<p>Намера студије јесте да се целокупни досадашњи драмски опус Виде Огњеновић<br />сагледа у ширем контексту савремене српске драматургије и књижевне традиције. Овакав<br />задатак подразумева анализу примењеног литерарно-драматуршког поступка, тематско-<br />мотивских одредница, жанровских и стилских особености, језичког израза,<br />карактеризације ликова, односа према историјским, политичким, идеолошким, културним,<br />социјалним и другим друштвеним феноменима. За реализацију тако дефинисаног циља<br />истраживања, било је неопходно формирати својеврсни координатни систем. Унутар<br />система једна оса представља најзначајније ауторе и њихова репрезентативна дела, који су<br />кључни за развој савремене српске драме од Другог светског рата до прве деценије овог<br />века, а друга оса означава књижевну традицију као недвосмислену исходишну тачку и<br />креативну инспирацију. Рад је подељен у три органски повезане целине: &bdquo;Савремена<br />српска драма&rdquo;, &bdquo;Драмски опус Виде Огњеновић&rdquo; и &bdquo;Књижевна традиција као креативна<br />инспирација</p> / <p>Namera studije jeste da se celokupni dosadašnji dramski opus Vide Ognjenović<br />sagleda u širem kontekstu savremene srpske dramaturgije i književne tradicije. Ovakav<br />zadatak podrazumeva analizu primenjenog literarno-dramaturškog postupka, tematsko-<br />motivskih odrednica, žanrovskih i stilskih osobenosti, jezičkog izraza,<br />karakterizacije likova, odnosa prema istorijskim, političkim, ideološkim, kulturnim,<br />socijalnim i drugim društvenim fenomenima. Za realizaciju tako definisanog cilja<br />istraživanja, bilo je neophodno formirati svojevrsni koordinatni sistem. Unutar<br />sistema jedna osa predstavlja najznačajnije autore i njihova reprezentativna dela, koji su<br />ključni za razvoj savremene srpske drame od Drugog svetskog rata do prve decenije ovog<br />veka, a druga osa označava književnu tradiciju kao nedvosmislenu ishodišnu tačku i<br />kreativnu inspiraciju. Rad je podeljen u tri organski povezane celine: &bdquo;Savremena<br />srpska drama&rdquo;, &bdquo;Dramski opus Vide Ognjenović&rdquo; i &bdquo;Književna tradicija kao kreativna<br />inspiracija</p> / <p>This study is aimed at offering an overview of the entire dramatic oeuvre of Vida<br />Ognjenović to date within the wider context of the contemporary Serbian dramaturgy and literary<br />tradition. This objective entails an analysis of the literary-dramatic procedure used, as well as the<br />thematic-motif determinants, distinctive features in regard to genre and style, linguistic<br />expression, characterisation, attitude towards historical, political, ideological, cultural, social and<br />other societal phenomena. In order to accomplish the objective of research thus formulated, it<br />was necessary to form a singular coordinate system. One coordinate axis represents major<br />authors and their representative works, which bear crucial significance for the development of<br />the contemporary Serbian drama from World War II to the first decade of this century, while the<br />other axis represents literary tradition as an unambiguous point of origin and creative inspiration.<br />The study is divided into three organically related units: &lsquo;Contemporary Serbian drama&rsquo;,<br />&lsquo;Dramatic oeuvre of Vida Ognjenović&rsquo; and &lsquo;Literary tradition as creative inspiration&rsquo;.</p>

Throughout history, sex and sexuality has been a subject for many debates. It has been regulated through both authorities and social norms. Female sexuality has been seen both as a symbol for motherhood and as a sin. Women have also been judged both for their virginity and their lack of it. This matter appears regularly in the media, whereas women still are objectified and judged for how they choose to exert their sexuality. Therefor, we have chosen to study how this appears in teenage movies in modern times, through a case study of the movies Easy A, Juno and The first time. We want to examine which kind of messages that are transmitted to youths about women and their sexuality. We have used the variables informal sexual education, slut shaming, victim blaming, the madonna/whore complex and objectification. Our results shows that women’s sexuality still is criticized and regulated by society and its values.

