Na bacia do Arroio Chuí, localizada na região sul da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul no município de Santa Vitória do Palmar, geralmente nas margens constituídas de barrancas, são encontrados grande quantidade de fósseis de mamíferos integrantes da megafauna pleistocênica. Os estudos até então realizados tinham escopo basicamente na identificação taxonômica dos fósseis e os aspectos biológicos e ecológicos dessa fauna. No presente trabalho, foi elaborado um banco de dados contendo informações relativas às assembleias fossilíferas do Arroio Chuí, tafonomia e a distribuição espacial no sistema de coordenadas da superfície verdadeira terrestre, em um ambiente de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). A base de dados foi elaborada a partir do acervo analisado do museu Coronel Tancredo Fernandes de Mello, gerando tabelas de dados contendo informações sobre o material fossilifero, georreferenciando os sítios contendo fósseis e desenvolvendo análises estatísticas. A localização precisa das ocorrências de fósseis permitiu a observação de sua distribuição espacial, o que constituiu uma ferramenta na avaliação paleogeográfica da região e permitiu gerar subsídios que auxiliaram para colaborar na compreensão da evolução geológica da porção sul da planície costeira. / In the Chuí Creek basin, located in the southern Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul state, in the Santa Vitoria do Palmar county, usually in the banks, great number of fossils of mammals of the Pleistocene megafauna is found. The studies developed so far focused on the taxonomic identification and biological and ecological aspects of this fauna. In the present work a database containing informations regarding the fossil assemblages of Chuí Creek, taphonomy and spatial distribution in the true Earth surface coordinate system, was elaborated in a Geograpgic Information System (SIG) environment. The database was elaborated from the collection of Coronel Tancredo Fernandes de Mello museum, producing data tables with informations regarding the fossil material, georeferencing the fossil sites and generating statistical analyses. The precise location of the fossils showed their spatial distribution, which turned out to be a tool for evaluate the regional paleogeography and aided to understand the geological evolution of the southern portion of the coastal plain.

The southern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger niger) has the northernmost part of its range in Virginia. For the past 100 years, southern fox squirrels have been declining due to habitat fragmentation, cover type conversion, and fire suppression. Decrease in growing season burns, hardwood encroachment and forest mesophication have transformed pine hardwood woodlands and pine (Pinus spp.) savanna habitats that southern fox squirrels prefer to hardwood dominant habitats that eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinenisis) prefer. These habitat changes have the potential to increase competition among the two species. The main objectives of my study were to investigate the general resource needs, occupancy, and home range of southern fox squirrels as well as the impact of resource partitioning and possible competition with eastern gray squirrels in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain of Virginia. I captured, radio collared and tracked four individuals at Big Woods Wildlife Management area and Piney Grove Complex using 95% and 50% kernel density estimate. I found an average male home range 173.49 ha (SE = 25.73, N = 2) and 40.62 ha (SE = 5.87, N = 2) and an average female home range of 28.51 ha (SE = 0.49, N = 2) and 4.71 ha (SE = 0.34, N = 2). I then identified the second and third order habitat selection in which my top models identified selection for pine savanna cover types (β = 2.095, SE = 0.158), increasing number of burns since 2019 (β =1.24, SE = 0.098), and decreased time between burns (β = -0.233, SE = 0.097). I used two-species occupancy modeling which reflected that gray squirrel occupancy increased with increasing time since last prescribed burn. However, southern fox squirrel occupancy, in the absence of gray squirrels, decreased with increasing time since last burn. My informed single-season occupancy model confirmed that southern fox squirrel occupancy decreased with time since the last burn. Presence in the absence of gray squirrels suggests that southern fox squirrels are selecting habitats on BWPGC with respect to both resource needs and competition with gray squirrel. Additionally, my level-of-effort (LOE) analysis indicated that 7 consecutive days of camera trapping without a southern fox squirrel detection would provide 90% confidence of the species' absence in areas burned 2 or more years prior to sampling in southeastern Virginia. Further management for southern fox squirrels in the future should focus on high rotational (short fire return interval) burns in areas of savanna as well as pine-hardwood mixed areas and hardwood-pine savanna ecotones. / Master of Science / The southern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger niger) is a subspecies of fox squirrel that ranges from southeastern Virginia down to northern Florida. All throughout its range in the Southeast, southern fox squirrel habitat has been fragmented from natural mixed pine-hardwood woodland forests to agriculture and high rotation pine plantations. Additionally, habitat has been further transformed by the lack of prescribed fire as a management tool on the landscape. This has in turn created sparse and fragmented local populations of southern fox squirrels as well as possible competition with gray squirrels. Further, the southern fox squirrel has not been studied in Virginia in over 20 years and management recommendations are lacking. I studied the resource needs, occupancy, home range and competition of southern fox squirrels in two physiographic regions of Virginia: the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions. The Coastal Plain field site was Big Woods Wildlife Management Area and The Nature Conservancy's Piney Grove- both adjacent to each other. The Piedmont field site was Military Training Center Fort Barfoot. Here I utilized camera trapping, nest box monitoring, live trapping, and radio tracking to assess the resources they are utilizing in each area through home range analyses. I found that southern fox squirrels are selecting areas that have low fire return intervals and are located in pine savanna habitats. Therefore, fire should be prioritized as a management tool for southern fox squirrel habitat in pine savanna areas. I also used camera trapping data to identify the possible competition among gray and fox squirrels and fox squirrel detection through occupancy modeling. My findings reflected that there is apparent competition between southern fox squirrels and eastern gray squirrels and that southern fox squirrels are selecting heavily burned areas not only for their resource needs, but also because gray squirrels are absent. I concluded through my studies that the southern fox squirrel currently occupies southeastern Virginia, particularly in the Coastal Plain, however at low numbers. This could be due to suitable habitat on Big Woods/Piney Grove, but the surrounding habitat is of marginal quality. Further, in documenting southern fox squirrels, multi day camera surveys in mixed pine-hardwood woodland and pine savannas should be prioritized. Also, in aims to increase the presence of southern fox squirrels on the landscape, short rotation prescribed burning should be prioritized as well as additionally considering meditation among gray squirrel and fox squirrel competition.

