Esta dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa sobre como os professores do curso de administração compreendem a aprendizagem de seus alunos. O principal referencial teórico utilizado é a Epistemologia Genética de Jean Piaget e colaboradores. A autora afirma que a compreensão de como se constrói o conhecimento, à luz da teoria de Piaget, pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um trabalho voltado para a autonomia do aluno. A investigação segue o delineamento de estudo de casos múltiplos (Yin, 2015), com onze professores da disciplina Teoria Geral da Administração. São, também, consideradas as experiências relatadas pelos docentes em outras disciplinas teórico aplicadas. Os resultados analisados qualitativamente mostram que os professores utilizam diversos métodos pedagógicos, no entanto, sem reflexão e comentários sobre as relações deste emprego com o processo de aprendizagem dos alunos. Apesar de vários argumentos citarem o construtivismo na caracterização das práticas, os professores participantes demonstram compreender de maneira equivocada ou fragmentada tal conceito. / This thesis present a researched about on how student apprenticeship is understood by professors from the Administration course. The main theoretical reference used was the Genetic Epistemology from Jean Piaget and his co-workers. The author stated that the comprehension of how we build knowledge in accordance with the theory of Piaget, could contribute to develop a work focused on the autonomy of the learner. This research followed the design of multiple cases study method (Yin, 2015) interviewing eleven professors from the course of General Theory of Administration. It will be also considered the experiences reported by the scholars in other subjects theoretical implemented. The results that have been analyzed qualitatively show that the professors use a variety of pedagogical methods, nevertheless, without a consideration and comments about the ties of this usage with the learning process of the students. The professors who attended the survey demonstrated to have a poor or a fragmented understanding of this overall conception, although there are several arguments that characterize this practice mentioning constructivism.

Les activités de planification, et plus précisément l’ordonnancement, jouent un rôle majeur dans l’équilibre et l’efficience des systèmes de travail. L’ordonnancement est considéré comme un problème complexe ; et parmi les facteurs de complexité, l’incertitude représente une dimension centrale. Bien que de nombreux outils automatiques ou d’aide à la décision aient été conçus pour faciliter l’ordonnancement, la place de l’opérateur humain demeure primordiale. Paradoxalement, peu de travaux se sont intéressés à l’activité cognitive de l’ordonnanceur. Cette thèse de doctorat en ergonomie vise à étudier les processus cognitifs mis en œuvre par l’ordonnanceur, avec un intérêt particulier pour les stratégies de gestion de l’incertitude.Après la proposition d’une typologie des situations d’ordonnancement et d’une méthode d’analyse de l’activité, deux situations d’ordonnancement sous incertitude ont été étudiées : l’organisation des tournées dans le Transport Routier de Marchandises (TRM) et l’ordonnancement dans les Services de Soins Infirmiers à Domicile (SSIAD). Cette approche écologique a permis d’élaborer des modèles permettant de mieux appréhender les aspects humains de l’ordonnancement et de cerner les stratégies de gestion de l’incertitude. Des contributions à la fois théoriques, méthodologiques et pratiques seront issues de cette thèse. La combinaison de ces travaux permet d’enrichir la réflexion quant à l’optimisation de la collaboration Homme-Machine. / Planning processes, especially, scheduling play a major role in work systems stability and efficiency. Scheduling is regarded as a complex problem; among complexity factors, uncertainty represent a central dimension. Although numerous automated tools or decision support systems have already been designed to help operators schedule their activities. The part played by said operators remains primordial. Paradoxically, few researches were concerned by the cognitive activity of the scheduler. This PhD thesis in human factors aims at studying those cognitive processes, with a specific interest in uncertainty management strategies.After exposing a scheduling situations typology and a method for activity analysis, we presented two scheduling situations with high uncertainty factors to study: organization of rounds in Road Freight Transports (RFT) and scheduling in Visiting Nurse Agencies (VNAs). This ecological approach allowed for a better understanding of the human aspects of scheduling and the detection of uncertainty management strategies. This work contributes to widen the debate around the optimisation of Man-Machine collaboration.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa sobre como os professores do curso de administração compreendem a aprendizagem de seus alunos. O principal referencial teórico utilizado é a Epistemologia Genética de Jean Piaget e colaboradores. A autora afirma que a compreensão de como se constrói o conhecimento, à luz da teoria de Piaget, pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um trabalho voltado para a autonomia do aluno. A investigação segue o delineamento de estudo de casos múltiplos (Yin, 2015), com onze professores da disciplina Teoria Geral da Administração. São, também, consideradas as experiências relatadas pelos docentes em outras disciplinas teórico aplicadas. Os resultados analisados qualitativamente mostram que os professores utilizam diversos métodos pedagógicos, no entanto, sem reflexão e comentários sobre as relações deste emprego com o processo de aprendizagem dos alunos. Apesar de vários argumentos citarem