Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis will address the planned configuration of Lockheed Martin's Flight Zero, Module Spiral Alpha Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) and the ongoing development of the SPARTAN SCOUT, one of the Navy's Unmanned Surface Vessels (USV). Technology currently available as well as developmental technologies will be recommended for implementation in order to make the LCS and SCOUT assets to Information Operations (IO) objectives. Specific technology will include Outboard, TARBS, HPM, Loudspeakers, LRAD and Air Magnet. This thesis will include an evaluation of the current policy for authorizing Information Operations missions, specifically in the areas of Psychological Operations (PSYOP) and Electronic Warfare (EW). / Lieutenant, United States Navy

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a high injury rate in the lower extremities among military recruits. A correlation has been shown between female gender or a low level of physical activity prior to basic military training and a higher risk of injury. AIM: To investigate the self-reported injury rate in the lower extremities among Swedish recruits and the difference in injury rate between men and women. Another aim was to investigate correlation between self-reported injury rate in the lower extremities and self-reported physical activity, and to study this correlation for both men and women. METHOD: A quantitative study with a prospective, descriptive, comparative and correlative design. Data from two different questionnaires were answered by 177 recruits. RESULTS: 26% of the recruits reported injury in lower extremities after completing the basic training. There was a significant difference (p=0.006) in self-reported injury between female and male recruits. The level of prior physical activity and the injury rate amongst the recruits had a low correlation. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a high injury rate among Swedish recruits, especially among the female recruits. No correlation between self-reported physical activity and the injury rate in lower extremities was found. / BAKGRUND: Tidigare studier visar på hög skadeprevalens i nedre extremiteter hos militära rekryter under grundläggande militär utbildning. Samband har setts mellan kvinnligt kön eller låg fysisk aktivitetsnivå före utbildningsstart och ökad skaderisk. SYFTE: Undersöka den självrapporterade skade-/besvärsprevalensen i nedre extremitet hos svenska rekryter efter avslutad grundläggande militär utbildning (GMU), samt studera skillnader mellan könen i detta avseende. Syftet var också att undersöka sambandet mellan självrapporterad fysisk aktivitetsnivå inför GMU och skade-/besvärsprevalensen i nedre extremiteter efter genomförd utbildning samt studera sambandet för män respektive kvinnor. METOD: En kvantitativ studie med prospektiv, deskriptiv, komparativ och korrelerande design. Data från två olika enkäter besvarades av 177 rekryter. RESULTAT: 26% av rekryterna rapporterade skada/besvär i nedre extremitet vid avslutad utbildning. Signifikant skillnad (p=0,006) kunde ses i självrapporterad skade-/besvärsprevalens mellan kvinnliga (42%) och manliga (21%) rekryter. Nivå av fysisk aktivitet och skade-/besvärsprevalensen hos rekryterna hade inget signifikant samband och låg korrelation. KONKLUSION: Resultaten tyder på hög skadeprevalens inom GMU, framförallt hos kvinnliga rekryter. Något samband mellan självskattad nivå av fysisk aktivitetsnivå och skade-/besvärsprevalens i nedre extremitet fanns inte hos rekryterna. Sambandet fanns varken för män eller kvinnor på gruppnivå.

