anteil von 1% bis 0,1% vor. Die LNA-clamp-PCR weist also mit Amplifikationsblockern ein ausreichend hohes Detektionslimit für die Analyse von Stuhlproben auf. Durch die erfolgreiche Etablierung der Methode auf drei verschiedenen Genfragmenten und vier unterschiedlichen Punktmutationen konnte deren universelle Einsetzbarkeit gezeigt werden. Für die Ausweitung der LNA-clamp-PCR auf die übrigen Mutationen des Marker-Sets wurden Richtlinien ausgearbeitet und die Blockereffizienz als Kennzahl eingeführt. Die LNA-clamp-PCR ist ein schnelles, kostengünstiges Verfahren, welches einen geringen Arbeitsaufwand erfordert und wenig fehleranfällig ist. Sie ist somit ein geeignetes Anreicherungsverfahren für Punktmutationen in einem diagnostischen System zur Darmkrebsfrüherkennung. Darüber hinaus kann die LNA-clamp-PCR auch in anderen Bereichen, in denen die Detektion von Punktmutationen in einem hohen Wildtyphintergrund erforderlich ist, eingesetzt werden. / Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in the western world. However if diagnosed early there is a great chance curing the disease. Coloscopy is the gold standard for early detection of colorectal cancer today. Its greatest disadvantage is the fact that it is an invasive technique and provides some discomfort for the patients. Therefore, the compliance to undergo such a procedure is extremely low. This work was generated in the context of the BMBF-project „Development of a non-invasive assay for the early detection of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the human colon“. The aim of the work described here is the development of a non-invasive assay for the early detection of colon cancer. The assay should detect DNA from neoplastic cells in feces samples. The transformation of these cells is based on alterations in the genome predominantly mutations. In the first part of the BMBF-project a mutation panel with high sensitivity for preneoplastic lesions of colon cancer was determined.
The aim of this work was to develop a detection method for the point mutations of the determined mutation panel. The rare mutant DNA needs to be detected in the presence of a great amount of wild-type DNA shed from healthy tissue. The assay system needs to be insensitive to this high background of healthy DNA. Therefore a model system of plasmid DNA containing gene fragments of BRAF and its mutation V600E, CTNNB1 and T41I, T41A, S45P and K-ras G12C obtained from the marker panel was established. Using these plasmid system the detection method was developed.
The most critical parameter for the detection of rare point mutations is an enrichment of these rare DNA molecules. In this work LNA-clamp-PCR (locked nucleic acid) technology was used to enrich the mutant DNA.. For the estimation of the achieved enrichment the relative detection limit was used. The detection limit was determined by melting curve analysis of hybridization probes. These assays were established in the present work for the three above mentioned gene fragments.
LNA-clamp-PCR is performed in the presence of an LNA blocker. LNA is a synthetic DNA analog. LNA nucleotide analog bind to complementary DNA strands with higher affinity. In addition a single mismatch in the LNA-DNA duplex causes a much greater destabilization compared to a DNA-DNA duplex. Short LNA-DNA-hybrids were used as clamp, which cover the mutated region and represent the wild-type sequence. Within an appropriate temperature range, LNA can specifically bind to wild type template and can inhibit its amplification. The clamp itself will not be elongated. Under optimal conditions the LNA clamp will not interfere with the amplification of the mismatched template. Therefore the mutated gene fragment will be enriched in comparison to the wild-type. The position of the LNA clamp can either be at the primer binding site inhibiting primer hybridization on the wild-type fragment or the LNA clamp is positioned between the two primer binding sites inhibiting chain elongation of the perfectly matched template. In the present work both systems were applied.
For the gene fragment BRAF the LNA was used at the primer binding site. The achieved detection limit was at least 1:100. The LNA-clamp-PCR with LNA inhibiting the chain elongation were developed successfully for BRAF, K-ras and CTNNB1: T41I, T41A achieving a detection limit of 1:1000 to 1:10 000. According to the literature 1% to 0.1% of the DNA in feces derives from neoplastic cells. Therefore the detection limit achieved by LNA-clamp-PCR with LNA inhibiting chain elongation would be sufficient for analyzing feces samples. LNA-clamp-PCR protocols were established for three different gene fragments and four diverse point mutations indicating that the technology can generally be used for high sensitive detection of DNA mutations. For the development of LNA-clamp-PCR protocols for the other mutations of the marker panel development guidelines were established. Clamp efficiency was identified as a quantitative parameter for protocol optimization. The LNA-clamp-PCR is a robust, fast and cost-saving technique which needs low labor input. Therefore the method is adequate for enriching point mutated gene fragments in a diagnostic assay for the detection of early colon cancer stages. In addition LNA-clamp-PCR can be applied in other fields where rare sequence variations need to be detected in the presence of high wild-type DNA background.