o construtivismo na caracterização das práticas, os professores participantes demonstram compreender de maneira equivocada ou fragmentada tal conceito. / This thesis present a researched about on how student apprenticeship is understood by professors from the Administration course. The main theoretical reference used was the Genetic Epistemology from Jean Piaget and his co-workers. The author stated that the comprehension of how we build knowledge in accordance with the theory of Piaget, could contribute to develop a work focused on the autonomy of the learner. This research followed the design of multiple cases study method (Yin, 2015) interviewing eleven professors from the course of General Theory of Administration. It will be also considered the experiences reported by the scholars in other subjects theoretical implemented. The results that have been analyzed qualitatively show that the professors use a variety of pedagogical methods, nevertheless, without a consideration and comments about the ties of this usage with the learning process of the students. The professors who attended the survey demonstrated to have a poor or a fragmented understanding of this overall conception, although there are several arguments that characterize this practice mentioning constructivism.

Föreliggande studies syfte var att undersöka om det fanns något samband mellan regelbunden fysisk aktivitet respektive kognitiv aktivitet samt kognitiva funktioner bland individer över 65 år. Mer specifikt har föreliggande studie fokuserat på sambandet mellan regelbunden fysisk aktivitet i termer om total träningsmängd samt träningsintensitet och slutligen stillasittande. De kognitiva funktionerna; analytiskt tänkande, bearbetningshastighet och exekutiva funktioner har även studerats. Rekryteringen av deltagare skedde en mötesplats för målgruppen. Sammanlagd deltog totalt 30 deltagare varav 19 kvinnor samt 11 män. Åldrarna för deltagarna varierade mellan 65 till 84 år (M= 73.93, SD=5.85). Deltagarna besvarade först ett frågeformulär med bakgrundsfrågor (kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå) samt om deras fysiska aktivitet (International Physical Activities Questionnaire, IPAQ) och kognitionsvanor (Florida Cognitive Activities Scale, FCAS). Efter frågeformuläret var ifyllt och besvarat tilldelades deltagarna de kognitiva testerna som avser att mäta analytiskt tänkande (via Cognitive Reflection Test, CRT), bearbetningshastighet (via Trail Making Test A, TMT A, samt Symbol Digit Modalities Test, SDMT) samt exekutiva funktioner (via Trail Making Test B, TMT B).  Föreliggande studies resultat visar att Total kognitiv aktivitet har ett positivt samband med kognitiv förmåga, mer specifikt bearbetningshastighet samt exekutiva funktioner. Studien tyder inte på att det finns något samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och kognitiv förmåga. / The purpose of the present study was to study whether there was any relationship between regular physical activity and cognitive activity as well as cognitive functions for the age group 65+. More specifically, the present study has focused on the relationship between regular physical activity in terms of total amount of exercise as well as exercise intensity and finally being sedentary. The cognitive functions; analytical thinking, processing speed and executive functions have also been studied. The recruitment of participants took place via meeting places for the target group. A total of 30 participants took part, of which 19 were women and 11 were men. The ages of the participants varied between 65 to 84 years (M= 73.93, SD=5.85). The participants answered a questionnaire with background questions (gender, age, level of education) as well as about their exercise habits (International Physical Activities Questionnaire, IPAQ) and cognitive habits (Florida Cognitive Activities Scale, FCAS). After the questionnaire was completed and answered, the participants were assigned the cognitive tests that aim to measure analytical thinking (via the Cognitive Reflection Test, CRT), processing speed (via the Trail Making Test A, TMT A, and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, SDMT) and executive functions (via Trail Making Test B, TMT B). The results of the present study show that Total cognitive activity has a positive relationship with cognitive ability, more specifically processing speed and executive functions. The study does not indicate that there is any relationship between physical activity and cognitive ability.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to test the Lacey hypothesis of cardiac behavior patterns for possible use as a measure of attentiveness in a classroom where experimental variables were not controlled. Lacey's hypothesis predicted cardiac deceleration with instances of information-intake and cardiac acceleration with instances of information-processing. Third grade students in a self-contained classroom were telemetrically monitored for heart rate during reading group activities. Based on cardiac behavior, taking verbal instructions and reading aloud were improperly classified. Verbal instructions produced a mean acceleratory response instead of the predicted deceleration. Reading aloud produced a weak mean deceleratory response instead of the anticipated acceleration. The other events within the intake category and the processing category, respectively, adhered to the predicted directional responses despite their statistical nonsignificance. The methodology proved sensitive to events following the momentary state of information-handling by the individual. It was proposed that averaging of data led to loss of individual sensitivity to reading group events. Individual student attentiveness to different events may be yet studied via this objective technique.