As comunidades florestais periféricas às florestas que recobrem o sopé e as médias encostas da Serra do Mar apresentam uma convergência de fisionomias e aspectos xeromórficos, sustentada por floras que estão relacionadas quanto às suas origens. Como estas semelhanças podem indicar condições ecológicas similares, o trabalho investigou qualitativa e quantitativamente se as semelhanças fisionômicas, entre a Floresta do Topo dos Morros da Serra do Mar e a Floresta Seca de Restinga no Estado de São Paulo, são acompanhadas por semelhanças florísticas e estruturais. Esta investigação teve como objetivos: caracterizar e comparar, em termos fitossociológicos, as florestas secas de restinga e as florestas do topo das escarpas atlânticas; e analisar as relações entre possíveis padrões florísticos e estruturais do componente arbóreo destas florestas e condições edáficas e climáticas de seus ambientes. A amostragem foi realizada a partir de 10 parcelas de 10 m X 10 m em cada uma das seis áreas de estudo. Para o topo da Serra do Mar considerou-se a floresta nas seguintes Unidades de Conservação: Estação Biológica de Boracéia; Núcleo Curucutu do PESM e Parque Estadual Intervales. Para a floresta seca de restinga, as áreas de estudo foram: Núcleo Picinguaba do PESM, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins e Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. Através da descrição fitossociológica das comunidades e de técnicas de análise multivariada para classificação e ordenação, observou-se que as áreas de floresta do topo das encostas são pouco similares florística e estruturalmente em relação às florestas secas de restinga. As pequenas semelhanças entre as florestas estudadas dizem respeito às espécies de grande plasticidade ecológica e que, por isso, possuem ampla distribuição geográfica. As diferenças florísticas e estruturais foram determinadas pelas espécies oriundas das florestas que recobrem as encostas da Serra do Mar, sendo que nehuma das espécies consideradas importantes é endêmica de um dos tipos florestais, não sustentando, assim, a convergência ecológica. / Plant communities at the periphery of the Atlantic rainforest that recover the lower and middle slopes of Serra do Mar presents a convergence of physiognomy and xeromorphycs aspects, supported by floras that are related on its origins. As these convergence can indicate similar ecological conditions, this present work investigated if the similarities between Upper Slope Forest and the Restinga Forest in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, are followed by floristic and structural similarities. This inquiry had two objectives: characterize and compare the Upper Slope Forest and the Restinga Forest in its phytosociological aspects; analyze the relationships between edaphic and climatic conditions and floristic and structural patterns of the arboreal component of these forests. To characterize the Upper Slope Forest was considered forests in the following Conservation Units: Estação Biológica de Boracéia, Núcleo Curucutu do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar and Parque Estadual Intervales; and to characterize the Restinga Forest the study areas were in the following Conservation Units: Núcleo Picinguaba do PESM, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins and Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. For structural vegetation analysis, were used 10 plots of 10 x 10 m in each area. The phytosociological description and multivaried analysis of classification and ordination showed that areas of Upper Slope Forest and Restinga Forest have low similarity. The resemblances are based on occurrence of broad ecological plasticity species and, therefore, of wide distribution. On the other hand, the floristic and structural heterogeneity is consequence of the predominance, in each forests type, of different species from the Atlantic rainforest that recover the lower and middle slopes of Serra do Mar, not supporting the ecological convergence hypothesis.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo principal avaliar, por meio da abordagem sistêmica e do equilíbrio dinâmico, as diferenças de configurações geológicas e geomorfológicas e de fragilidade nos variados compartimentos geomorfológicos ao longo das planícies costeiras na enseada da Fortaleza, em Ubatuba, litoral norte de São Paulo e região de Peruíbe-Itanhaém, litoral centro-sul de São Paulo. Essas diferenças de configurações morfológicas são resultantes de processos pretéritos e do arcabouço geológico que sustentam as formas manifestadas na paisagem, moldadas pelos processos que atuam como agentes modeladores e de manutenção do equilíbrio dinâmico dessas formas. O equilíbrio dinâmico, nos moldes ecogeográficos de Tricart (1977), é mantido pela cobertura vegetal que pode manter constantes os processos de morfogênese e pedogênese ao longo da planície costeira que constituída de material friável, areias finas a muito finas que lhes conferem, a princípio, um caráter de fragilidade intrínseca. O equilíbrio dinâmico nos moldes geomorfológicos de Hack (1960, 1965) é mantido pela variação da resistência dos materiais que compõem o relevo, sustentando as formas. Essas duas abordagens auxiliaram na determinação da fragilidade ambiental, que é identificada e representada, sobretudo, pelas variações de resistência entre os diversos compartimentos ou subsistemas geomorfológicos mapeados ao longo da planície. Entretanto, em alguns trechos da planície costeira, sobretudo no litoral sul, onde o solo do tipo espodossolo apresenta horizonte B espódico também denominado, nesta tese, de fragipã (?), cuja principal característica é de caráter endurecido pela composição de ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos, retidos ali pelo processo de podzolização. Nestes trechos, os testes de resistência resultaram em poucos impactos de penetração ou nulos. O horizonte B espódico rígido, destarte a classificação da fragilidade ambiental obteve diversidades influenciadas pelas características desses trechos de espodossolos e por apresentarem interferências diretas nos processos de mudanças dos níveis topográficos. / The principal aim of this research, based on the Systems Approach and on the Dynamic Equilibrium, is to evaluate geological and geomorphologic different configurations and environmental fragility on the several geomorphologic topographic features in the coastal plains of Fortaleza bay in Ubatuba, located in the north coast of São Paulo and Peruíbe-Itanhaém area, located in center-southern coast of the São Paulo State.These morphological configurations