Objetivo. O valor da mortalidade materna como tema relevante para a Saúde Pública mobilizou esforços de governos e organizações, nacionais e internacionais, para a proposição de programas de prevenção e de redução da mortalidade materna. Os Comitês de Estudos de Morte Materna têm sido considerados como um dos instrumentos importantes no combate à mortalidade materna em todo o mundo. O primeiro Comitê de Estudos de Morte Materna criado no Brasil foi o do estado de São Paulo, em 1988. Este estudo teve como objetivo recuperar e caracterizar a trajetória da criação e implantação desse Comitê e os fatores intervenientes no seu percurso evolutivo. Métodos. Os dados que constituíram a base empírica do estudo foram entrevistas com integrantes, ex-integrantes e fundadores do Comitê do Estado de São Paulo e documentos como: atos oficiais, relatórios técnicos, atas de reuniões, normas operacionais, entre outros. Resultados. A análise dos dados mostrou uma trajetória oscilante, marcada por períodos de atividade e de refluxo tendo sido alteradas, ao longo do tempo, a sua composição e estrutura organizacional, mantendo-se, porém, seus objetivos e funções. Considerações finais. Os dados examinados revelaram que a criação do Comitê representou um avanço para a saúde materna. Mostraram também uma expressiva influência, no percurso do Comitê, das injunções político-institucionais, no âmbito da Administração governamental do estado, no período estudado e o reconhecimento de sua posição como instância situada para além de uma estratégia de vigilância epidemiológica. / As a relevant theme for Public Health, maternal mortality has engendered efforts on the part of Governments as well as of national and international organizations in the proposition of programs for prevention and reduction of maternal mortality. All over the world, the Committees for Stu been considered as important tools on fight against maternal mortality. In Brazil, the first Committee for Studies on Maternal Death was the one created in State of São Paulo, in 1988. The target of the present study was to recover and characterize the trajectory of the creation and implantation of this Committee as well as to make a survey on the intervening factors occurring in its course of evolution. Methods. Data on interviews held with members, former members and founders of São Paulo State Committee for Studies on Maternal Death and documents such as official acts, technical reports, minutes of meetings and, operational norms, among others, constituted the empirical basis for this study. Results. Data analysis disclosed an oscillatory course, marked by periods of activity and reflux. Along the years,both its composition and organizational structure were altered, although maintaining its purposes and functions. Final considerations. According to data, the creation of the Committee represented an improvement for the maternal health. They also indicated that in the course of the Committee there happened, in the studied period, an expensive influence of political-institutional injunctions, in the ambit of the state government administration, and the acknowledgement of this status as an instance located beyond the epidemiological surveillance.

The diploma thesis is focused on the legal nature assessments of medical assessment service. The medical assesment service has seen many changes over the course of history, and its competence is constantly changing and evolving. Unfortunately, the nature of the assesment service is sometimes ambiguous for the non-professional public and is thus viewed very skeptically. Nowadays, only a few experts are dedicated to this topic, so I decided to unify the information and summarize the main objectives of the medical assessment service. In order to better understand and illustrate the rights and duties of this service, I also looked into history. Given the nature of the work, I decided to work on theoretical work, which points out not only the historical development in the Czech Republic, but also in Slovak Republic, further it focuses on the current state and definition of terms necessary for understanding the work of the medical assessment service. The objective of the work is to map the system of medical assessment service and work is thus a summary of information not only for the non-professional public, but also for study purposes and awareness of social workers who meet daily with many questions on this topic. The medical assessment service affects many human life stages, so it is not only about assessing health status for pension insurance, but also for health insurance or ensure the social services. Since many authors are not concerned with the topic, it is sometimes quite difficult to find a clear definition of the legal nature of individual assessments. However, the legal nature of the assessments is enshrined in the law, and also affects other life stages of the person that being assessed and claims not only for financial but also for social security, and it is therefore important to deal with this topic and its changes and submit new and comprehensive information.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and, (M.S.)--Joint Program in Marine Environmental Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1998. / Includes bibliographic references (p. 79). / by Charles E. Rawson. / M.S.