This thesis investigates the concept of leadership in four comedies of Aristophanes. In the first chapter (Lysistrata) I focus on the relationship of the female leadership with religious rituals and medical pathology, and I show that the power of women lies in their important biological role and their ability to conceive and (re)produce life in the context of marriage. In chapter two (Knights) I examine the operation of leadership through the alimentary and sacrificial codes of the play. I argue that the Sausage-seller gradually manifests himself as the sacrificial cook Agorakritos who sacrifices Demos. In this way he puts an end to the politics of savage, raw consumption as they were employed by Paphlagon (and, occasionally, by Demos himself), and saves the day by inaugurating a new era of political practice. In chapter three (Birds) I focus on the political competition between the former leader of the Birds, Tereus, and the newcomer Peisetairos. I argue that Peisetairos captivates his audience through the abuse of rhetoric and sophistry, and gradually adopts more brutal ways, by perverting the ritual of hospitality, committing cannibalism, and becoming sexually aggressive. In this respect, Peisetairos is assimilated to the tragic Tereus of the Sophoclean tragedy, but finally emerges as a more successful version of both the comic and the tragic Tereus. In the fourth and last chapter (Ecclesiazusae) I discuss the women’s disruption and overturn of the normal social order by focusing on the practice of cross-dressing and on love-magic rituals: the exchange of costume between the two sexes, as well as the control of magic practices by the women over men, empower women and, by contrast, disempower and ridicule men, who are finally reduced to a state of impotence, infertility and almost death.

In spite of the large amount of criticism written about T. S. Eliot, no attempt has been made to point out the great debt that Eliot owes to Dante Alighieri, and the pervasive influence of The Divine Comedy on Eliot's poetical works. This thesis endeavors to illustrate the extent of that debt and influence.

幽默，是把雙面刃。其雙面性來自於其所具有的四個功能：認同、澄清、強化、區隔(Meyer, 2000)。現場喜劇演員在設計表演橋段時，為求笑聲的回饋，往往會忽略幽默的後兩種功能：強化和區隔，使得笑點中蘊含的歧視再度被加深。在面對性別和性傾向主題時，這樣的現象更是無可避免。 本篇研究將以《卡米地喜劇俱樂部》的站立喜劇為例，選擇切合性別與性傾向主題的表演橋段進行質化研究，將主題分為四類：男性、女性、男同性戀、女同性戀，以幽默的三個理論：優越論、不一致論、紓解論，以及佛洛伊德對笑的觀察為分析基礎。我們想要知道幽默的呈現手法選擇和幽默的主題，是否有一定程度的相關性？在這四大主題內的歧視，是針對整個族群，又或者是針對特定的次族群進行？最重要的是，這樣的歧視背後的意涵為何？又可能造成怎麼樣的傷害？我們旨在透過詮釋幽默形成的脈絡，帶領大家看見幽默下潛藏的性別和性傾向歧視，並加以反思。 研究結果顯示，相較於幽默主題，幽默的手法和站立喜劇演員自身的性別具有更加顯著的關聯性。男性演員較常使用優越論和有意圖的笑話，女性演員則更常運用不一致論和紓解論中的降階不一致感。以男性為主題時，男性演員表面上看起來是在嘲笑特定族群的男性，但本質上都還是建立在父權對女性的偏見之上；男性演員在貶低地位較自己高的男性時，最常見的作法，就是將對方說成男同性戀。這也顯示了男性演員不單是將男同性戀貶低到男性異性戀之下，更將無能跟男同性戀劃上等號。女性演員在攻擊男性的時候，由於父權主義作祟，男性在上位、女性在下位，難以鬆動兩者的階層，其殺傷力往往小的多。以女性為主題時，男性演員多從外貌或身材進行攻擊，將其獨立於女性主體之外，並反向以局部決定了一個女性的好壞。但由於反映了觀眾不敢講的話，男性演員在紓解論的庇護下，得以免於責難。男性演員針對特定族群女性的表演，不但反映了社會對其的刻板印象，更反映了更深層、父權下對女性的厭女情結。女性演員在談論女性主題時，即使嘗試實踐幽默中的認同、澄清功能 (Meyer, 2000)，卻很有可能再度落入父權刻板印象。兩難的是，由於男性地位在父權框架裡是較高的，一旦女性演員以攻擊男性的方式為女性發聲，可能會因為反抗父權而沒了笑聲。女性演員提到己身婚姻狀況時反映了社會對未婚男女的差別待遇。相較於未婚的男性，未婚女性容易被視為是「有問題」的，這也反映了父權下的社會期望值裡，女性是被設定成「適當年齡時結婚走入家庭」的刻板角色。面對男同性戀主題時，男性演員對男同性戀的再現反映了「男同性戀很陰柔」的刻板印象，並錯將性別氣質和性傾向劃上等號。這同時也反映了男同性戀跟陰柔的特質，在父權之下都是個可以被嘲笑的錯誤。以女同性戀為主題時，女性演員也同樣反映了「女同性戀很陽剛」的刻板印象，並反映了同性戀在異性戀主流下的出櫃困境。 / The four main functions of humor, a double-edged sword, are: identification, clarification, enforcement, differentiation (Meyer, 2000). While planning their performances, live stand-up comedians, to pursue laughter, tend to neglect the latter two functions of humor: enforcement and differentiation. This makes prejudices beneath punch lines to be rooted deeper, which are even more inevitable when comedians deal with gender and sexual orientation topics. This study takes as examples stand-up comedies from Live Comedy Club Taipei and we choose performances that touch upon the gender and sexual orientation topics to conduct qualitative research. Based on the nature of the topics, we divide the performances selected into four categories: male, female, gay, and lesbian. We take the three main theories of humor, namely, superiority theories, incongruity theories, and relief theories, and also Humor in Freud as our basis to analyze these performances. We set out to explore the following questions. Is there a connection between the way humor is delivered and the specific topic of humor? Are the underlying prejudices in these four major topics against the target group as a whole or a specific sub-group? Most important of all, what lies beneath these prejudices, and what damage do they cause? Through interpreting how humor comes into existence, we aim to reveal the gender and sexual orientation prejudices in humor, and further reflect upon such phenomena. The result shows, in terms of the four topics, how humor is delivered is more relevant to the gender of the comedian. Male comedians favor the superiority strategy and tendentious jokes, while female comedians tend to use the strategies of incongruity and descending incongruity of relief strategy. In male topics, male comedians seem to target specific subgroups of males, while their performances are in fact based on prejudices against women rooted in patriarchy. If male comedians want to degrade males in higher position, the most common way for them to do so is to insinuate the homosexuality of the target. This suggests that male comedians degrade homosexual men and view them as incompetents. Female comedians' attacks on males are weaker due to patriarchy, in which males are in higher positions and females in lower ones. In female topics, male comedians attack women on their appearance or figure, isolate these characteristics from women's entity, and evaluate females by parts. Since male comedians say what the audience dares not to say aloud, they can escape blame, as suggested by the Relief Theory. Performances against specific groups of women by male comedians reflect not only social stereotypes but also misogyny from patriarchy. Besides prejudices from male comedians, even female comedians may fall into the patriarchy trap as well while trying to identify and clarify themselves, which are two of humor’s functions (Meyer, 2000). Female comedians are in a dilemma due to the higher position of men in patriarchy. If female comedians voice for females by attacking males and thus rebel against patriarchy, consequences are that they may lose laughter from the audience. The discrimination between unmarried men and unmarried women appears while a female comedian mentions her marital status. Compared to unmarried men, unmarried women are more easily to be seen as deficient, which reflects that under the expectation from patriarchy, women are expected to get married and form a family at the proper ages. In gay topics, a recurrent theme from the male comedians’ performances is that gay are born to be feminine and confuses gender with sexual orientation. This also shows that under patriarchy, gay and femininity are mistakes that can be laughed at. In lesbian topics, the female comedian also shows the stereotype that lesbians are born to be masculine, and reflects the dilemma for homosexuals to come out under the world of heterosexuals.