differences are result of the geologic past processes and the geologic structure that sustain the stamped landscapes forms by active processes that behave as modeling agents and of maintenance of the dynamic equilibrium of this forms.The dynamic equilibrium by ecogeography principles of Tricart (1977) is maintained by the vegetal cover that prolong constant the process of morphogenesis and pedogenesis for all coastal plain that is mainly formed by material, thin to very thin sand particles that gives the region character of intensive fragility.The dynamic equilibrium on the geomorphologic models of Hack (1960, 1965) is maintained by the materials resistance variation that composes the reliefs forms. These both examples help in the determination of the environmental fragility that is identified and represented, mainly by the variations of the resistance among the various compartments geomorphologic or subsystems mapped throughout coastal plain. In some parts of the coastal plain, mainly in the south shore, where the kind of soil is Espodossoil presents level B espodic, also denominated as fragipã (?), which the principal characteristic is present by the character hardened by the composition of the humic and fulvic acids, retained there by the podzolization process. In these places the resistance tests resulted in few or null impacts penetration. The hardened level B espodic, regardless classification of the environmental fragility, showed direct interferences in the process of the changes on the topographic levels.

A zona costeira paulista alterna extensas zonas de grande diversidade de biótopos, com outras de intensa degradação ambiental. Essas características são observadas no município de Bertioga e seus maciços florestais, localizados entre as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Itaguaré e Guaratuba. Por suas características especiais, essas bacias em conjunto receberam a denominação de Sistema Bertioga. Este trabalho pretendeu mapear o panorama da região sob a perspectiva do planejamento ecológico, com a finalidade de dar elementos teóricos e práticos para proteger, reparar e/o desenvolver a natureza e a paisagem cênica desse território. Nesse contexto foi avaliada a sustentabilidade ambiental desse sistema, a partir da análise de risco ecológico e a sensibilidade às mudanças ambientais dos diferentes ecótopos presentes. Para atingir essa meta, foi elaborado um inventário dos recursos naturais do território (biológicos, climáticos, hídricos, edáficos) para todo o sistema, e, com esses elementos, estabelecer um zoneamento ambiental do território, segundo critérios de proteção, reparação e desenvolvimento (manejo) para as diferentes formações vegetais. Foi realizado um refinamento espacial tanto dos ambientes sedimentares como dos ecótopos estudados, e foi quantificado o grau de artificialização do sistema. Um cruzamento dessa informação permitiu propor um sistema de classificação da cobertura vegetal baseado nos grupos funcionais observados. Com base nessa classificação, foi feito um agrupamento das geoformas que ajudasse a entender sua incidência sobre a disposição espacial dos ecótopos. Foi possível realizar uma primeira aproximação sobre o funcionamento hidráulico do sistema, e sugerir as características do pulso hidrossedimentológico que rege o mesmo. Por outra parte, foram confeccionados mapas probabilísticos das características físico-químicas v das águas subsuperficiais do sistema, com base na medição do lençol freático em uma série temporal. Foram definidas as características das águas superficiais e sua incidência no sistema. Foram confeccionados mapas probabilísticos dos diferentes tipos de solos, com os quais foram definidas algumas linhas gerais de sua evolução e os elementos críticos que afetariam sua conservação, tanto do ponto de vista da estabilidade da sua estrutura superficial como de suas características físico-químicas. Por fim, com base em toda a informação compilada foi possível propor uma mapa de objetivos ambientais zonificados, classificados em Zonas Prioritárias para a preservação do Meio Ambiente e em Zonas Preferenciais para o desenvolvimento equilibrado do Meio Ambiente. / The São Paulo coastal zone alternates extensive zones of great diversity of biotopes with others intensively degradated. These characteristics are observed in the municipality of Bertioga and its forest regions localized among Itaguaré and Guaratuba river basins. Due to their special characteristics these basins are denominated Bertioga System. The aim of this work was to map the region scenario under the perspective of ecological planning in order to give the theoretical and practical elements to protect, repair and/or develop the nature and the landscape of this territory. In this context, the environmental sustainability of the system was evaluated using the ecological risk analysis and the sensibility to environmental changes to the different ecotopes. An inventory of the territory natural resources for all the system was performed (biologic, climatic, hydric, edaphic), from which an environmental zone division of the territory following criteria of protection, reparation and development (management) for all the vegetal formations. A spatial refinement of both sedimentary environment and ecotopes was performed, as well as the quantification of the artificialization grade of the system. An exchange of that information was the base to propose a classification system of the vegetation cover based on observed functional groups. A geoshape clustering was performed to help in the understanding of its incidence on the ecotopes spatial disposition. It was possible to perform a first approach about the hydraulic functioning of the system and to suggest the hidrosedimentological pulse characteristics that rule the system. On the other hand, probabilistic maps of the physical and chemical characteristics of the subsuperficial waters of the system were made, on the basis of the freatic level in a temporal vii series. The characteristics of the superficial waters and their incidence on the system were also defined. Probabilistc maps of soil types were made, which were used to define some general lineaments about their evolution and the critical elements that could affect its conservation from two points of view: superficial structure stability, and physical and chemical characteristics. Finally, a zone division map of ambient objectives was proposed. Those ambient objectives were classified in Prioritary Zones for the preservation of the environment and Preferential Zones for the balanced development of the environment.