No description available.

研究目的：再評估策略在清醒時是廣為使用且能夠有效降低負向情緒的方法之一。若個人在睡前使用，應預期也能降低情緒而促進入睡。然而，調查研究卻發現睡前使用再評估策略的習慣與入睡歷程未有預期的正向關連。研究者回顧發現，再評估策略可能包含了各種不同性質的次分類，高控制性的再評估策略可能會導致過度激發狀態，影響入睡。本研究目的即在於比較控制性高（改變對當下情境的詮釋）與低（接受）的再評估策略，讓兩組受試者在使用不同策略後嘗試入睡，並詢問其入睡歷程下的主觀入睡經驗。預期高控制再評估策略會導致受試者較高的認知激發狀態，而在階段二睡眠喚醒後有較多人自陳仍有思考活動，較少人自認已經睡著，以釐清入睡前使用不同次分類再評估策略所造成的控制性認知活動，可能對入睡歷程帶來的影響。 研究方法：本研究共招募26名受試者，並隨機分派至接受組（13人，7位男性，6位女性，平均年齡23.6歲）與對當下情境詮釋組（13人，男性6位，女性7位，平均年齡24.9歲）。受試者皆須依序經過中性情境以及情緒誘發情境兩個夜晚。在情緒誘發情境下，主試者會對其表現給予負向回饋以引發情緒，接著依不同組別要求受試者在睡前使用不同再評估策略來調適情緒，隨後嘗試入睡。同時，主試者會在睡前測量受試者的認知激發狀態，並於進入階段二睡眠後，即時喚醒詢問其入睡歷程意識經驗，包含主觀入睡知覺（自評睡著與否）、思考活動（是否仍有思考）等。 研究結果：本研究結果顯示，睡前使用高控制性策略，的確造成較高的入睡前控制活動，形成較高認知激發狀態，影響入睡歷程。在階段二睡眠喚醒後，使用較高控制性策略的組別也較另一組有較高比例報告仍在思考，覺得自己尚未睡著，並低估自己有睡著的時間。 結論：本研究探討控制性不同的再評估策略對主客觀入睡歷程的影響。研究結果支持高控制性策略會造成認知激發狀態，並使受試者在客觀定義入睡喚醒後，仍有較多的思考活動與較少的入睡知覺，同時較低估自己有睡著的時間，顯示入睡前較高的控制性認知活動，的確可能影響受試者的入睡歷程。這支持了先前研究對再評估策略並非單一構念的假設，未來研究再評估策略時，須考慮其次分類才能有全面性的了解。最後，對照過去研究，睡前使用再評估策略的習慣與入睡歷程未有預期的正向關連，可能是與未考慮控制性有關。 / Objective: Reappraisal was found to be effective to decrease negative emotion, thus is considered to be an useful strategy for emotion regulation, because it was (Gross, 1998; 2001). Since negative emotion is associated with sleep disruption, reappraisal is supposed to facilitate sleep-onset. Nevertheless, previous study did not support this point of view (Harvey, 2001; Ree et al., 2005). There was a negative association reported between use of reappraisal and sleep quality in insomnia patients. Researchers have identified different types of reappraisal strategies (McRae et al., 2011) with different levels of controlling cognitive activity. The unexpected association between reappraisal and sleep might be due to the impact of increased level of cognitive activity associated with reappraisal. This study aims to compare the effects of two types of reappraisal strategies, change thought (high cognitive activity) and accept feelings (low cognitive activity), on sleep onset process. Methods: Twenty six participants were recruited for this study, randomized to one of two groups (Acceptance group: N=13, average age=23.6 years; Change group: N=13, average age=24.9 years). Each participant will go through two nights of sleep recording at the sleep lab. The first night was baseline condition; the second night was experimental condition. After the emotion induction, the experimenter instructed the participants to use different reappraisal strategies to regulate their emotion, and then asked them to try to fall sleep in the experimental night. The experimenter woke up participants after 5-min after the start of stage 2 sleep, and asked their subjective experience right before waking up, including sleep perception (sleep or not) and thinking experience. Results: As expected, the Change group had higher controlling cognitive activity and arousal level than the Acceptance group before going to bed. Then, after waking up participants on stable stage 2 sleep, the Change group had higher thinking experience, lower sleep perception and underestimated sleep time than Acceptance group. Conclusions: The findings of this research show that high controlling activity reappraisal could have a negative impact on sleep-onset period than low controlling activity reappraisal. The result supports our hypothesis that controlling cognitive activity can increase pre-sleep arousal level that further increase cognitive activity during sleep-onset period and decrease the perception of sleep.