Thesis (Nav.E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and, (M.Eng.)--Joint Program in Marine Environmental Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-86). / by Kurtis Wayne Crake. / Nav.E.

Thesis (M.S.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-91). / by Alexandra Hughes Techet. / M.S.

Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1998. / Includes bibliographic references (p. 77-83). / This thesis presents an investigation of the influence of surface waves on momentum exchange. A quantitative comparison of direct covariance friction velocity measurements to bulk aerodynamic and inertial dissipation estimates indicates that both indirect methods systematically underestimate the momentum flux into developing seas. To account for wave-induced processes and yield improved flux estimates, modifications to the traditional flux parameterizations are explored. Modification to the bulk aerodynamic method involves incorporating sea state dependence into the roughness length calculation. For the inertial dissipation method, a new parameterization for the dimensionless dissipation rate is proposed. The modifications lead to improved momentum flux estimates for both methods. / by Michiko J. Martin. / S.M.

This dissertation examines monitoring of state compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL) conducted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). In subjecting this particular monitoring regime to systematic analysis, the dissertation sheds light on the more general question of the effects of international law on state behavior. The project first places the de facto monitoring regime that governs IHL in the broader context of other monitoring regimes in international politics. Here the decentralized nature of the monitoring regime that governs IHL is highlighted. The central role played by a non state actor, the ICRC, in both the initial codification of the law and its monitoring is partial indication of the tepid interest of states in securing compliance with the law. This chapter likewise examines variation in the IHL monitoring regime across time to explain how exogenous changes in the nature of war in the post-World War II period led to the obsolescence of the institution of the protecting power and its replacement by an ad hoc monitoring system with the ICRC at its center. The informality of this institutional arrangement proved an asset, as it was not hamstrung by the same considerations that bedeviled its competitors, the protecting power and the International Humanitarian Fact Finding Commission (IHFFC). The dissertation proceeds to introduce an original dataset and to test via statistical analysis a set of hypotheses about the conditions under which states grant access to the ICRC as a monitor of IHL compliance. Though both regime type variables and variables related to the military-strategic context prove significant, there is substantial evidence that states make strategic use of monitor access, for instance offering partial but incomplete access as a way to accrue at minimum cost the benefits of signaling compliance. There is further evidence that, while some indicators of military urgency decrease monitor access as realists would predict, other such indicators have the opposite effect. I read this as indication that offering a degree of access holds some political value to warring states and thus is an incentive for states to offer partial access even absent full commitment to the law. This intermediate level of access that appears so attractive to states is thus a potential moral hazard. The next chapter examines the strategic decisions, not of states, but of the ICRC itself, probing in particular the circumstances under which it is most likely to break its confidentiality policy and "go public." Examining the full universe of ICRC press releases from 1995 to 2005, I find evidence that the organization is particularly likely to choose a policy of silence in situations in which states refuse it access. This decision may sometimes be problematic. As in the case of the Algerian civil war, the organization may hold its tongue during a civil war in which IHL violation is rampant only to happily announce that it has been welcomed back into the state once the opposition has been routed. This chapter also finds evidence for the relevance of a cultural variable. Because ICRC neutrality is particularly suspect in contexts in which a politicized strand of Islam is a salient conflict dimension, the ICRC tends toward a general policy of silence in such conflicts. A notable exception, nevertheless consistent with the general logic explicated here, is the Israeli Palestinian conflict, in which the ICRC has been unusually critical of Israel in an attempt, I argue, to demonstrate the organization's credibility to Arab and Muslim audiences.

This dissertation analyzes how government agencies influenced the religious expression of Mormons of the Territory of Utah in the 1870s and 1880s, Quakers of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, and Muslims of Brooklyn, New York, from 2002 to 2013. I argue that nineteenth-century federal marshals and judges in the Territory of Utah, mid-twentieth century FBI agents throughout the United States, and New York Police Department officers in post-September 11 New York were prompted to monitor each religious community by their concerns about polygamy, communism, and terrorism, respectively. The government agencies did not just observe the communities, but they probed precisely what constituted religion itself.