A presente pesquisa está inserida nos estudos referentes à evolução quaternária dos ambientes costeiros do litoral do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil). A planície costeira de Bertioga, com extensão de aproximadamente 45 km, largura máxima de apenas 6 km e profundidade de até 100 m na parte central (presença de um hemi-gráben), é um exemplo de evolução morfotectônica e eustática, que resultou numa configuração geológico-geomorfológica complexa (Souza, 2015). Ela reúne todos os tipos de ambientes de sedimentação (Unidades Quaternárias - UQs) comuns em extensas planícies costeiras, a saber: (a) marinho-praial - praias atuais (Pr), cordões litorâneos (LHTb) e terraços marinhos holocênicos (LHTa), e duas gerações de terraços marinhos pleistocênicos baixos (LPTb) e altos (LPTa); (b) estuarino-lagunar e paludial - planícies de maré atuais (LOL) e depressões estuarino-lagunares holocênicas colmatadas, que evoluíram para ambientes paludiais atuais (LCD); (c) fluvial - terraços aluviais, barras fluviais e depósitos de leito e de planície de inundação holocênicos a atuais (LHF) e pleistocênicos (LPF), e planícies de depósitos mistos (aluviais e de colúvios de baixada/corridas de detritos) holocênicos a atuais (LMP). Vários estudos ambientais e que envolvem direta ou indiretamente aspectos sedimentológicos têm sido feitos nessa planície costeira, abordando os seguintes temas principais: mapeamentos geológicos, geomorfológicos e pedológicos, geocronologia, hidrogeologia, neotectônica, fitossociologia e florística (vegetação) e riscos ecológicos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os indicadores morfotectônicos nos depósitos continentais na planície costeira de Bertioga - SP, baseada na análise e compilação de um amplo conjunto de dados disponíveis. Os parâmetros escolhidos foram: diâmetro médio e grau de seleção (em mm e em phi) dos sedimentos, depósitos e solos associados, identificação dos padrões morfotectônicos. Bem como a aplicação de técnicas em Geoprocessamento, para a extração automática da rede de drenagem. De maneira geral, os parâmetros granulométricos das UQs estudadas estão distribuídos da seguinte maneira: diâmetro médio - varia entre silte médio (5.74 fi) até areia grossa (0.33 fi); grau de seleção - varia de muito pobremente selecionado (3.24 fi) até muito bem selecionado (0.30 fi).Em relação aos solos associados nos ambientes fluviais e mistos são, Neossolos Flúvicos, Gleissolos Háplicos e Tiomórficos, Cambissolos Flúvicos e Háplicos. As altimetrias dos depósitos quaternários variam de 0 a 13 m. As características principais de cada UQ são apresentadas a seguir. LHF (altitude: 2-5 m) diâmetro médio entre 3.40-3.10 fi; grau de seleção entre 0.38-0.87 fi; NA entre 0,5-1,2 m; grãos sub-angulosos a sub-arredondados e lisos. LPF (altitude: 7,5-10 m) diâmetro médio entre 4.79-0.32 fi; grau de seleção entre 0.35-3.23 fi; NA entre 0,5-1,5 m; grãos arredondados a sub-arredondados e lisos. LMP (altitude: 5-7 m) diâmetro médio entre 1.08-4.37 fi; grau de seleção entre 1.99-2.41 fi; NA entre 0,2-1,1 m; grãos angulosos a sub-angulosos e lisos. Os resultados obtidos em campo e laboratório são apresentados iniciando-se pela caracterização da área de estudo, através das unidades geológicas quaternárias, que por sua vez são considerados exclusivas para o litoral paulista, justificando o objetivo desta pesquisa, assim, são apresetandos resultados e considerações que procuraram integrar as etapas estudadas. Assim, podemos então entender que são muitos os fatores que puderam ser interpretados a partir dos resultados gerados a partir da análises em geoprocessamento, principalmente ao analisarmos canais fluviais e suas diferentes formas de análise. Nesta etapa procuramos reforçar que as anomalias de drenagem apresentadas, nada mais são do que fortes indicadores tectônicos ou neotectônicos, quando usamos a abordagem sedimentar, no período quaternário, reforçando como a visão da paisagem, vista pela geografia demonstra uma dinâmica ilustrativa,procurando facilitar as metodologias de análises do ambiente. As evidências granulométricas das alternâncias de energia dos agentes de transporte, águas fluviais e pluviais, promoveram o deslocamento e a deposição dos sedimentos, corroborando para a delimitar espacialmente essas unidades geológicas. Com as expedições em campo, foi possível identificar, antigos leitos de canais de rios em diversos setores da planície. Sequencias de camadas de sedimentos arenosos, nas frações areias grossas e muito grossas, intercalados com grânulos e alguns fragmentos de madeira, identificados nas coletas dos sedimentos em laboratório, evidenciaram o traçado dos antigos terraços e planícies de inundação desses paleoambientes fluviais. Percebe-se que as investigações sugeridas implicam na aproximação da escala de trabalho para a melhor compreensão das relações do relevo, geologia estrutural, sedimentar e áreas afins ao conhecimento geográfico. Isso aplicaria talvez em diferentes análises locais, onde então o conjunto seria