L’identification des contraintes financières et sociales qui sont sous-entendues dans la situation des personnages amoureux de la comédie de Ménandre – à partir de ses pièces et fragments subsistants et de ses adaptations en langue latine par Térence – permet d’éclairer la rhétorique de séduction ou de dissuasion employée par les divers personnages types de ce genre littéraire. Or, il existe un parallèle étroit entre ces discours et situations dramatiques et l’élégie érotique qui fleurit quelques siècles plus tard à Rome sous la plume de Tibulle, Properce et Ovide. Certains aspects déroutants de la rhétorique de séduction employée par les élégistes sont élucidés lorsqu’on les comprend dans le contexte dramatique de la comédie nouvelle : notamment, le poète narrateur se positionne dans la situation du jeune protagoniste amoureux de la comédie et la bien-aimée à qui il s’adresse se trouve dans la situation de la courtisane indépendante qui figure dans plusieurs pièces comiques. Cette recherche conclut qu’il existe une tension financière entre l’amant élégiaque et sa maîtresse qui, bien qu’elle soit passée sous silence par les poètes, influence les arguments utilisés par le narrateur à son égard et les propos imaginés ou rapportés de sa bien-aimée en retour. / The identification of the financial and social constraints that underlie Menander’s love plots helps in explaining the arguments contained in the persuasive and dissuasive discourses employed by the various archetypal characters of this literary genre. This research demonstrates that there is a narrow parallel between the rhetoric rooted in these narrative situations and the later works of the Latin love elegists in a way that elucidates some aspects of the elegiac discourse: the poet-narrator positions himself in the situation of the enamoured young man of new comedy and his beloved addressee’s situation corresponds to that of the independent mistress who appears in many comic plots.