O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi investigar quais fatores motivaram empresas brasileiras de capital aberto a adotarem o Comitê de Auditoria como parte integrante de sua estrutura de Governança Corporativa. Como complemento, investigou-se a associação entre características das companhias, como Liquidez, Porte e Emissão de ADR\'s, e a adoção ou não de comitês de auditoria. Para tanto, foi selecionada uma amostra de 100 companhias, extraídas de um universo de 420, com maior volume de negócios entre abril de 2009 e março de 2010. Para esse grupo, foi submetido um questionário a fim de coletar informações referentes à estrutura geral dos comitês de auditoria, bem como informações sobre os motivos que as levaram a implantar o referido comitê. O índice de respondentes foi de 32%. Para analisar os dados dos questionários, a pesquisa foi dividida em duas partes inter-relacionadas. Na primeira, buscou-se interpretar os resultados provenientes do questionário utilizando-se de técnicas estatísticas simples, com o intuito de descrever os resultados. Na segunda, estudou-se as associações entre características das companhias e a opção de elas adotarem ou não o comitê de auditoria em suas estruturas de governança corporativa. A Análise de Correspondência (ANACOR) foi empregada nessa parte. Em relação à primeira parte, pelas respostas das próprias companhias, os principais determinantes para a adoção do comitê de auditoria foram: i) apoiar as atividades do Conselho de Administração; ii) atender à legislação norte-americana - SOX; iii) atender à Resolução do Conselho Monetário Nacional / Banco Central do Brasil; e iv) incrementar o sistema e as práticas de governança corporativa. Em relação aos resultados da segunda parte, de forma geral, os resultados sugerem que empresas com alta liquidez estão fortemente associadas com a adoção de comitês de auditoria e empresas com baixa liquidez estão associadas à ausência de comitês em sua estrutura de governança. Outro resultado obtido foi com relação ao porte das companhias. Pela ANACOR, foi possível verificar a associação de comitês de auditoria e outros comitês do conselho a empresas de médio e grande porte, com uma maior aproximação entre empresas de médio porte. Por fim, observou-se que empresas que emitem ADR\'s cujos níveis de exigências são mais baixos (ADR\'s Nível 1 e Regra 144-A) estão associadas com a ausência de comitês, enquanto que as empresas que emitem ADR\'s Nível 2 e 3, estão associadas com a adoção de comitês em suas estruturas de governança corporativas, mas não necessariamente o comitê de auditoria. Esse resultado pode ser explicado pela flexibilidade existente na legislação norte-americana que possibilita às empresas optarem pela adaptação do Conselho Fiscal às normas da Securities and Exchange Commission. Todavia, é necessário salientar as limitações inerentes à pesquisa. A primeira importante limitação é com relação à amostra, tendo em vista que as companhias não foram selecionadas aleatoriamente, e sim pelo volume de transações. Logo, há um viés de seleção na amostra, cujo resultado direto é a impossibilidade de generalização dos resultados. Em seguida, cabe salientar que as definições apresentadas na pesquisa também podem ser criticadas, tendo em vista que o conceito de governança corporativa está limitado às características do comitê de auditoria. As técnicas estatísticas também podem ser criticadas, pois as análises descritivas e ANACOR não permitem afirmar haver causalidade entre as variáveis estudadas. / The main objective of this research was to investigate which factors motivated Brazilian public companies to adopt the Audit Committee as part of its Corporate Governance organizational structure. Additionally, it was investigated the association between characteristics of companies, such as Liquidness, Size and Issuance of ADRs, and the adoption or lack of audit committees. For this purpose, a sample of 100 companies were selected, drawn from a universe of 420, with higher trade volume between April 2009 and March 2010. For this group, a questionnaire was sent to collect information regarding the overall structure of audit committees, as well data related with the reasons which led them to establish such a committee. The rate of respondents was 32%. To analyze the data, the research was divided into two interrelated parts. In the first session, the results were analyzed based on simple statistical techniques, in order to describe the results. In the second session, the results were analyzed based on associations between the companies\'characteristics as well as the option to adopt them with regards the Audit Committee in their corporate governance organizational structures. The Correspondence Analysis (ANACOR) was used in this session. Based on the survey results of the first session, the main determinants for the adoption of the Audit Committee are: i) to support the Board of Directors activities; ii) to comply with USA SOX law; iii) to comply with the Resolution established by National Monetary Council / Central Bank of Brazil; and iv) to enhance the best practices of Corporate Governance. Moreover, the results of the second session, in general suggested that the companies of high liquidness are strongly associated with Audit Committees adoption while the companies of low liquidness are associated with the absence of committees in its organizational structure. Another result was related to the size of the companies. As per ANACOR, it was possible to verify the association between the Audit Committees and other board of directors committees with companies from middle to large size with slightly trend to middle size companies. Finally, it was observed that companies with ADR\'s launch which requirement levels is low (ADR\'s level 1 and Rule 144-A) are associated with the absence of Audit Committees while the companies with ADR\'s launch with high requirement level (ADR\'s level 2 and 3) are associated with the adoption of its committees on corporate governance structures, but not necessarily the audit committee. This result can be explained for the flexibility of U.S. law that allows the companies to opt for the adaptation of Fiscal Council to the rules of Securities and Exchange Commission. Notwithstanding is necessary to highlight the limitation inherent in this research. The first important limitation is related to the sample used, considering that the companies were not selected randomly, but by the volume of transactions. So there is a selection bias, whose offer the impossibility of generalizing results. Furthermore, it is important to highlight that the presented definitions in the survey could be criticized considering that the Corporate Governance concept is limited by characteristics of the Audit Committees. The statistics techniques could also be criticized once the descriptive analysis and ANACOR couldn\'t guarantee the causality between the study variables.