mais bem compreendido com uma boa densidade de levantamentos, porém para atingir tais ideias caberá então a novas perspectivas de análises científicas geográficas. / The present research is part of the studies concerning the quaternary evolution of the coastal environments of the coast São Paulo state (Brazil). The coastal plain of Bertioga, with an extension of approximately 45 km, maximum width of only 6 km and depth up to 100 m in the central part (presence of a hemi-graben), it is an example of morphotectonic and eustatic evolution, which results in a complex geological-geomorphological configuration (Souza, 2015). It covers all types of sedimentation environments common on extensive coastal plains as (Quaternary Units - QUs), namely: (a) marine-praial - current beaches (Pr), sandsptis (LHTb) and holocene marine terraces (LHTa), and two generations of low (LPTb) and high (LPTa) marine pleistocene terraces; (b) estuarine-lagoon and paludial - current tide plains (LOL) and colmated holocene estuarine-lagoon depressions, which evolve to current paludal environments (LCD); (c) fluvial - alluvial terraces, sediments of riverbanks and holocene to the latest floodplain (LHF) and Pleistocene (LPF), mixed sediment plains (alluvial and lowland colluvial deposits /debris courses) holocene to the latest (LMP). Several environmental studies that embrace direct or indirectly sedimentological aspects in the coast plain approach the following mean matters: geological, geomorphological and pedological mapping, geochronology, hydrogeology, neotectonics, phytosociology and floristics (vegetation) and ecological risks. The study aims to present the morphotectonic indicators in the continental sediments of Bertioga coastal plain, based on the analysis and compilation of a great data set available. The baseline studies chosen were: average diameter (in mm) and selection degree (in phi) of sediments, deposits and associated soils, and the identification of morphotectonic patterns, as well as an application of techniques in Geoprocessing for an automatic extraction of the drainage network. In overall, the granulometric baselines of the studied QUs are distributed as follows: average diameter - varies between average silt (5.74 fi) to coarse sand (0.33 fi); selection degree - varies from very poorly selected (3.24 fi) to very well selected (0.30 fi). Concerning the associated soils in fluvial and mixed environments they are, Fluvial Neosols, Háplic and Tiomorphic Gleysols, Fluvial and Háplic Cambisols. The quaternary deposits altimetry varies from 0 to 13 m. The main characteristics of each QU are presented as follows: LHF (altitude: 2-5 m) - average diameter between 3.40-3.10 fi; selection degree between 0.38-0.87; NA between 0.5-1.2 m; sub-angled to sub-rounded and smooth grains. LPF (altitude: 7.5-10 m) - average diameter between 4.79-0.32 fi; selection degree between 0,35-3,23 fi; NA between 0.5-1.5 m; rounded to sub-rounded grains. LMP (altitude: 5-7 m) - average diameter between 1.08-4.37 fi; selection degree between 1.99-2.41 fi; NA between 0.2-1.1 m; sub-angled to sub-rounded and smooth grains. The results obtained in the field and in laboratory are defined by the description of the study area, by means of the quaternary geological units, which are considered exclusive for the coast of São Paulo, thus, justifying the objective of this research, the results and considerations presented aimed to integrate the steps studied. Therefore, we can observe that there are many factors that could be interpreted from the analyzes results in geoprocessing, mainly when examining channels and their different forms of analysis. In this phase we tried to reinforce the drainage anomalies presented, they are nothing more than strong tectonics or neotectonics indicators, when we use a sedimentary approach, in the quaternary period, stressed by a landscape view seen by geography, it demonstrates an illustrative dynamic, seeking facilitates the methodologies of environment analysis. The grain size evidence of the energy alternations of transport agents, fluvial waters and rainwaters, promoted the sediment displacement and deposition, corroborating spatial delimitation of these geological units. With the expeditions on the field, it was possible to identify old river channel beds in several plain areas. Sequences of sandy sediment layers in the thick and coarse sand fractions, interspersed with granules and some wood fragments, identified in the sediment collection in laboratory study, evidenced the tracing of old terraces and floodplains of fluvial paleoenvironments. It is noticed that the suggested investigations imply the approximation of the work scale for a better understanding of the relief, structural and sedimentary geology relations and areas related to geographic knowledge. This would, perhaps, apply in different local analyzes, where the set would be better understood with a good density of surveys, but to reach such ideas shall be necessary new perspectives of geographic scientific analysis.