<p>Dat je pregled i analiza performansi lakih vojnih terenskih točka&scaron;kih vozila (LVTTV), lakih komercijalnih terenskih točka&scaron;kih vozila (LKTTV) u Pik-ap verziji i postojećih sistema naoružanja pogodnih za primenu na LKTTV Pik-ap verzija.<br />Posebno je razmotrena problematika elastično-prigu&scaron;nog oslanjanja naoružanja pri njegovom jediničnom dejstvu.<br />Definisana je metodologija i projektovana je i realizovana oprema za simulaciju impulsne sile u cilju statičkih i dinamičkih ispitivanja sistema vozilo-platforma-naoružanje u laboratorijskim uslovima.<br />Prikazan je postupak ispitivanja pri statičkom opterećenju sistema i dinamičkih ispitivanja sistema vozilo-platforma-naoružanje u uslovima kontinuirane impulsne sile u cilju odredjivanja pomeranja &scaron;asije u zonama točkova i napona u &scaron;asiji vozila i osloncima platforme za prihvat naoružanja.<br />Postavljen je matematički model sistema vozilo-platforma-naoružanje i data teorijska pomeranja &scaron;asije vozila u zonama točkova pri jediničnoj impulsnoj sili odnosno impulsu.</p> / <p>The review and analysis of the performances of military ground wheeled vehicles (LVTTV), light commercial wheeled ground vehicles (LKTTV) of Pick-up version and current systems of armament convenient for the application on LKTTV Pick-up versions, were given.<br />The issues of elastic-absorbtion suspension of armament during its single shooting function was analised in detail.<br />The methodology was defined, the equipment for the simulation of impulse force was designed and realised with purpose of static and dynamic tests of the vehicle-platform-armament system in the laboratory conditions.<br />The test procedure of static and dynamic loads of system vehicle-platform-armament in conditions of continual impulse force was presented. The aim of these tests was the determination of motion of vehicle chassis in the stress of vehicle chassis and platform supports for the armament.<br />The mathematical model of vehicle-platform-armamaent system was defined and theoretical motions of vehicle chassis in the wheels zones under the single impulse force, were given.</p>

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / The Littoral Combat Ship's (LCS) minimally manned core crew goal is 15 to 50 manpower requirements and the threshold, for both core and mission-package crews, is 75 to 110. This dramatically smaller crew size will require more than current technologies and past lessons learned from reduced manning initiatives. Its feasibility depends upon changes in policy and operations, leveraging of future technologies and increased Workload Transfer from sea to shore along with an increased acceptance of risk. A manpower requirements analysis yielded a large baseline (200) requirement to support a notional LCS configuration. Combining the common systems from the General Dynamics and Lockheed Martin designs with other assumed equipments (i.e. the combined diesel and gas turbine (CODAG) engineering plant) produce the notional LCS configuration used as the manpower requirements basis. The baseline requirement was reduced through the compounded effect of manpower savings from Smart Ship and OME and suggested paradigm shifts. A Battle Bill was then created to support the notional LCS during Conditions of Readiness I and III. An efficient force deployment regime was adopted to reduce the overall LCS class manpower requirement. The efficiency gained enables the LCS force to "flex" and satisfy deployment requirements with 25% to 30% fewer manpower requirements over the "one-forone" crewing concept. costs $60K. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / On 1 October 2003 the USAF transferred control of its CONUS-based combat search and rescue(CSAR) assets from Air Combat Command to Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC). Transferto AFSOC was CSAR's fourth major reorganization in twenty years, and was the latest in a turbulentprocession of attempts to improve the combat effectiveness of CSAR forces. Despite possessing anabundance of brave, motivated, and extremely capable personnel yearning to accomplish their mission, dysfunctional organizational arrays and nagging organizational constraints have prevented USAF dedicatedCSAR forces from "getting to the fight" for the onset of hostilities in three of this nation's past four majorarmed conflicts. Special operations forces had to fill the void. This analysis evaluates CSAR's positionwithin AFSOC's organizational array to determine if this latest reorganization is likely to produce durableimprovements in CSAR combat effectiveness. My conclusion is that "CSAR friendly" organizational cultureand effective organizational constructs within AFSOC Headquarters, combined with highly receptiveattitudes among CSAR crewmembers, form a historically unique organizational mix that favors the long termsuccess of CSAR forces in AFSOC. To ensure AFSOC's favorable organizational posture is translated toimproved combat capability, leadership must immediately increase CSAR representation on HHQ staffs. / Major, United States Air Force

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The focus of this thesis is to use and leverage the strengths of dynamic computer program analysis methodologies in software engineering testing and debugging such as program behavior modeling and event grammars to automate the building and analysis of combat simulations. An original high level language METALS (Meta-Language for Combat Simulations) and its associated parser and C++ code generator were designed to reduce the amount of time and developmental efforts needed to build sophisticated real world combat simulations. A C++ simulation of the Navy's current mine avoidance problem in littoral waters was generated using high level METALS description in the thesis as a demonstration. The software tools that were developed will allow users to focus their attention and efforts in the problem domain while sparing them to a considerable extent the rigors of detailed implementation. / Major, Republic of Singapore Navy