This thesis takes as its starting point current views on the relationship between man and god in Archaic and Classical Greek literature, according to which mortality and immortality are primarily temporal concepts and, therefore, mutually exclusive. This thesis aims to show that this mutual exclusivity between mortality and immortality is emphasised only in certain poetic genres, while others, namely those centred on extraordinary achievements or exceptional moments in the life of a mortal, can reduce the temporal notion of immortality and emphasise instead the happiness, success, and undisturbed existence that characterise divine life. Here, the paradox of momentary immortality emerges as something attainable to mortals in the poetic representation of certain occasions. The chapters of this thesis pursue such notions of momentary immortality in the wedding ceremony, as presented through wedding songs, in celebrations for athletic victory, as presented through the epinician, and at certain stages of the tragic plot. In the chapter on the wedding song, the discussion focuses on explicit comparisons between the beauty of bride and bridegroom and that of heroes or gods, and between their happiness and divine bliss. The chapter on the epinician analyses the parallelism between the achievement of victory and the exploits of mythical heroes, and argues for a parallelism between the victory celebration and immortalisation. Finally, the chapter on tragedy examines how characters are perceived as godlike because of their beauty, success, or power, and discusses how these perceptions are exploited by the tragedians for certain effects. By examining features of a rhetoric of praise, this thesis is not concerned with the beliefs or expectations of the author, the recipient of praise, or the surrounding milieu. It rather intends to elucidate how moments conceived of as extraordinary are communicated in poetry.

Le présent mémoire se penche sur la dramaturgie que mettent en scène le Banquet et le Phédon de Platon. Dans le cas du premier dialogue, une étude de l'épilogue et du discours d'Alcibiade, assortie de parallèles ponctuels dans la République et la Lettre VII, permet de déceler un exemple de la rétention d'information platonicienne, telle que comprise sous l'égide des écoles platoniciennes de Tübingen et de Milan, de même qu'une attestation de l'existence de doctrines non-écrites qualitativement supérieures à celles que renferment les dialogues. L'épilogue du Banquet fait ensuite, à la lumière des conclusions susmentionnées, l'objet d'une interprétation qui distingue trois niveaux de lecture des dialogues platoniciens : l'extériorité, l'intériorité et l'oralité philosophique, symbolisées respectivement par le poète comique Aristophane, le poète tragique Agathon et le poète philosophique Socrate. Il va de soi que ce dernier renvoie sémantiquement au philosophe par excellence, titre que Platon endosse volontiers. L'essai exégétique touchant le Phédon se concentre pour sa part sur la dernière volonté de Socrate. Celle-ci survient au dénouement de la partie la plus « dramaturgique » du dialogue, c'est-à-dire après les discours proprement philosophiques sur l'immortalité de l'âme. En ciblant ces moments, de même que l'introduction, nous distinguons l'adjonction des tons tragique et comique, illustrant par là un procédé inhabituel dont le but, ultimement, est de soustraire le dialogue au registre tragique afin d'éviter la propagation d'émotions contraires à la philosophie. En exploitant l'oxymore comique-tragique sur un plan mimétique, nous montrerons que la dernière volonté de Socrate véhicule un dessein parénétique. / The present work has as its main focus Plato's dramaturgy in the Symposium and the Phaedo. The former studies both Alcibiades' speech and the epilogue whilst paralleling some of their elements with relevant passages from the Republic and the Seventh Letter. In doing so, it reveals an instance of Socratic withholding of information - as understood by the platonic school of Tübingen and Milan - and sheds light upon the existence of a set of unwritten doctrines philosophically higher than the ones contained in the dialogues. On the basis of these conclusions, I come to discern a hermeneutics in the epilogue according to which there are three hierarchical levels of comprehension to Plato's dialogues: exteriority, interiority of and oral philosophy - said three levels being symbolised by the comic poet Aristophanes, the tragic poet Agathon and the philosopher Socrates. The exegetic essay on the Phaedo revolves around Socrates' last will, which comes at the end of a ''dramatic'' sequence exceeding the bounds of the discursive philosophy that seeks to prove the immortality of the soul during the major part of the dialogue. By aiming at this sequence as well as at the introduction, one comes to see that comedy carries the mandate of counterbalancing tragedy in order to overcome the philosophically reprehensible emotions it fosters. Whilst contrasting tragedy and comedy, Socrates' last words fulfill, on a mimetic level, a paraenetic design, insofar as they invite the Athenian reader, indeed every reader, to philosophically overcome common places in regards to death.