Orientador: José Carlos Casagrande / Banca: Luiz Mauro Barbosa / Banca: Márcio Roberto Soares / Resumo: Este trabalho abrangeu o Litoral do Estado de São Paulo, desde Ubatuba - litoral norte à Cananéia - litoral sul. Teve por objetivo correlacionar diferentes fisionomias da floresta de restinga com os parâmetros físicos, químicos e salinidade do solo e análises químicas de alumínio, macro e micronutrientes de espécies arbóreas. A amostragem do solo foi feita até 0,6m de profundidade, em camadas de 20cm e na profundidade até 0,2m a cada 5cm para as fitofisionomias alta e baixa. Para cada camada foram analisados ph, M.O., P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Al, H+Al, Na, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, m, SB, CTC e V, além da condutividade elétrica (CE), Relações de Adsorção de Sódio (RAS), Porcentagem de Sódio Trocável (PST), pH dos extratos de saturação e análises granulométricas. Foram coletadas oito folhas de cinco indivíduos por espécie para cada área de Pera glabrata, Andira fraxinifolia, Ilex theezans e Psidium cattleyanum, para análises químicas foliares (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e Al). Os teores de areia, silte e argila não diferiram entre as áreas estudadas, sendo que a argila obteve teores iguais ou inferiores a 4% e a areia superiores a 90%. Independentemente dos processos geológicos, os solos de restinga são semelhantes entre si quanto à sua fertilidade. Os solos apresentaram elevada acidez, com o pH variando de 3,5 a 4,0. Na floresta alta, a matéria orgânica do solo obteve teores maiores, chegando a 4,5% nos primeiros 5cm, sendo que nos 10 cm superficiais concentraram-se 67% da MOS. As camadas superficiais foram mais representativas para ambas as fitofisionomias. A CTC na superfície do solo também foi mais elevada, tendo a camada de 0-5cm um valor de 89,3 mmolc dm-3 para a fitofisionomia alta. A saturação por bases (V%) variou de 10 a 20%, sendo baixa para todas as profundidades e fitofisionomias. Portanto, os solos de restinga são distróficos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work was carried out in the São Paulo State coast, since northern coast of Ubatuba until the south coast of Cananéia. The aim of this research was to correlate different physiognomies of the sand coastal plain vegetation - restinga forest - with the soil characteristics (texture, nutritional contents and salinity) and foliage analysis of native tree species. The soil samples were collected from low and high restinga forest physiognomies until 0,6m depth in each 20cm layers and until 0,2m depth in each 5cm layers. For each layer it was analyzed the organic matter, pH, P, Na, K, Ca, Mg, S, H + Al, Al, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, aluminum contents, base saturation, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage and pH of the saturation extracts. For the foliage analyses (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e Al), the species elected were Pera glabrata, Andira fraxinifolia, Ilex theezans and Psidium cattleyanum. It was collected eight leaves from five trees of the each specie, in each site. The levels of sand, clay and silt did not differ between the sites and the physiognomies. The clay obtained values low or equal 4% and the sand obtained rates above 90%. Independently of the geologic process, the soil fertility of the restinga forest is similar for all sites and physiognomies. The soil showed elevated acidity with the pH varying between 3,5 and 4,0. In the high physiognomy the organic matter presented major values than in the low physiognomy, with 4,5% in the superficial horizon (0-5cm), and in the first 10cm concentrated 67% of MOS. The superficial horizons were more representative than others depths in both physiognomies. The cation exchange capacity in the soil surface was higher than in other depths. The horizon 0-5cm of the high physiognomy obtained 89,3 mmolc dm- 3. In all depths and physiognomies, the base saturation... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

Refazer ecossistemas de forma artificial representa um desafio de iniciar um processo de sucessão o mais semelhante possível aos processos naturais. A recuperação ambiental tem se baseado no modelo da silvicultura tradicional, plantandose árvores sob espaçamento 3 x 2 m, em área total, com altos insumos de implantação/manutenção, e gerando-se bosques desenvolvidos em altura, porém com baixa diversidade de formas de vida e regeneração. Técnicas nucleadoras de restauração formam microhabitats em núcleos propícios para a chegada de uma série de espécies de todas as formas de vida, que num processo de aceleração sucessional, irradiam diversidade por toda a área. As técnicas foram implantadas em áreas piloto de um hectare, denominadas "Unidades Demonstrativas" (UDs). As UDs foram montadas em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (Capão Bonito-SP), Cerrado (Santa Rita do Passa Quatro-SP) e Restinga (Florianópolis-SC). Na primeira UD, com um ano de idade, as técnicas nucleadoras introduziram 1.603 mudas de 148 espécies nativas, dentre 84 espécies arbóreas (883 mudas), 12 arbustivas (124 mudas), 30 herbáceas (242 mudas), 20 trepadeiras (260 mudas) e 2 bromeliáceas (3 mudas), além de 94 mudas de hábito indeterminado. Entre as espécies, ocorreram 69 zoocóricas, 32 autocóricas e 29 anemocóricas, além de 21 plantas indeterminadas. Desconsiderando-se as 47 espécies arbóreas implantadas por mudas, houve introdução de: 25% de arbóreas, 8% de arbustos, 20% de ervas, 14% de lianas e 1% de bromeliáceas. Na UD de Cerrado, apesar de impactada por gado, aos dois anos de idade, foram introduzidos 354 indivíduos de 31 espécies nativas. Destas, 39% foram espécies arbóreas, 13% arbustivas, 16% herbáceas, 16% lianas e 16% indeterminadas. Foram registradas 35% de espécies zoocóricas, 29% de anemocóricas, 19% de autocóricas e 16% de plantas com síndrome indeterminada. Na UD de Restinga, foram detectadas, aos dois anos e meio de idade, 180 espécies de 108 gêneros e 55 famílias. As técnicas nucleadoras resultaram num custo experimental estimado em torno de 34% mais barato em relação ao modelo tradicional que varia em torno de R$ 5.500,00 reais/ha. O uso da nucleação aumentou nitidamente a eficiência da restauração ecológica. Foi restituída a diversidade, não só em seu aspecto estrutural, mas considerando-se também os diferentes nichos, formas e funções, formando um mosaico de ambientes e permitindo uma maior dinâmica das comunidades. No atual estágio de conhecimento, é importante a definição de qual paradigma almejamos para a restauração de nossas florestas: cultivar plantações de árvores nativas ou permitir e acelerar a sucessão natural? O novo paradigma das