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Funktionelle Charakterisierung der synaptischen Transmission in APP/APLP1/APLP2-defizienten Mäusen / Functional characterization of the synaptic transmission in APP/APLP1/APLP2-deficient miceKaufmann, Susann 23 April 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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Modulação da atividade dos canais de sódio dependentes de voltagem e de canais TRPV1 por (-)-CarvonaGonçalves, Juan Carlos Ramos 14 December 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Among the natural products with experimentally proven analgesic properties, the
monoterpernes are of great importance, recognized as the main chemical
constituents of essential oils from aromatic plants. ( )-Carvone is an example of
monoterpene with antinociceptive properties, founded as the main active constituent
of oils from some species of the genus Mentha. Since the peripheral antinociceptive
mechanism of ( )-carvone is not well established, this study aimed to better
characterize it. Initially, it was performed a structure-activity study by which was
possible to demonstrate the importance of the carbonyl group into the molecule of
( )-carvone, during its blocking effect in the rat peripheral nervous excitability, as also
that the replacement of that group for a hydroxyl enhanceed this effect. After shown
that ( )-carvone had low cytotoxicity, we investigated the effects of this monoterpene
in the voltage-gated sodium channels of (Nav) and the transient receptor potential
vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), involved in peripheral nociception, using neurons from the dorsal
root ganglion (DRG) of rats. With the technique of Whole-cell Patch-clamp it was
demonstrated that ( )-carvone (1 mM) was able to reduce Na+ influx from 8.7±1.6 nA
(control) to 5.3±1.1 nA (p <0.05). Later, by fluorescence microscopy assays, we
observed that ( )-carvone increased the Ca2+ levels in DRG neurons, possibly via
TRPV1 channels. The involvement of these channels was further confirmed by
specific antagonism and heterologous expression in HEK 293 by transfecting these
cells with TRPV1-cDNA of Rattus novergicus. Then we demonstrated that
( )-carvone acts in the TRPV1 channel in a concentration-dependent manner,
promoting its desensitization. Additionally, it was discarded the participation of
another TRP channel involved in pain, the TRPM2, during the effect of ( )-carvone.
Therefore, this study showed that the replacement of a carbonyl by a hydroxyl group
in the molecule of ( )-carvone could increase the efficiency of this monoterpene in
reducing the peripheral nerve excitability. Such effect was demonstrated as being a
result of the Nav channel blockade, as well as the activation and subsequent
desensitization of TRPV1 channels, indicating the great potential of this monoterpene
as a peripheral antinociceptive molecule or prototype of a novel analgesic drug. / Dentre os produtos de origem natural com propriedades analgésicas comprovadas
experimentalmente, destacam-se os monoterpernos, tidos como os principais
constituintes químicos dos óleos essenciais de plantas aromáticas. A ( )-carvona é
um exemplo de monoterpeno com propriedades antinociceptivas, encontrada como
o principal constituinte ativo dos óleos de algumas espécies do gênero Mentha. Uma
vez que o mecanismo antinociceptivo periférico de ( )-carvona não está
estabelecido, o presente trabalho se propõe a melhor caracterizá-lo. Inicialmente
realizou-se um estudo estrutura-atividade, onde foi possível demonstrar a
importância do grupo carbonila ligado à molécula de ( )-carvona, durante o seu
efeito bloqueador da excitabilidade nervosa periférica de rato, e ainda, que a
substituição desse grupo por uma hidroxila potencializou esse efeito. Após
demonstrarmos que ( )-carvona possuía baixa citotoxicidade, investigou-se os
efeitos desse monoterpeno sobre o canais de sódio dependentes de voltagem (Nav)
e nos canais receptores de potencial transiente vanilóides 1 (TRPV1), envolvidos na
nocicepção periférica, utilizando-se neurônios do gânglio da raiz dorsal (DRG) de
rato. Por meio da técnica de Whole-cell Patch-clamp foi possível demonstrar que
( )-carvona (1 mM) foi capaz de reduzir o influxo de Na+ de 8,7±1,6 nA (controle)
para 5,3±1,1 nA (p< 0,05). Posteriormente, através de ensaios de microscopia de
fluorescência, observou-se que ( )-carvona aumentou os níveis de Ca2+ em
neurônios DRG, possivelmente via canais TRPV1. O envolvimento desses canais foi
posteriormente confirmado por antagonismo específico e por expressão heteróloga
em HEK 293, por transfecção dessas células com cDNA-TRPV1 de Rattus
novergicus. Em seguida, demonstrou-se que ( )-carvona atua sobre o canal TRPV1,
de modo dependente de concentração, promovendo a sua dessensibilização.