Objetivo. O valor da mortalidade materna como tema relevante para a Saúde Pública mobilizou esforços de governos e organizações, nacionais e internacionais, para a proposição de programas de prevenção e de redução da mortalidade materna. Os Comitês de Estudos de Morte Materna têm sido considerados como um dos instrumentos importantes no combate à mortalidade materna em todo o mundo. O primeiro Comitê de Estudos de Morte Materna criado no Brasil foi o do estado de São Paulo, em 1988. Este estudo teve como objetivo recuperar e caracterizar a trajetória da criação e implantação desse Comitê e os fatores intervenientes no seu percurso evolutivo. Métodos. Os dados que constituíram a base empírica do estudo foram entrevistas com integrantes, ex-integrantes e fundadores do Comitê do Estado de São Paulo e documentos como: atos oficiais, relatórios técnicos, atas de reuniões, normas operacionais, entre outros. Resultados. A análise dos dados mostrou uma trajetória oscilante, marcada por períodos de atividade e de refluxo tendo sido alteradas, ao longo do tempo, a sua composição e estrutura organizacional, mantendo-se, porém, seus objetivos e funções. Considerações finais. Os dados examinados revelaram que a criação do Comitê representou um avanço para a saúde materna. Mostraram também uma expressiva influência, no percurso do Comitê, das injunções político-institucionais, no âmbito da Administração governamental do estado, no período estudado e o reconhecimento de sua posição como instância situada para além de uma estratégia de vigilância epidemiológica. / As a relevant theme for Public Health, maternal mortality has engendered efforts on the part of Governments as well as of national and international organizations in the proposition of programs for prevention and reduction of maternal mortality. All over the world, the Committees for Stu been considered as important tools on fight against maternal mortality. In Brazil, the first Committee for Studies on Maternal Death was the one created in State of São Paulo, in 1988. The target of the present study was to recover and characterize the trajectory of the creation and implantation of this Committee as well as to make a survey on the intervening factors occurring in its course of evolution. Methods. Data on interviews held with members, former members and founders of São Paulo State Committee for Studies on Maternal Death and documents such as official acts, technical reports, minutes of meetings and, operational norms, among others, constituted the empirical basis for this study. Results. Data analysis disclosed an oscillatory course, marked by periods of activity and reflux. Along the years,both its composition and organizational structure were altered, although maintaining its purposes and functions. Final considerations. According to data, the creation of the Committee represented an improvement for the maternal health. They also indicated that in the course of the Committee there happened, in the studied period, an expensive influence of political-institutional injunctions, in the ambit of the state government administration, and the acknowledgement of this status as an instance located beyond the epidemiological surveillance.