For some time now coordinate measuring machines have been an integral part of the shop floor. The goal has been to make coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) into tools that can easily be used by machinists to improve their manufacturing capabilities. The value of a CMM as a quality control tool is undisputed. Now efforts are being made to further reduce the time and cost of measurement by reducing the physical distance between machining and measuring processes. The ability to reduce that distance to zero and measure a part directly on the chip-making machine has been a goal for many years. Dimensional inspection of parts is primarily conducted by coordinate measuring machines operating on motion instructions from task planning software. The research in direct machining and control (DMAC) at BYU has identified a potential application of CMM technologies on existing machine tools. To prove that a machine tool can be controlled as a CMM with the DMAC controller, this research will integrate the software package PC-DMIS provided by Wilcox Associates, Inc. with a DMAC controller provided by Direct Controls, Inc. to conduct in-process dimensional inspection of parts as they are being machined. This process is referred to as DirectCMM because it will link the DMAC controller directly to PC-DMIS without need for post-processing. This thesis will lay the groundwork for future efforts at developing systems that utilize in-process part inspection to dynamically correct computer aided manufacturing (CAM) process plans. To aid future efforts at dynamic CAM process updating, a software interface specification will be created for passing measurement data between CMM and CAD/CAM software packages. A CMM control specification will also be created to provide a standard method for controlling coordinate measuring machines with the DMAC controller. Possible methods for dynamic CAD/CAM updating will be explored.

M. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / The world is continuously losing the battle against superbugs (resistant bacteria towards commonly used antibiotics), hence there is an urgent need to develop novel antibacterial agents. In this study, green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and eucalyptus oil, were incorporated into the polymer blend fibres of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC’s). Various techniques were used to characterize the AgNPs, PVA/CNC polymer fibres, and PVA/CNC incorporated with AgNPs/eucalyptus oil. The morphology of AgNPs synthesized using an increasing concentration of the Citrus sinensis peels (CSP) extract was obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM). AgNPs synthesized using 1 and 2 % m/v (CSP) were agglomerated and whereas those synthesized using 3 % m/v of the extract were spherical with an average particle size 10 ± 1.2 nm. UV/Visible absorption spectra for all the synthesized AgNPs exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at around 400 nm which is a characteristic peak of silver. Significant shifts in the absorption peaks or maxima were observed to signify changes in the shape and size of the nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology of the fabricated polymer fibres. The Addition of CNC’s to PVA resulted in an increase in fibre diameter due to an increase in viscosity of the solution. An increase in the concentration of silver nanoparticles and the eucalyptus oil in the PVA/CNC resulted in a decrease in fibre diameter due to an increase in conductivity of the material. The fibres with AgNPs were smooth while the ones with the eucalyptus oil were beaded. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the presence of the AgNPs in the polymer fibres and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) showed the presence of the functional groups that are available in the eucalyptus oil. The antibacterial efficiency of the PVA/CNC incorporated with AgNPs, eucalyptus oil, and the mixture of AgNPs and the eucalyptus oil was investigated using S. aureus and K. pneumoniae. All the materials showed significant inhibition of the growth of the selected bacterial strains. PVA/CNC polymer fibres incorporated with AgNPs showed higher antibacterial activity compared to PVA/CNC polymer fibres incorporated with eucalyptus oil.