Adicionalmente, foi descartada a participação de outro canal TRP envolvido na dor,
como o TRPM2, durante o efeito de ( )-carvona. Portanto, o presente estudo
evidenciou que a substituição do grupamento carbonila por uma hidroxila na
molécula de ( )-carvona poderia aumentar a eficiência desse monoterpeno na
redução da excitabilidade nervosa periférica. Este efeito foi demonstrado como
sendo resultante do bloqueio de canais Nav, bem como pela ativação e posterior
dessensibilização de canais TRPV1, indicando a grande potencialidade deste
monoterpeno como uma molécula antinociceptiva periférica ou protótipo de nova
droga analgésica.
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Développement de la technologie des récepteurs couplés à un canal ionique pour des études structure-fonction des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G et du canal Kir6.2 / Development of the Ion Channel-Coupled Receptor technology in structure-function studies of G protein-coupled receptors and Kir6.2 channel.Niescierowicz, Katarzyna 21 October 2013 (has links)
Les Récepteurs Couplés à un Canal Ionique (ICCRs) sont des canaux ioniques artificielscréés par fusion d'un Récepteur Couplé aux Protéines G (RCPG) au canal ionique Kir6.2. Dansce concept, le canal agit comme un rapporteur direct des changements conformationnels desRCPGs permettant de détecter par simple mesure de courant, la fixation d'agonistes etd'antagonistes proportionnellement à leur concentration.Le signal induit étant directement corrélé à l'activité du récepteur, indépendamment desvoies de signalisation des protéines G, nous avons exploité cet avantage pour étendre le champd'applications des ICCRs au cours de cette thèse. Nous avons développé quatre applications quisont: 1) la caractérisation fonctionnelle des RCPG optimisés pour la cristallisation par insertionde domaine du lysozyme du phage T4 dans la boucle ICL3; 2) la détection de la dépendance desRCPGs au cholestérol; 3) la détection de ligands dits "biaisés" pour faciliter leur criblage; et 4) lacartographie fonctionnelle des portes du canal Kir6.2 régulées par des protéines membranairesinteragissant par le domaine N-terminal. / Ion Channel-Coupled Receptors (ICCRs) are artificial ion channels created by the fusion of a Gprotein-coupled receptor to a Kir6.2 channel. In this concept, the channel acts a direct reporter ofthe conformational changes of the GPCRs, allowing the detection by simple current recordingsof agonists and antagonists binding in concentration-dependent manner.The signal being directly correlated to the receptor activity, independently of G protein signallingpathways, we exploited this advantage to extend the field of applications of ICCRs during thisthesis. We developed 4 applications: 1) the functional characterization of the optimized GPCRsfor crystallization by insertion of the T4 phage lysozyme domain in the ICL3 loop; 2) thedetection of a cholesterol-dependence of the GPCRs; 3) the detection of the so-called "biasedligands" to simplify their screening; and 4) the functional mapping of the Kir6.2 channel gatesunder control of membrane proteins interaction with the N-terminus domain.
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Aspersão dinâmica de drogas neuroativas em centro gerador de padrões / Dynamic puff ejection of neuroactive drugs in central pattern generatorsJessica dos Santos 15 July 2013 (has links)
O estudo dos efeitos de neurotransmissores e neuromoduladores em circuitos nervosos tradicionalmente consiste em observar o comportamento de um sistema, ou parte dele, quando exposto a concentrações constantes da droga, ignorando flutuações ou padrões temporais de liberação. Neste trabalho implementamos um protocolo dinâmico e dependente da atividade do próprio sistema nervoso, que permitiu estudar experimentalmente a influência da dinâmica de liberação nos efeitos que glutamato (Glu, 1 mM) e serotonina (5-HT, 10 mM) produzem no padrão emergente de um centro gerador de padrões (CPG). Os experimentos foram realizados no sistema nervoso estomatogástrico de Callinectes sapidus e Callinectes danae (CPG pilórico) durante sua operação normal in vitro, que pode ser caracterizada por sua frequência de burst, número de spikes/burst dos neurônios, duty cycle dos neurônios, etc. A partir da atividade de um dos neurônios do CPG, medida extracelularmente, um algoritmo baseado no protocolo dynamic clamp (interação em tempo real entre tecido nervoso vivo e simulação computacional) identifica em tempo real um padrão de atividade pré-escolhido e dispara um injetor de picolitros semelhante a um picospritzer®, aspergindo uma pequena quantidade de solução com a droga nas vizinhanças dos neurônios e sinapses que compõe o CPG, de onde é retirada por perfusão contínua de solução fisiológica. Assim, podemos comparar o comportamento emergente do CPG quando este é estimulado de maneira síncrona com sua atividade ou de maneira assíncrona, mas de forma que a mesma quantidade média de droga seja aspergida nos dois casos. Nossos resultados demonstram que um mesmo estímulo