Par le biais d'une analyse exhaustive de la presse et de la littérature ouverte produite durant les années charnières 1919-1935 en France, en Allemagne et en Grande-Bretagne, on étudie chronologiquement le fonctionnement des canaux de transmission dans l'élaboration des doctrines d'emploi des forces motorisées. Les impasses tactiques de la Grande Guerre ont suscité l'invention d'armes nouvelles telles le char et l'avion utilisant la dynamique du moteur. On s'efforce de comprendre l'incidence sur les organisations militaires du rattachement des chars à telle ou telle arme. Contrastant avec le paradigme des fronts statiques cultivé par les Français vainqueurs, les penseurs militaires britanniques inaugurent une rupture dont les Allemands, tétanisés par l'idée de la revanche, tirent tout le parti possible dans les limites particulièrement strictes posées par le Traité de Versailles. On verra comment s'établit une éventuelle articulation entre les combats au sol et la guerre aérienne. On se propose de mesurer les échanges en utilisant notamment la grille de la technique, en s'interrogeant sur la capacité de certains officiers à imposer leurs idées dans un contexte politique et social donné. Dans le cadre de la progression différenciée vers la professionnalisation des armées en Europe, on suivra l'évolution de la relation de l'homme à la machine induite par la remise en cause du rôle de la cavalerie / Through an exhaustive analysis of newspapers and the literature within the public domain produced during the pivotal years 1919-1935 in France, in Germany and in Great Britain, we will chronologically study how transmission channels function in the development of doctrines on the use of motorized forces. During the Great War, tactical deadlocks led to the invention of new weapons like aeroplane and tank, using the dynamic of the engine. We will try to understand the impact on military organizations of the annexation of tanks to a particular army corps. Contrasting with the paradigm of static front lines promoted by the victorious French, British military decide to change tactics. The Germans, longing for revenge, get the most out of this innovation within the limits of the particularly strict clauses in the Treaty of Versailles. We will study how a potentially functional interaction has developed between ground and air battlefields. We will examine the exchanges using particularly the scale of technique, questioning the ability of some officers to impose their ideas in a given social and political framework. As part of the differentiated advancement of professionalization of the army in Europe, we will monitor developments regarding the 'human-machine' relationship driven by questioning the role of the cavalry

O presente estudo buscou analisar a participação política e engajamento na luta armada de militares dissidentes das Forças Armadas. No período anterior ao golpe civil militar de 1964 que derrubou o governo do presidente João Goulart, vivenciaram com grande intensidade uma contradição entre seu papel de militar, idealizado pelas instituições, de mantenedor da ordem social vigente, e as aspirações e lutas de sua classe de origem. Esses militares foram cassados ou deixaram as Forças Armadas após o golpe, outros permaneceram na ativa e foram presos por estarem ligados a grupos armados. Todos combateram o desenvolvimento econômico nacional baseado no sistema capitalista associado e dependente e vislumbraram, no sistema socialista, uma alternativa de organização mais justa e digna. O golpe militar teve um grande impacto destrutivo nas suas trajetórias de vida e eles encontraram, na luta armada, uma maneira de dar continuidade às suas atividades e aspirações políticas. Organizações de esquerda como o MNR e a VPR, principalmente pela capacidade de organização e aglutinação do sargento do Exército Onofre Pinto, representaram uma resistência concreta contra a dispersão desses agentes políticos, provocada pelos órgãos repressivos. / The present study looked to analyse the political participation and commitment in the armed combat of military dissidents of the Armed Strength. In the period previous to the civil military blow of 1964 that knocked down the government of president João Goulart, they survived with great intensity a contradiction between his soldier\'s paper, idealized by the institutions, of bread-winner of the social order in force and the aspirations and struggles of his class of origin. These soldiers were revoked or they left the Strength Armed after the blow, others remained in the active service and were imprisoned because of being tied to armed groups. They all fought the economical national development based on the capitalist associate and dependent system and glimpsed, in the socialist system, the most just alternative of organization and worthy. The military blow had a great destructive impact in his trajectories of life and they found, in the armed combat, a way of giving continuity to his activities and political aspirations. Left-wing organizations as the MNR and the VPR, principally for the capacity of organization and agglutination of the sergeant of the Army Onofre Pinto, represented a concrete resistance against the dispersal of these political agents, provoked by the repressive organs.