Genus claudicans ou genre de 'travers', la comédie plautinienne est à la fois dérivé négatif ou forme inversée des grands genres et le lieu d'une actualité politique voilée qui lui donnent, ensemble, toute sa spécificité. Inscrite, sans discussion, dans une tradition gréco-hellénistique héritée, elle est l'objet de choix personnels et d'une originalité créatrice chargée d'intentions. Plus exactement, l'interprétation et l'adaptation des modèles induisent des moments de réflexion critique sur le rapport de l'oeuvre avec le pouvoir. Politique et poétique sont donc au centre d'une réécriture auctoriale où le senex ridiculus a aussi sa place. Dans sa lecture des sources et du monde, Plaute privilégie donc les laissés pour compte, notamment une figure parentale déviante, le vieillard souvent lubrique, capable de susciter, non seulement une satire critique, mais aussi une lecture politique en texte caché. A la polémique diffamante de son ami Naeuius, il substitue la dénonciation d'un défaut reconnu selon les règles du blâme épidictique. Mieux encore, il use d'une 'manière' cynique et d'une plaisanterie urbaine et raffinée, le lepos, qui sont les fondements mêmes d'un art poétique. Celui-ci est complété par une traversée et un mélange des genres où Aristophane et Naeuius apparaissent. Au total, parce qu'elle amuse et réclame un spectateur intelligent et perspicace, qui comprend les sens cachés, la comédie plautinienne est un théâtre complexe et intellectuel en réception spectaculaire. / Genus claudicans or 'lame' genre, Plautus' comedy bears both the inverted form or negative image of predominant genres and topical political hints which together provide its genuineness. Undisputedly embedded in the Greco-hellenistic heritage, it becomes the subject of personal choices and a creative originality laden with intention. More accurately, the interpretation and adaptation of the models induce moments of critical thinking toward the link between the work of art and power. Politics and poetic art thus lay at the core of authorial rewriting in which the senex ridiculus is awarded pride of place. Throughout his study of sources and the world, Plautus sides with the left-behinds, among others the deviant father figure of a more than often lustful old man, who has a knack into initiating not only scathing satire, but also political insight woven inside the text. Contrary to his friend Naevius' prone inclination to tackle bones of contention, he levels veiled accusations against well-known faults according to the rules of epidictic blame. Better still, he uses the lepos, urbane and refined puns, albeit in a 'cynical' way, as the very basis for poetic art. The latter being supplemented by a crossing and blending of genres out of which Aristophanes and Naeuius emerge.All in all, because it amuses and calls for an acute and discerning audience, in full awareness of hidden meanings, Plautine comedy is manifold and intellectual, it's theater given spectacular reception.

Entre 1561 et 1681 plusieurs tragédies et tragi-comédies françaises empruntent leur sujet à un épisode de l’histoire récente de l’Empire ottoman. Si Solyman ou la mort de Mustapha (1639) de Jean Mairet, Ibrahim ou l’illustre bassa (1641-42) de Georges de Scudéry et Bajazet (1672) de Jean Racine sont probablement les œuvres les plus emblématiques de cette tendance, elles ne sont pas les seules. D’autres auteurs issus de milieux littéraires divers et appartenant à des époques différentes ont également souscrit à cette tradition. L’objet de notre thèse est d’explorer le ou les corpus « orientalistes » de la tragédie française, d’en déterminer les origines tout ainsi que, si elles existent, les conséquences — en particulier dans la constitution des intrigues. Les réponses à ces questions doivent nous permettre de définir l’identité de ces tragédies à sujet ottoman. / Between 1561 and 1681 several French tragedies and tragicomedies borrowed their subjects from a recent episode in the history of the Ottoman Empire. Although Solyman ou la mort de Mustapha (1639) by Jean Mairet, Ibrahim ou l’illustre bassa (1641-42) by Georges de Scudéry, and Bajazet by Jean Racine are probably the most emblematic works of this trend, they are not alone. Other authors from different literary circles and belonging to different periods also belonged to the same tradition. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the corpus of French tragedies with Oriental subjects and to determine their origins and consequences, particularly regarding the construction of plots. The answers to these questions should allow the definition of an identity for these tragedies with Ottoman subjects.