técnicas nucleadoras, ao contrário dos modelos tradicionais de recuperação que apenas satisfazem exigências legais, promovem a restituição de produtores, consumidores e decompositores, gerando a conservação efetiva dos ecossistemas, e assumindo, desta forma, um compromisso ético com as futuras gerações. / To remake ecosystems of artificial form represents a challenge to initiate a process of the possible most similar succession to the natural processes. The environmental recuperation has based on the model of traditional forestry, standing trees under 3 x 2 m spacing, in total area, with high implantation/ maintenance inputs, and generating forests developed in height, however with low diversity of forms of life and regeneration. Restoration nucleation techniques form microhabitats in nuclei propitious for the arrival of a series of species of all the life forms that in a process of sucessional acceleration, radiate diversity for all the area. The techniques had been implanted in pilot areas of one hectare, called "Demonstrative Units" (UDs). The UDs had been mounted in seasonal semidecidual forest (Capão Bonito-SP), Brazilian savanna (Santa Rita do Passa Quatro-SP) and coastal plain vegetation (Florianópolis-SC). In the first UD, with one year of age, the nucleation techniques had introduced 1,603 seedlings of 148 native species, amongst 84 arboreal species (883 seedlings), 12 shrubs (124 seedlings), 30 herbaceous ones (242 seedlings), 20 lianas (260 seedlings) and 2 bromelias (3 seedlings), in addition to 94 seedlings of indeterminate habit. Among the species, 69 zoochore, 32 autochore and 29 anemochore had occurred, plus 21 indetermined plants. Disrespecting the 47 arboreal species implanted by traditional seedlings, there was introduction of: 25% of arboreal, 8% of shrubs, 20% of herbaceous, 14% of lianas and 1% of bromelias. In Brazilian savanna UD, although affected by cattle when two years of age, 354 individuals of 31 native species had been introduced. Of these, 39% had been arboreal species, 13% shrubs, 16% herbaceous, 16% lianas and 16% indetermined. There had been registered 35% of zoochore species, 29% of anemochore, 19% of autochore and 16% of plants with indetermined syndrome. In coastal plain vegetation UD, in two years and half of age, 180 species of 108 genus and 55 families had been detected. The nucleating techniques had resulted cheaper in an esteemed experimental cost around 34% in relation to the traditional model that varies around R$ 5,500.00 reais/ha. The use of the nucleation clearly increased the efficiency of the ecological restoration. The diversity not only restituted its structural aspect, but also the different niches, forms and functions, forming an environment mosaic and allowing a dynamic growth of the communities. In the current period of knowledge, is important the definition of which paradigm we wish for the restoration of our forests: to cultivate plantations of native trees or to allow and to speed up the natural succession? The new paradigm of the nucleation techniques, in contrast to the traditional models of recovery that only satisfy legal requirements, replenishes the producers, consumers and decompositors, promoting the conservation of the ecosystems, and adopting an ethical commitment with the future generations.

Relatively little published information on cyanoprokaryote (blue-green algal) blooms in the freshwater wetlands in Western Australia is available. There has been little research on the urban lakes and rivers, examining the relationship between environmental conditions and toxin-producing blooms. In this project the ecology, morphology and toxicity of cyanoprokaryota blooms in 27 metropolitan lakes and sumplands, as well as three major rivers, from 2000 to 2003, on the Swan Coastal Plain (SCP) in the southwest of Western Australia were investigated. / A total of 24 species were identified and described, of which nine species had not been previously documented in the area. This included the potentially toxic species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Anabaena bergii var. limnetica. An illustrated guide to the common bloom-forming species was generated using conventional taxonomic criteria. / Microcystis flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa were the dominant bloom-forming cyanoprokaryotes, widespread in their distribution. Anabaena circinalis, A. bergii var. limnetica and Anabaenopsis elenkinii were the common filamentous species. Anabaena circinalis was common to certain freshwater sites, while A. bergii var. limnetica and A. elenkinii occurred in salinity ranging from fresh (< 1ppt) to hyposaline (3-10 ppt). Sites with similar species assemblages were identified using two-way indicator species analysis and clustering analysis. From this, a distinct distribution pattern emerged, which was defined by the main genera observed in the lakes – Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon and Anabaenopsis. / The spatial and temporal distribution of the common bloom-forming cyanoprokaryote species was examined in conjunction with spring-summer physico-chemical data using principal component analysis. It was found that pH, water temperature and electrical conductivity/salinity accounted for variations among the lakes, with electrical conductivity the variable explaining the greatest variation. Lakes located on the coast, or further inland at the base of the Darling Scarp, were more hyposaline to saline, and the remaining lakes were fresh. Although the SCP lakes form consanguineous groups based on geochemistry and hydrology, no similarities among them were found in terms of water quality. / The relationship between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations (total and dissolved inorganic) and cyanoprokaryote community structure (N-fixing versus non-N-fixing species) was investigated in five selected lakes; Yangebup Lake, Bibra Lake, Blue Gum Lake, Tomato Lake and Emu Lake. The lakes ranged from mesotrophic to eutrophic and supported spring-summer blooms containing multiple species. Overall an inverse relationship between cyanoprokaryote abundance and total ambient nutrient concentrations at the time of the blooms was evident. No transition in dominance in the community was observed in Yangebup Lake, Emu Lake and Bibra Lake, as they were dominated by non-heterocytic species (M. aeruginosa and M. flos-aquae) throughout spring and summer. For Yangebup Lake and Bibra Lake, the abundance of non-heterocytic species decreased concomitantly with decreasing dissolved inorganic N. In contrast, heterocytic species (A. circinalis) dominated the spring community in Tomato Lake, and summer community in Blue Gum Lake, when N and P concentrations were at