O judô é um esporte de combate com características intermitentes, com alta demanda fisiológica. O desenvolvimento da potência aeróbia máxima em atletas de judô pode contribuir para a recuperação e a manutenção da intensidade dos esforços durante o combate, e para a recuperação entre os diferentes combates de uma competição. Em geral, a avaliação dessa capacidade física tem sido realizada por meio da aplicação de testes progressivos até a exaustão em esteira ou ciclo-ergômetro, os quais possuem baixa validade ecológica e não permitem a obtenção de parâmetros para a prescrição do treinamento específico da modalidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar e testar a validade, reprodutibilidade e sensibilidade de um teste progressivo até a exaustão utilizando-se do uchi-komi (entrada de golpes), para mensurar a potência aeróbia máxima de atletas de judô. Doze atletas de judô do sexo masculino participaram desse estudo e foram submetidos a quatro sessões de avaliação, em dias distintos e, separadas por um intervalo de, no mínimo, 48 horas, exceto para a última sessão, que foi conduzido sete dias após a realização da terceira sessão. Para determinar a validade de critério, foram conduzidos três testes progressivos até a exaustão: teste de membros superiores (MMSSteste), membros inferiores (MMIIteste) e teste de uchi-komi (UKteste), os quais foram aleatorizados e distribuídos entre a primeira e a segunda sessões. Na etapa seguinte os mesmos atletas foram avaliados na terceira e quarta sessões para determinar a reprodutibilidade do UKteste. Além disso, também foi confirmado se os atletas alcançaram o verdadeiro consumo máximo de oxigênio, por meio de um teste de confirmação (UKconf). Para essa finalidade, 12 atletas de judô, incluindo 6 atletas que participaram do estudo de validade e reprodutibilidade, realizaram dois testes (UKteste e UKconf), separados por um intervalo de 20 minutos. A análise descritiva de todas as variáveis dependentes foi apresentada como média e desvio padrão. A validade do UKteste foi determinado por intermédio de uma análise de variância a um fator (tipo de teste) pela comparação do UKteste, MMSSteste e MMIIteste e pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Quando observada diferença significante, foi conduzido o teste de post-hoc de Bonferroni. A reprodutibilidade do UKteste foi determinada por meio do teste t de Student para dados pareados, coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI), erro típico (ET) e ET como coeficiente de variação (CV). A sensibilidade do UKteste foi calculada pela menor variação detectável (MVD) para diferentes tamanho de efeito (0,2; 0,6 e 1,2 multiplicado pelo desvio padrão entre sujeitos) e classificados como marginal, médio, e bom, respectivamente. Além disso, a mínima mudança detectável (MMD) em uma dada variável foi calculada por meio da equação: ET x 1,96 * ?2. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em p < 0,05. A validade do UKteste foi confirmado pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson com valores de consumo pico de oxigênio (V? O2pico) classificados como quase perfeita. Não houve diferença nas variáveis mensuradas no UKteste e UKconf, além disso, os resultados mostraram que o UKteste possui boa reprodutibilidade relativa com CCI classificado como muito alta para a percepção subjetiva de esforço e quase perfeita CCI para o V? O2pico, frequência cardíaca máxima e intensidade aeróbia máxima. Adicionalmente, o teste apresentou boa reprodutibilidade absoluta, apresentando um ET como CV menor que 5%. Variações médias no tamanho do efeito podem ser adequadamente detectadas para o V? O2pico, intensidade aeróbia máxima e frequência cardíaca máxima. Em conclusão, o UKteste mostrou ser um teste válido e reprodutível para avaliar a potência aeróbia máxima de atletas de judô / Judo is a combat sport with intermittent characteristics and high physiological demand. The development of maximal aerobic power in judo athletes can contribute to the recovery and maintenance of efforts intensity during a combat, and to the recovery between different combats in a competition. In general, the evaluation of this physical capacity has been performed through the application of graded exercise tests in treadmill or cycle ergometer, which have low ecological validity, and do not enable the collection of parameters for specific training prescription to the modality. Thus, the objective of this study was to elaborate and test the validity, reliability and usefulness of a graded exercise tests using uchi-komi (repetition training), to measure the maximal aerobic power of judo athletes. Twelve male judo athletes