apresentado de duas maneiras diferentes, para um mesmo circuito nervoso, pode produzir respostas diferentes na mesma célula. O protocolo se mostrou mais eficiente em mostrar diferenças quando a atividade da droga ocorre em uma escala de tempo menor que aquela do comportamento do CPG. Novos estudos devem ser realizados com outros neutrotransmissores e moduladores tanto de ação ionotrópica quanto metabotrópica, para se adequar o protocolo aos diferentes tipos de substâncias. / Studying the effect of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators usually consists in observing the behavior of a system, or part of it, when exposed to stationary concentrations of the drugs that completely lack any time dependency. Here we describe a protocol that we developed to study the changes of the emerging rhythmic pattern of a Central Pattern Generator (CPG) due to the effects of the aplications dynamics of tiny puffs of glutamate (Glu, 1mM) or serotonin (5-HT, 10 mM) to the neurons and their neuropil. We experimented on the stomatogastric nervous system of Callinectes sapidus and Callinectes danae (pyloric CPG) during normal operation in vitro, that was characterized using bursting frequency, neurons number of spikes/burst, their duty cycle, etc. From the extracelular activity of one of the CPG neurons, a dynamic clamp based protocol (real time interaction between living nervous tissue and computer simulation) detected in real time a given pattern of activity present in a burst and triggered a picospritzer to puff a small amount of solution with the drug in the neighborhood of the neurons and synapses of the CPG, from where it was washed through constant perfusion of normal saline. Such arrangement allowed us to address what are the differences on the emerging CPG behavior when the stimuli was activity synchronous or asynchronous, but with the same mean amount of drug delivered in both cases. In general, our results showed that the same stimulus presented in different ways to the same nervous circuit may generate different responses even in a cell level. Finally, the protocol proved to be more efficient when the drug activity time scale is smaller than the time scale of the CPG bursting behavior. In the future we should work with other neuromodulators and neurotransmiters to improve the protocol.
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Dissecação dinâmica de condutâncias iônicas em tempo real / Dynamic dissection of ionic conductances in real timeRafael Giordano Viegas 22 February 2011 (has links)
Investigamos o papel de condutâncias iônicas lentas na transmissão/codificação de informação entre neurônios que disparam em rajadas ou bursts. Para isso, desenvolvemos um protocolo experimental no qual a interação em tempo real entre computador e neurônio biológico permite isolar o efeito da dinâmica de um determinado tipo de canal iônico e estudar sua inuência nos mecanismos de codificação de informação. Os experimentos foram realizados com neurônios do gânglio estomatogástrico do siri azul, Callinectes sapidus, que não possuem condutâncias lentas capazes de fazê-los apresentar rajadas de disparos quando in vitro, condição na qual apresentam comportamento quiescente ou disparam tonicamente. Durante os experimentos, alteramos artificialmente o comportamento de um destes neurônios, conectando-o a um computador que introduz uma corrente capaz de fazê-lo apresentar rajadas. Essa corrente possui uma componente senoidal (vinda de um gerador de funções) e uma componente devido a uma condutância iônica lenta modelada matematicamente. A condutância lenta pode ser escolhida entre duas versões: uma em que a condutância é calculada em tempo real, a partir do valor instantâneo do potencial de membrana do neurônio biológico, e outra em que o valor da condutância é oriundo de uma série temporal previamente gravada. A fonte de informação utilizada nos experimentos é um neurônio artificial pré-sináptico, que possui uma distribuição de potenciais de ação (spikes) escolhida pelo experimentador, e é conectado ao neurônio biológico modificado através de um modelo de sinapse química inibidora. A quantidade de informação do neurônio artificial (variabilidade dos padrões de disparo) codificada pelo neurônio biológico é inferida calculando-se a informação mútua média entre eles para as duas versões da condutância lenta (dinâmica ou previamente gravada). Nossos experimentos reproduziram qualitativamente as observações feitas por nosso grupo no circuito pilórico intacto do siri, que possui neurônios conectados por mutua inibição que naturalmente apresentam bursts. Além disso, observamos que vários picos de informação mútua média, presentes quando a condutância é dinâmica, desaparecem quando esta é substituída pela série temporal previamente gravada da condutância. Assim, pudemos confirmar os resultados previamente obtidos com simulações computacionais em que foram utilizados apenas modelos matemáticos e na ausência de ruído e demonstramos que as condutâncias iônicas lentas constituem um mecanismo biofísico