O objetivo da presente tese foi verificar a influência do enxágue bucal com carboidrato (CHO) sobre o desempenho no exercício físico predominantemente aeróbio realizado após uma atividade cognitiva frequentemente utilizada para induzir a fadiga mental. Sete homens fisicamente ativos participaram do estudo (idade: 26 ± 5 anos; estatura: 176,0 ± 8,3 cm; massa corporal: 73,6 ± 7,4 kg e gordura corporal: 14,3 ± 3,7 %, VO2 pico: 43,9 ± 6,5 ml.kg-1.min-1, Wpico: 268 ± 23,8 W) realizaram o Stroop Incongruente para indução da Fadiga Mental (FM) ou assistiam a um documentário pelo mesmo período de tempo (controle, CON). Após a tarefa eles realizaram um exercício de carga constante (~55%Wpico) até exaustão. Em cada uma das condições FM e CON os voluntários utilizavam o enxágue bucal (10s) com CHO ou placebo (PLA). No pre-exercício, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para glicose entre as diferentes condições. A frequência cardíaca apresentou aumento após todas as intervenções, assim como a fadiga percebida (P = 0,001, ES = 0,49), mas sem efeito de condição. O effect size foi moderado para essa variável, sugerindo que o aumento na fadiga percebida foi maior na condição FM (75%) quando comparado a condição CON (60%). A motivação não apresentou diferença entre as condições. Porém, houve uma tendência (0,07) a ser maior na condição DOC. Houve uma redução de 7,8% no tempo até exaustão na condição FM comparado ao CON, entretanto, essa diferença não foi estatisticamente significante. A frequência cardíaca, percepção subjetiva do esforço, fadiga percebida e eletromiografia do músculo vasto lateral aumentaram em função do tempo, sem diferença entre as condições. Com base nesses achados, pode-se concluir que a FM produz apenas um pequeno efeito deletério no exercício físico prologado e que o enxágue com CHO não era capaz de influenciar nessas condições experimentais. Possivelmente, isso se deve ao fato de ambas as intervenções estudadas (FM e enxágue com CHO) produzirem apenas pequenas alterações nas variáveis fisiológicas e perceptivas antes do exercício físico / The aim of this thesis was verify the influence of carbohydrate mouth rinse (CHO) on endurance performance after cognitive activity frequently used to induce mental fatigue. Seven health men (age: 26 ± 5 years; height: 176.0 ± 8.3 cm; weight: 73.6 ± 7.4 kg; and corporal fat: 14.3 ± 3.7%, VO2peak: 43.9 ± 6.5 ml.kg-1.min-1, Wpeak: 268.0 ± 23.8 W) performed an Incongruent Stroop to induce mental fatigue (FM) state or watched a documentary (control, CON) prior to endurance exercise. Following, they performed a workload exercise (~55%Wpeak) until exhaustion with CHO or placebo (PLA) mouth rinse (10s). In the pre-exercise, there was no significant difference for blood glucose between conditions. There was a main effect of distance for heart rate and perceived fatigue, but without interaction (P > 0.05) or condition (P > 0.05) effects. However, there was a moderate effect size for perceived fatigue (ES = 0,49), suggesting a possible relevant increase in perceived fatigue in the FM condition (75%) when compared to CON condition (60%). Although did not reach a significance level, the motivation tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in DOC condition. There was a reduction of 7.8% in time to exhaustion in FM condition compared to CON, however did not reach a significance level (P > 0.05). During exercise, the heart rate, rating perceived exertion, perception of fatigue and electromyography of the vastus lateralis increased over time (P < 0.05), but without interaction (P > 0.05) or condition (P > 0.05) effects. These results suggest that FM produce only a small deleterious effect in the prolonged physical exercise and that carbohydrate mouth rinse was not able to influence the endurance performance at all experimental conditions. Possibly, this is due to the fact of the experimental interventions (FM and carbohydrate mouth rinse) produced only discrete changes in the physiological and perceptual variables before endurance exercise