participated in this study. They were submitted to 4 assessment sessions on different days separated by at least 48 hours, except in the last session which was performed 7 days after the 3rd session. In order to determine the criterion validity, 3 graded exercise tests were performed: upperbody (UBtest), lower-body cycle ergometer tests (LBtest) and uchi-komi (UKtest), which were randomized and distributed between 1st and 2nd sessions. In the next step, the same athletes were evaluated in the 3rd and 4th sessions to determine the reliability of the UKtest. Further, it was also confirmed whether athletes achieved true maximum oxygen uptake through a confirmation test (UKconf). For this purpose, 12 judo athletes, including 6 athletes who participated in the validity and reliability studies, performed 2 tests (UKtest and UKconf), separated by a 20-minute interval. The descriptive analysis of all dependent variables was presented by mean and standard deviations. The validity of the UKtest was determined through a one-way analysis of variance (test type), comparing the UKtest, UBtest and LBtest, and by the Pearson correlation coefficient. When a significant difference was observed, the Bonferroni post-hoc test was conducted. The UKtest reliability was determined by the test-retest comparison, using Student\'s t-test for paired data, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and typical error (TE) as coefficient of variation (CV). The UKtest usefulness was calculated by the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) for different effect sizes (0.2, 0.6 and 1.2 multiplied by the standard deviation among subjects) and classified as marginal, average and good, respectively. In addition, the minimal detectable change (MDC) in each variable was calculated using the equation: TE × 1,96 × ?2. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. The validity of the UKtest was confirmed by the Pearsom correlation coefficient with values of peak oxygen consumption (V? O2peak) classified as nearly perfect. There were no differences between variables measured in the UKtest and in the UKconf. Also, results showed that the UKtest had good relative reliability, with ICC classified as very large (rated perceived exertion) and almost perfect (V? O2peak, maximal heart rate and maximum aerobic intensity). Moreover, the test presented good absolute reliability, with a TE as CV lower than 5%. Mean variations in effect size could be adequately detected for V? O2peak, maximal aerobic intensity and maximal heart rate. In conclusion, the UKtest proved to be a valid and reliable test to evaluate the maximal aerobic power of judo athletes

Le 2 avril 1982, l’Argentine envahit les îles Malouines et réaffirme sa souveraineté sur ces îles perdues en 1833. Pourquoi l’Argentine décide-t-elle reprendre ces îles ? Par lassitude ? Sans doute, les négociations s’enlisent et ne laissaient entrevoir aucune solution. Par intérêt ? Sans nul doute, le rapport Shackleton évoque les richesses naturelles inexploitées de l’archipel (du pétrole et des eaux poissonneuses). Par opportunisme ? Indéniablement, l’Argentine est alors en crise financière et est gouvernée par une dictature militaire fragilisée par les oppositions. La reconquête des Malouines pourrait être une planche de salut pour la Junte. La force de réaction de Margaret Thatcher à cette invasion semble surprendre : pourquoi vouloir conserver des îles lointaines, qui comptent 1800 habitants, et 700 000 ovins ? Le monde est encore en pleine guerre froide, les Etats-Unis et l’URSS s’opposent toujours, le conflit des Malouines vient leur offrir un terrain d’affrontement supplémentaire. / On the 2nd April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and reclaimed sovereignty over the islands that she had lost in 1833. Why did Argentina decide to retake these islands ? Was it weariness? Without doubt, negotiation had not given hope of a solution. Was it out of interest? Without a doubt the Shackleton connection suggested unexploited natural resources on the islands (petrol and fishable waters). Was it opportunism? Undeniably Argentina was at that time in a financial crisis and governed by a military dictatorship weakened by conflict. The re-conquest of the Falklands could have been the last hope for the Junta. The strength of Margaret Thatcher's reaction to this invasion seemed surprising: why would one want to keep hold of these far flung islands with 1800 inhabitants and 700 000 ovines? The world was still in the middle of a cold war, the United Stated of America and the USSR continued to clash; the conflict in the Falklands offered them an additional battle ground.