que permite a codificação de estímulos sinápticos em neurônios que apresentam rajadas. / We investigated the role of slow ionic conductances on information processing by bursting neurons. A real time experimental protocol was developed to allow interacting computer models and biological neurons to address the effect of dynamical details of a single type of ion channel in information coding mechanisms. We experimented on Callinectes sapidus (blue crab) stomatogastric ganglion neurons. Such neurons were chosen because they do not present the slow conductances that can led to bursting activity in vitro (in such conditions they can be found either in a quiescent or in a tonic firing state). The experiments consisted in artificially changing the behavior of one of these neurons by injecting a computer generated current to achieve bursting. Such current has a sinusoidal component (from a function generator) and a component due to mathematical model of a slow ionic conductance. The slow conductance was implemented in two versions: in one of them the instantaneous value of the conductance is computed in real time and according to the membrane potential of the biological neuron, in another version the value of the conductance simply comes from a time series previously stored in the computer. A pre-synaptic artificial neuron, with a spike distribution chosen by the experimenter, provided input for the biological neuron through an artificial chemical inhibitory synapse. The amount of information (variability of spike patterns from the artificial neuron) coded by the biological neuron was inferred by calculating the average mutual information along stimulus and response bursts for the two conditions of the slow conductance (dynamically calculated or from file previously stored). Our experiments reproduced the results found in intact pyloric central pattern generator bursting neurons connected by mutual inhibition. Moreover, we show that the average mutual information peaks, found when the conductance is dynamically calculated, disappear when we use the previously recorded time series of the conductance. Such results validate those only found previously in numerical simulations in the absence of noise and point the role of the slow ionic conductances in a biophysical mechanism that allow bursting motor neurons to encode in a nontrivial fashion the information they receive through a single synapse.
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Efeitos da hipóxia tecidual aguda sobre as propriedades eletrofisiológicas dos neurônios pré-simpáticos de ratos previamente submetidos à hipóxia crônica intermitente / Effects of acute tissue hypoxia on electrophysiological properties of the presympathetic neurons from rats submmited to chronic intermitente hypoxiaMarlusa Karlen Amarante 16 December 2015 (has links)
Nesse estudo investigamos os efeitos da hipóxia tecidual aguda (HA) sobre as propriedades eletrofisiológicas intrínsecas dos neurônios pré-simpáticos bulboespinhais da área rostro-ventrolateral do bulbo (RVLM) de ratos jovens adultos submetidos previamente à hipóxia crônica intermitente (HCI) e os seus respectivos controle. Para marcarmos os neurônios pré-simpáticos bulboespinhais da RVLM, ratos Wistar jovens (P19-P21) anestesiados com ketamina e xilazina, receberam microinjeções bilaterais de rodamina, um traçador fluorescente retrógrado, na coluna intermediolateral da medula espinhal (T3-T6) e 2 dias após a recuperação da cirurgia, os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de HCI, enquanto que ratos controle foram mantidos em condições de normóxia, durante 10 dias. No décimo primeiro dia, os ratos foram novamente anestesiados para a remoção do cérebro e as fatias do tronco cerebral contendo neurônios pré-simpáticos com marcação positivas foram registrados. Utilizamos a técnica de whole cell patch-clamp para estudo das propriedades eletrofisiológicas desses neurônios. As propriedades eletrofisiológicas intrínsecas foram analisadas antes e após a HA, a qual foi produzida pela perfusão das fatias do tronco cerebral com uma solução hipóxica (95% N2 + 5% CO2) durante 2 minutos na presença de bloqueadores sinápticos excitatórios e inibitórios. Todos os neurônios pré-simpáticos apresentaram característica intrínseca de autodespolarização e a frequência de disparos basal de potenciais de ação (PAs) desses neurônios de ratos do grupo controle e HCI foram similares [Controle= 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz (n=39) vs HCI= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz (n=31); p > 0,05]. No grupo controle, a HA não alterou a frequência média de disparos de PAs (BS = 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz vs HA = 5,24 ± 0,3 Hz (n=39); p > 0,05], porém revelou diferentes perfis de disparo de PAs após 2 min de exposição à HA: i) 11 neurônios com aumento na frequência de disparos (BS = 5,1 ± 0,7 Hz vs HA = 7 ± 0,7 Hz; p < 0,05]; ii) 21 neurônios sem alteração na frequência de disparos (BS = 4,8 ± 0,5 Hz vs HA = 5,36 ± 0,6 Hz; p > 0,05] e iii) 7 