O objetivo da presente tese foi verificar a influência do enxágue bucal com carboidrato (CHO) sobre o desempenho no exercício físico predominantemente aeróbio realizado após uma atividade cognitiva frequentemente utilizada para induzir a fadiga mental. Sete homens fisicamente ativos participaram do estudo (idade: 26 ± 5 anos; estatura: 176,0 ± 8,3 cm; massa corporal: 73,6 ± 7,4 kg e gordura corporal: 14,3 ± 3,7 %, VO2 pico: 43,9 ± 6,5 ml.kg-1.min-1, Wpico: 268 ± 23,8 W) realizaram o Stroop Incongruente para indução da Fadiga Mental (FM) ou assistiam a um documentário pelo mesmo período de tempo (controle, CON). Após a tarefa eles realizaram um exercício de carga constante (~55%Wpico) até exaustão. Em cada uma das condições FM e CON os voluntários utilizavam o enxágue bucal (10s) com CHO ou placebo (PLA). No pre-exercício, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para glicose entre as diferentes condições. A frequência cardíaca apresentou aumento após todas as intervenções, assim como a fadiga percebida (P = 0,001, ES = 0,49), mas sem efeito de condição. O effect size foi moderado para essa variável, sugerindo que o aumento na fadiga percebida foi maior na condição FM (75%) quando comparado a condição CON (60%). A motivação não apresentou diferença entre as condições. Porém, houve uma tendência (0,07) a ser maior na condição DOC. Houve uma redução de 7,8% no tempo até exaustão na condição FM comparado ao CON, entretanto, essa diferença não foi estatisticamente significante. A frequência cardíaca, percepção subjetiva do esforço, fadiga percebida e eletromiografia do músculo vasto lateral aumentaram em função do tempo, sem diferença entre as condições. Com base nesses achados, pode-se concluir que a FM produz apenas um pequeno efeito deletério no exercício físico prologado e que o enxágue com CHO não era capaz de influenciar nessas condições experimentais. Possivelmente, isso se deve ao fato de ambas as intervenções estudadas (FM e enxágue com CHO) produzirem apenas pequenas alterações nas variáveis fisiológicas e perceptivas antes do exercício físico / The aim of this thesis was verify the influence of carbohydrate mouth rinse (CHO) on endurance performance after cognitive activity frequently used to induce mental fatigue. Seven health men (age: 26 ± 5 years; height: 176.0 ± 8.3 cm; weight: 73.6 ± 7.4 kg; and corporal fat: 14.3 ± 3.7%, VO2peak: 43.9 ± 6.5 ml.kg-1.min-1, Wpeak: 268.0 ± 23.8 W) performed an Incongruent Stroop to induce mental fatigue (FM) state or watched a documentary (control, CON) prior to endurance exercise. Following, they performed a workload exercise (~55%Wpeak) until exhaustion with CHO or placebo (PLA) mouth rinse (10s). In the pre-exercise, there was no significant difference for blood glucose between conditions. There was a main effect of distance for heart rate and perceived fatigue, but without interaction (P > 0.05) or condition (P > 0.05) effects. However, there was a moderate effect size for perceived fatigue (ES = 0,49), suggesting a possible relevant increase in perceived fatigue in the FM condition (75%) when compared to CON condition (60%). Although did not reach a significance level, the motivation tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in DOC condition. There was a reduction of 7.8% in time to exhaustion in FM condition compared to CON, however did not reach a significance level (P > 0.05). During exercise, the heart rate, rating perceived exertion, perception of fatigue and electromyography of the vastus lateralis increased over time (P < 0.05), but without interaction (P > 0.05) or condition (P > 0.05) effects. These results suggest that FM produce only a small deleterious effect in the prolonged physical exercise and that carbohydrate mouth rinse was not able to influence the endurance performance at all experimental conditions. Possibly, this is due to the fact of the experimental interventions (FM and carbohydrate mouth rinse) produced only discrete changes in the physiological and perceptual variables before endurance exercise