В работе проведено исследование эффективности использования токарных станков с ЧПУ в современном машиностроении на основе анализа эксплуатации за последние 30 лет. Для наглядности были использованы гистограммы распределения деталей по диаметру и длине для патронных и патронно-центровых станков, показатель интенсивности применения станков с ЧПУ, называемый коэффициентом реализации технологических возможностей станка. В работе представлена разработка показателей эффективности станков на основе теории сложности Ю.С. Шарина и непосредственно методика, позволяющая рассчитать фондоотдачу. Преимущество ее в том, что появляется возможность определения фондоотдачи непосредственно во время производства, что невозможно сделать в экономических расчетах. А на предприятиях оценка фондоотдачи в настоящее время производится укрупненно. В этом заключается новизна работы Проведенные исследования показали, что экстенсивность использования станков β ̅ (по времени работы) на обследованных предприятиях составляет в среднем приблизительно 54 %. А интенсивность использования станков с ЧПУ α ̅ реализуется чаще всего на 26 %, а в среднем на 34 %. Наряду с коэффициентами экстенсивности и интенсивности в машиностроении зачастую пользуются также таким показателем эффективности использования станков как интегральный коэффициент δ, который является функцией α и β, его значение получилось δ ̅≈0,182. То есть на обследованных заводах токарные станки с ЧПУ в среднем используются всего лишь на 18,2 %. Исходя из полученных данных были разработаны методы повышения эффективности использования станков и их фондоотдачи, базирующихся на методе неопределенных множителей Лагранжа. / The paper studies the efficiency of using CNC lathes in modern machine building on the basis of the exploitation analysis for the last 30 years. For clarity, we used histograms of the parts the distribution by diameter and length for cartridge and cartridge-centering machines, an indicator of the intensity of the use of CNC machines, called the coefficient of the implementation of technological capabilities of the machine. The paper presents the development of performance indicators of machines based on the complexity theory Yu.S. Sharin and directly the technique, allowing to calculate the return on assets. Its advantage is that it becomes possible to determine the return on assets directly during production, which cannot be done in economic calculations. And in enterprises, the estimation of the return on assets is now being made larger. This is the novelty of the work. The conducted studies showed that the extensive use of the machine tools β ̅ (according to the working time) in the surveyed enterprises averages approximately 54%. And the intensity of using CNC machines is realized most often by 26%, and on average by 34%. Along with the extensiveness and intensity coefficients in machine building, this indicator of the efficiency of machine tools is often used as the integral coefficient δ, which is a function of α and β, its value is δ ̅≈0.182. That is, in the surveyed factories, CNC lathes are used on average only by 18.2%. Based on the data obtained, methods were developed to increase the efficiency of machine tools and their return on capital, based on Lagrange's method of uncertain multipliers.

The need for humanity to lessen its impact on the ecologies we’re a part of is becoming increasingly clear.  While there are many technically advanced solutions in the makings, one of the most straightforward ones is to simply use the objects we surround ourselves with longer. We can make them more durable and repairable but what happens when the needs of the user changes? How can we really know what needs the future will bring? I’m searching for a design approach that embraces this unknown. A process where the designer doesn’t have to be the enlightened figure that knows everything in advance. Because if we accept the complexity of the social and ecological reality where our objects end up, we never can be. I want to make objects that can grow and change with the user. A fertile soil for future needs. I’ve used the design process of three different objects to develop these thoughts.  An open ended loom for the weaver Vega Määttä Siltberg, a table made with designer Julie Amira that is disassemblable without tools, and lastly a piece of furniture that changes function without moving parts. The goal of this project is not to produce a solution to a specific problem or to create an object that communicates an idea as well as possible. Rather it’s the reverse. By the process of designing and building I’ve been able to explore the questions that my project is composed of. The thoughts expressed here come from this experience.

No description available.