neurônios com diminuição na frequência de disparos (BS = 7,3 ± 1,1 Hz vs HA = 3,6 ± 0,7 Hz; p < 0,05). No grupo HCI, a HA produziu aumento na frequência média de disparos (BS= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz vs HA= 7,25 ± 0,8 Hz; n=31 - p < 0,05) e na análise do perfil de disparo de PAs, a HA revelou 2 subpopulações: i) 9 neurônios com aumento na frequência de disparos (BS = 4,7 ± 0,8 Hz vs HA = 8,2 ± 1,4 Hz; p < 0,05) e ii) 22 neurônios sem alteração na frequência de disparos (BS = 7,0 ± 1,0 Hz vs HA = 6,8 ± 1,0 Hz; p > 0,05). Esse estudo nos permitiu revelar diferentes subpopulações de neurônios pré-simpáticos que responderam de forma distintas à HA. Os resultados também sugerem que a HCI teria um efeito pré- condicionante na excitabilidade intrínseca dos neurônios pré-simpáticos em resposta à HA / In this study we evaluated the effects of acute hypoxia (AH) on the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of presympathetic neurons from rostro ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of juvenile rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) or normoxic condition (control group). To label the RVLM bulbospinal presympathetic neurons, young Wistar rats (P 19 - 21) anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, received bilateral microinjections of a fluorescent retrograde tracer (rhodamine retrobeads) were performed into the intermediolateral column of spinal cord (T3-T6) and two days after recovery of the surgery, the animals were submitted to CIH or normoxic protocol, during 10 days. On the 11th day, under anesthesia, brainstem slices were obtained and only the labeled RVLM presympathetic neurons were recorded, using whole-cell patch-clamp approach to study the electrophysiological properties of these neurons. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties were analyzed before and after AH, which was produced by slice perfusion with hypoxic solution (95% N2 and 5% CO2) during 2 min in the presence of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic antagonists. All recorded RVLM presympathetic neurons presented intrinsic pacemaker activity and the baseline firing frequency of these neurons from control and CIH group were similar [Control= 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz (n=39) vs HCI= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz (n=31); p > 0,05]. In the control group, AH do not change the firing rate (BS = 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz vs HA = 5,24 ± 0,3 Hz (n=39); p > 0,05), but revealed different pattern of firing frequency after 2 min of AH: i) 11 neurons increased the firing frequency (BS = 4,9 ± 0,9 Hz vs HA = 6,9 ± 1,0 Hz; p < 0,05) ; ii) 21 neurons do not change the firing frequency (BS = 4,8 ± 0,5 Hz vs HA = 5,36 ± 0,6 Hz; p > 0,05) and iii) 7 neurons decreased the firing frequency (BS = 7,3 ± 1,1 Hz vs HA = 3,6 ± 0,7 Hz; p < 0,05). In the CIH group, the AH increased the firing rate comparing with basal condition (SB= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz vs AH= 7,25 ± 0,8 Hz; n=31 - p < 0,05) and analyzing the pattern of action potential, AH revealed 2 subpopulations in this group: i) 9 neurons increased the firing frequency (SB = 4,7 ± 0,8 Hz vs AH = 8,2 ± 1,4 Hz; p < 0,05) and ii) 22 neurons do not change the firing frequency (SB = 7,0 ± 1,0 Hz vs AH = 6,8 ± 1,0 Hz; p > 0,05).. The data shows that AH revealed different subpopulations of presympathetic neurons and suggest that CIH plays a preconditioning in the intrinsic excitability of presympathetic neurons in response to acute hypoxia
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Diferenciação neuronal in vitro de células-tronco mesenquimais humanas para uso em transplante neural / Neuronal differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro for neural transplantationGuilherme Alves Lepski 07 August 2007 (has links)
Introdução. O transplante de células é possibilidade terapêutica promissora para muitas doenças neurológicas. Nos últimos anos, a possibilidade do isolamento de células-tronco dos tecidos adultos, por exemplo da medula-óssea, atrai a atenção da comunidade científica, estratégia que minimiza os problemas éticos relativos ao uso de tecido fetal para implantes visando ao tratamento de doenças neurológicas. Entretanto, a eficiência da transdiferenciação de células-tronco mesenquimais em neurônios, bem como os mecanismos envolvidos nesse processo, permanecem desconhecidos. A obtenção de neurônios maduros ocorreu somente em sistemas de co-cultura, o que induz a questão se a diferenciação representa um potencial das células per si, ou se é possível somente devido à fusão com neurônios maduros. Objetivos. No presente trabalho, pretendeu-se verificar o potencial de as células-tronco mesenquimais tornarem-se neurônios e esclarecer os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nesse processo. Material e métodos. Células-tronco mesenquimais foram isoladas de 20 doadores voluntários normais e caracterizadas por análise de separação celular ativada por