their highest. / The presence of microcystins in Microcystis dominated blooms was examined using high performance chromatography. A total of 32 natural bloom samples, representing 13 lakes, were analysed for microcystin variants; -LR, -RR and -YR. Twenty-eight samples proved to be toxic with the highest total microcystin concentration from 1645 to 8428.6 µg L[superscript]-1, the lowest concentrations were less than 10 µg L[superscript]-1 with some below the detection limit. Microcystis aeruginosa and M. flos-aquae were associated with these microcystin-containing blooms, although M. flos-aquae appear to be less toxic. The presence of Nodularia spumigena in the Lake Yangebup was associated with high concentrations of nodularin (1664 µg L[superscript]-1). / Employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for microcystins and the brine shrimp (Artemia) bioassays allowed a greater number of lake samples to be analysed and provided a rapid assessment of toxicity. The three methods for cyanotoxin detection verified Yangebup Lake, Herdsman Lake, Hyde Park, Jackadder Lake and Emu Lake as highly toxic sites. Low toxicity was demonstrated in samples from Lake Goollelal, Lake Joondalup, Lake Claremont, Blue Gum Lake and North Lake. These results provided the first evidence of cyanotoxin producing blooms in urban lakes of the SCP. / A comparative study on cyanoprokaryota blooms in Swan River estuary, upper Canning River and upper Serpentine River found that these sites, although hyposaline to saline, contained species that were common in the freshwater lakes. Sampling the river systems showed M. aeruginosa, M. flos-aquae, A. circinalis, A. elenkinii and Planktothrix planctonica to be cosmopolitan in distribution, present in SCP wetlands of varied salinity. Similarities between the upper Canning River and lakes in environmental conditions and species assemblage were demonstrated using multivariate analyses. / Toxin analysis of bloom samples from the Swan River and upper Canning River revealed microcystin concentrations were less than that of the surrounding lakes (1.05-124.16 µg L[superscript]-1). Similarly, nodularin concentrations were higher in Yangebup Lake than the upper Serpentine River. However, the dominance of Anabaena in Canning River samples, and the highly toxic result from the Artemia bioassay suggests microcystin is not the predominant cyanotoxin in this wetland. / This study has produced an overview of the distribution and morphology of cyanotoxin-producing cyanoprokaryotes in the SCP wetlands. The data presented provide the basis for further cyanoprokaryote research in Western Australia, in particular the molecular characterisation of bloom-forming toxic species.

As comunidades florestais periféricas às florestas que recobrem o sopé e as médias encostas da Serra do Mar apresentam uma convergência de fisionomias e aspectos xeromórficos, sustentada por floras que estão relacionadas quanto às suas origens. Como estas semelhanças podem indicar condições ecológicas similares, o trabalho investigou qualitativa e quantitativamente se as semelhanças fisionômicas, entre a Floresta do Topo dos Morros da Serra do Mar e a Floresta Seca de Restinga no Estado de São Paulo, são acompanhadas por semelhanças florísticas e estruturais. Esta investigação teve como objetivos: caracterizar e comparar, em termos fitossociológicos, as florestas secas de restinga e as florestas do topo das escarpas atlânticas; e analisar as relações entre possíveis padrões florísticos e estruturais do componente arbóreo destas florestas e condições edáficas e climáticas de seus ambientes. A amostragem foi realizada a partir de 10 parcelas de 10 m X 10 m em cada uma das seis áreas de estudo. Para o topo da Serra do Mar considerou-se a floresta nas seguintes Unidades de Conservação: Estação Biológica de Boracéia; Núcleo Curucutu do PESM e Parque Estadual Intervales. Para a floresta seca de restinga, as áreas de estudo foram: Núcleo Picinguaba do PESM, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins e Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. Através da descrição fitossociológica das comunidades e de técnicas de análise multivariada para classificação e ordenação, observou-se que as áreas de floresta do topo das encostas são pouco similares florística e estruturalmente em relação às florestas secas de restinga. As pequenas semelhanças entre as florestas estudadas dizem respeito às espécies de grande plasticidade ecológica e que, por isso, possuem ampla distribuição geográfica. As diferenças florísticas e estruturais foram determinadas pelas espécies oriundas das florestas que recobrem as encostas da Serra do Mar, sendo que nehuma das espécies consideradas importantes é endêmica de um dos tipos florestais, não sustentando, assim, a convergência ecológica. / Plant communities at the periphery of the Atlantic rainforest that recover the lower and middle slopes of Serra do Mar presents a convergence of physiognomy and xeromorphycs aspects, supported by floras that are related on its origins. As these convergence can indicate similar ecological conditions, this present work investigated if the similarities between Upper Slope Forest and the Restinga Forest in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, are followed by floristic and structural similarities. This inquiry had two objectives: characterize and compare the Upper Slope Forest and the Restinga Forest in its phytosociological aspects; analyze the relationships between edaphic and climatic conditions and floristic and structural patterns of the arboreal component of these forests. To characterize the Upper Slope Forest was considered forests in the following Conservation Units: Estação Biológica de Boracéia, Núcleo Curucutu do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar and Parque Estadual Intervales; and to characterize the Restinga Forest the study areas were in the following Conservation Units: Núcleo Picinguaba do PESM, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins and Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. For structural vegetation analysis, were used 10 plots of 10 x 10 m in each area. The phytosociological description and multivaried analysis of classification and ordination showed that areas of Upper Slope Forest and Restinga Forest have low similarity. The resemblances are based on occurrence of broad ecological plasticity species and, therefore, of wide distribution. On the other hand, the floristic and structural heterogeneity is consequence of the predominance, in each forests type, of different species from the Atlantic rainforest that recover the lower and middle slopes of Serra do Mar, not supporting the ecological convergence hypothesis.