La implantación progresiva de la Industria 4.0 está modificando, progresivamente, los procesos productivos de la industria. Automatizar y digitalizar los procesos está permitiendo la creación de fábricas cada vez más inteligentes, incrementando la utilización de nuevas tecnologías como la robótica, el internet de las cosas (IOT) e incluso la inteligencia artificial para mejorar la eficiencia en la producción, así como la calidad de los productos que fabrican. La industria del calzado, y sobre todo la que se localiza en Europa, busca cómo competir en costes con Asia, tratando de reducir los costes de fabricación. Al mismo tiempo, está permitiendo la incorporación de nuevos materiales más sostenibles, así como técnicas de fabricación más sostenibles y respetuosas con el medio ambiente. Estas fábricas son, paulatinamente, más inteligentes y es necesario manejar el incremento de información, no solo del proceso productivo (registros de producción, indicadores, …), sino también la información digital de los productos que fabrican (geometrías, fichas técnicas, materiales digitales, …). No es una novedad, en la industria del calzado, que se utilicen tecnologías CAD/CAM para el diseño de los zapatos, ya que son tecnologías que se vienen usando desde hace muchos años, pero la digitalización, creciente, de distintos No es una novedad, en la industria del calzado, que se utilicen tecnologías CAD/CAM para el diseño de los zapatos, ya que son tecnologías que se vienen usando desde hace muchos años, pero la digitalización, creciente, de distintos No es una novedad, en la industria del calzado, que se utilicen tecnologías CAD/CAM para el diseño de los zapatos, ya que son tecnologías que se vienen usando desde hace muchos años, pero la digitalización, creciente, de distintos elementos que dependen unos de otros, y que se fabrican en distintas máquinas con distintas tecnologías, hace que sea necesario la unificación de formatos, no solo en los sistemas CAD/CAM sino también en la forma en que se envía esa información a las máquinas. A través de esta investigación se ha buscado dar respuesta a esta consideración mediante el uso de STEP-NC definiendo una plataforma donde se muestran las ventajas que supondría su implantación en el sector del calzado. Por otro lado, los procesos productivos de esta industria, tradicionalmente manufacturera, en la que realizan multitud de operaciones manuales, repetitivas y en las que en muchas ocasiones se utilizan sustancias peligrosas, necesitan mejorar su nivel de automatización. Es en este sentido, se ha trabajado para automatizar las operaciones de pegado que se realizan durante la producción de calzado, en la que se aplica adhesivo y se realiza la unión del corte (parte superior del zapato) y el piso o suela (parte inferior del zapato). En el transcurso de la investigación llevada a cabo se ha desarrollado un prototipo de celda robótica, compuesta por tres robots, que aplica el adhesivo a la suela, para posteriormente manipularla y unirla al corte. Se ha optado por la utilización de adhesivos hot-melt, basados en poliuretano reactivo, novedoso en el sector, que no contienen solventes y son más respetuosos con el medio ambiente. Para la manipulación de los pisos tras la aplicación del adhesivo, ha sido necesario la utilización de dos robots, sincronizando sus movimientos, para el ajuste de estos objetos flexibles al corte.

The aim of the diploma thesis is the robotization of a conventional milling machine to a CNC milling machine using a programmable logic controller. The theoretical part of the thesis contains a description of machine tools and industry 4.0, an overview of Optimum Maschinen and B&R Automation companies, including products, and a description of the G code programming language. At the beginning of the practical part, the selected hardware, its connection and tuning of motors are described. Furthermore, the practical part explains the method of motor control and processing of CNC programs in G code. The following chapters discuss the creation of industrial visualizations for machine control and digital twin for testing purposes. The conclusion describes the evaluation of the results and indicates the possibilities for future expansion of the machine and its implementation in an automated cell in the sense of industry 4.0.

This thesis deals with design of CNC lathe milling head with B axis. Thesis includes research in CNC turning machines, their tool systems and overview of manufacturers of milling B axis. It also includes calculation of machining forces, design of spindle and design of B axis including necessary calculations. Part of this thesis is also 3D model and assembly drawing, 2 manufacturing drawings and list of items.

This thesis discusses introducing CNC machining centers to the markets of the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States (currently the Eurasian Economic Union). The first chapter of the thesis focuses on the legal requirements for placing the products on the markets of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union, their comparison, systematic analysis of the problem, and certification schemes. The second chapter of the thesis analyses safety requirements for CNC machining centers, discusses CNC machines checklists development and their comparison for the markets of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union.

This thesis solves the impact of conventional compensation to the volumetric accuracy of the CNC machine. It is therefore a practical research work, where are in the theoretical introduction mentioned requirements for machine tools, the types of errors that can occur on three-axis kinematics, compensation for the control system Siemens Sinumerik 840D sl and devices by means of which are these compensation under the work formed and subsequently verified. In this work can be seen the measured values and graphs from each measurements, a detailed analysis of the results and drawing conclusions from these results.