fluorescência. A multipotencialidade foi investigada ao se diferenciar as células em condrócitos e osteócitos. A capacidade de auto-renovação foi confirmada pelo ensaio de incorporação de BrdU. Ulteriormente, as células foram diferenciadas por uma semana em meio contendo AMPc, IBMX, ou combinação de ambos, e os resultados foram comparados com o cultivo em meio básico. Diferentes bloqueadores de Ca2+ ou inibidores de PKA foram usados como tentativa de se impedir a diferenciação, ocorrência que foi mensurada com imunocitoquímica para NF-200 (marcador de neurônios maduros). O registro eletrofisiológico por meio de patch clamp foi usado para se confirmar o fenótipo neuronal. As figuras foram configuradas em microscopia confocal. Para análise estatística foi utilizada ANOVA com teste post-hoc. Resultados. As células isoladas expressaram CD90, 105, 44 e 13 mas foram negativas para CD34 e 45. Isto significa que não são de origem hematopoiética; 98,74 ± 0,43% das células incorporaram BrdU em 24 horas. Após o isolamento, foi possível diferenciá-las em condrócitos ou osteócitos. Em situação controle, não foram evidenciadas células positivas para NF200. Por outro lado, ocorreu positividade em 10,75% ± 1,35 (p<0,0001) das células sob IBMX e, em 15,18% ± 1,12, sob a combinação cAMP e IBMX (p<0,0001). Foram registradas correntes de Na+ e K+ dependentes de voltagem, mas não potenciais de ação. A diferenciação foi inibida com PKAi (5,73% ± 0,42, p<0,0001), nifedipina (5,79% ± 0,98, p<0,0001), Ni2+ (7,06% ± 1,68, p<0,0001) e Cd2+ (0 ± 0, p<0,0001). Discussão. Isolou-se uma população de células-tronco estromais da medula-óssea de seres humanos que se mostrou multipotencial e auto-renovável. O aumento da concentração de AMPc no meio elevou a concentração de neurônios para 15%. A diferenciação parece depender da via PKA mas também envolve a concentração intracelular de Ca2+. Conclusão. O correto entendimento de como as células-tronco mesenquimais diferenciam-se pode contribuir para aumentar a eficácia do método e, talvez um dia, tornar possível o uso dessa ferramenta no campo clínico. / Introduction. Cell transplantation has been considered a promising therapeutic approach for many neurological diseases. The possibility of isolation of stem cells from adult tissues, i.e. bone marrow, has attracted the attention of the scientific community in the recent years. This strategy is interesting on avoiding the ethical issues regarding the use of fetal tissue for neural implants. Moreover, the efficiency of the transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into neurons, and the mechanisms involved in this process remain largely unknown. The obtention of mature neurons was described only in coculture systems, what raised the question if the differentiation is a potential of the cells itself, or if it is possible only due to fusion with mature neurons. Objectives. In the present investigation, we aimed to verify the potential of MSCs to differentiate into neurons, and also to clarify the possible mechanisms involved on it. Material and methods. MSCs were isolated from 20 healthy human subjects and characterized by FACS-analysis. Multipotentiality was addressed by differentiating them into chondrocytes and osteocytes. The self-renewal capacity was confirmed with BrdU-incorporation assay. Afterwards, cells were differentiated for 1 week in a medium containing cAMP, IBMX, or a combination of both, and the results were compared with cells treated in basal-medium condition. Different Ca2+-blockers and PKA-inhibitor peptide were used on an attempt to impair differentiation, which was quantified with NF-200 immunostaining (a marker of mature neurons). Patch-clamp recording was used to confirm neuronal phenotype. Pictures were taken in confocal microscope. For statistical analysis ANOVA with a post-hoc test was used. Results. The isolated cells expressed CD90, 105, 44, and 13, but were negative for CD34 and 45, meaning that they were non-hematopoiethic; 98.74 ± 0.43 % of them incorporated BrdU in 6hs. After isolation, they differentiated into chondrocytes and osteocytes. In a control situation, no NF200 positive cell was seen. On the other hand, 10.75% ± 1.35 (p<.0001) of positivity was seen under IBMX and 15.18% ± 1.12 in the combination of cAMP with IBMX (p<.0001). Na+ and K+-voltage gated currents were recorded. Differentiation was impaired with PKAi (5.73% ± 0.42, p<.0001), nifedipin (5.79% ± 0.98, p<.0001), Ni2+ (7.06% ± 1.68, p<.0001), and Cd2+ (0 ± 0, p<.0001). Discussion. We were able to isolate a population of stromal stem cells from the bone marrow of human subjects, since they were multipotential and self-renewable. Increasing the concentration of cAMP raised the percentage of neurons up to 15%. The differentiation seems to be dependent on the PKA pathway, but also involved the intracellular concentration of Ca2+. Conclusions. The complete understanding of how MSC differentiate can contribute to increase the efficiency of the method and thus make possible to use this powerful tool in the clinical practice.
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Avaliação do efeito incretínico em indivíduos saudáveis, obesos não diabéticos e diabéticos tipo 2 pelo clamp isoglicêmico antes e após intervenção cirúrgica (derivação biliopancreática) / Evaluation of the incretin effect in healthy subjects, obese nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic patients through isoglycemic clamp before and after surgery (biliopancreatic diversion)Osugue, Fernanda Satake Novaes, 1983- 04 August 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Bruno Geloneze Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:35:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Objetivo: Comparar o efeito incretínico de indivíduos normotolerantes à glicose e obesos portadores de diabetes tipo 2 e avaliar a melhora 1 e 12 meses após cirurgia bariátrica (técnica de derivação biliopancreática) em obesos portadores de diabetes tipo 2. Metodologia: Um estudo longitudinal prospectivo foi realizado com duração de um ano. O efeito incretiníco foi avaliado pela técnica de clamp isoglicêmico (teste intravenoso de infusão de glicose isoglicêmico). Foram avaliados 33 participantes , divididos em dois grupos : um grupo controle caracterizado por indivíduos saudáveis não obesos e obesos (n : 23, homens / mulheres : 2 /21, idade 42 ± 9 anos , IMC 27,7 ± 5,1 kg/m2 , A1C 5, 5 ± 0,4 %) e um grupo intervenção composto por pacientes diabéticos do tipo 2 (n : 10, homens / mulheres : 0/ 10 , idade 46 ± 9 anos , IMC 35,0 ± 3,6 kg/m2, A1C 7,7 ± 1,3% ) . O efeito incretínico foi calculado de acordo com a fórmula: 100% x [resposta secretora das células ? pancreáticas no de teste de tolerância oral à glicose - resposta secretora das células ? pancreáticas no teste intravenoso]/resposta secretora das células ? pancreáticas no de teste de tolerância oral à glicose. O índice HOMA ( do inglês, Homeostasis Model of Assessment) foi utilizado para avaliar a sensibilidade à insulina . Resultados: Foi detectado um aumento no efeito incretínico calculado pela taxa de secreção de insulina (TSI) no grupo de intervenção de um ano ( 65 ± 25%) após a cirurgia bariátrica em comparação com pré-operatório (49 ± 24%) e um mês de pós-operatório (52 ± 34%), estatisticamente significativa com p < 0,05 . A sensibilidade à insulina igualou-se ao grupo controle (HOMA -IR 1,3 ± 1,3) precocemente com um mês de pós-operatório (HOMA -IR 1,6 ± 1,2) e todos os pacientes estavam em remissão do diabetes após um ano pós-operatório. Com um mês pós-operatório, 10% do peso pré-operatório foi perdido e 20 % em 1 ano. Conclusão: A derivação biliopancreática é capaz de melhorar o efeito incretínico em pacientes diabéticos com alcance precoce da sensibilidade insulínica / Abstract: Objective: To compare the incretin effect of individuals with normal glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes obese subjects and evaluate the improvement 1 and 12 months after bariatric surgery (biliopancreatic diversion technique) in type 2 diabetes obese group. Methodology: A prospective longitudinal study was performed lasting one year. The incretin effect was assessed by isoglycemic clamp technique (isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion test). We assessed 33 participants divided among two groups: the control group characterized by healthy non obese and obese subjects (n: 23, men/women:2/21,age 42±9 years, IMC 27,7 ± 5,1 kg/m2 , A1C 5,5 ± 0,4 %) and the intervention group compound by type 2 diabetic patients (n: 10, men/women: 0/10, age 46 ± 9 years, IMC 35,0±3,6 kg/m2, A1C 7,7 ± 1,3%). The incretin effect was calculated according to the formula: 100% x [?-cell secretory response to oral glucose tolerance test ¿ intravenous ?-cell secretory response]/?-cell secretory response to oral glucose tolerance test. Homeostasis Model of Assessment (HOMA) was used to asses insulin sensitivity. Results: We reported an increase in incretin effect calculated by insulin secretion rate (ISR) in the intervention group one year (65± 25%) after bariatric surgery compared with preoperative (49± 24%) and one month postoperative (52± 34%), statistically significant with p < 0,05. The insulin sensitivity equaled to control group (HOMA-IR 1,3 ± 1,3) early with one month postoperative (HOMA-IR 1,6 ± 1,2) and all patients were in remission of diabetes one year postoperative. By one month postoperative, 10% of preoperative weight was lost and 20% at 1 year after surgery. Conclusion: The biliopancreatic diversion is able to improve incretin effect in diabetic patients with early insulin sensitivity range / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestra em Clínica Médica
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