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A study was undertaken from 1993 to 1994 to determine the effects of intercropping (with Glycine max L Merr., Lupinus sp., Trifolium pratense L.-Lolium multiflorum Lam., or Secale cereale L.) and mechanical weeding (with a rigid tines cultivator, Danish tines cultivator or ridge cultivator) on the population dynamics of insect pests (Diabrotica longicornis Say, Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, and Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth) on corn (Zea mays L.) in L'Assomption and Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. / D. longicornis or P. unipuncta populations did not increase. / In 1994, intercropping with T. pratense-L. multiflorum (Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue) or weeding with the Danish tines cultivator (L'Assomption) increased L. lineolaris populations. / In 1994, intercropping with S. cereale (L'Assomption) ot T. pratense-L. multiflorum (Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue) increased O. nubilalis populations.

In this study, six annual legumes and the perennial, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were monocropped (MC) and intercropped (IC) with barley in a field study with three N levels, 0, 30 and 60 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$. At O kg N ha$ sp{-1}$, N$ sb2$-fixation and N transfer were estimated by the $ sp{15}$N isotope dilution (ID) method. At 60 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$, a direct $ sp{15}$N labelling method was employed to study N transfer. The hypotheses were that the annual species would be more productive within one growing season than red clover, that increased N levels would increase herbage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP), that the proportion of N derived from N$ sb2$-fixation in IC-legumes would be higher than that of MC-legumes and that within intercrops there would be evidence of N transfer. In neither year was the total DM yield of red clover, MC or IC, less than the rest of the legumes. In 1991, the total DM yield of intercrops responded to 30 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$; in neither year did the estimated total CP yield of MC-legumes or intercrops respond to N levels. Only in 1992 was there evidence of N$ sb2$-fixation and the proportion of N derived from fixation by IC-legumes was 145% higher than that of MC-legumes. Only the $ sp{15}$N direct labelling method gave evidence of N transfer, to associated legume and barley plants in 1991, and to associated legume plants in 1992.

Three cultivators, Rabewerk, Kongskilde and Hiniker, and three intercrops, soybean, lupin and red clover + rye grass were investigated for their impact on the incidence of ear rot of corn, a common disease of maize in eastern Canada. Wheat was seeded in the corn rows to serve as an additional indicator of cultivation and intercropping effects on the pathogen. An artificial inoculum of F. graminearum that produced perithecia and ascospores was used to mimic natural inoculum. / In 1993 and 1994, the infection in the corn was not very severe and there were no differences between the treatments and the controls. / In 1993 and 1994, at both sites, wheat seeds from cultivation trials showed a tendency for greater disease incidence in the non-cultivated herbicide treatment when compared to any of the other cultivator treatments. Cultivators till the soil and bury corn residues, this action led to the destruction of some of the inoculum and a subsequent reduction of the disease incidence in the cultivated plots. / In the intercrop trial of 1993 and 1994, wheat infection was moderate to severe, except at L'Assomption in 1993, but no significant differences were observed among the treatments. It is believed that interplot interference, due to ascospores moving from one plot to the next, masked differences. / The results indicated that weed cultivation would have a negligible or no effect on the development of fusarium ear rot of corn in Quebec. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The use of agricultural chemicals, such as nitrogen fertilizers in corn production, often results in water pollution. This research, comprising three parts, was designed to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates, water table management, and corn cropping systems on drainage water quality. The first part was a field study, to investigate the impact of two cropping systems and water table management on nitrate loss through tile drainage. The considered water table treatments were free drainage, and subirrigation with target water table depths at 0.5 m or 0.75 M below the soil surface. Corn (Zea mays L.) monoculture and corn intercropped with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were investigated. The highest annual tile drainage losses of 21.9 kg N/ha were measured in monocropped, freely draining plots. Subirrigation with a water table depth of 0.5 m reduced tile drainage loss of N by over 70%, and intercropping corn with ryegrass under free drainage reduced leaching losses by 50%. / The second part of the research was a simulation study with the water quality model, DRAINMOD-N. The water quality impact of fertilizer application rate under free drainage, subirrigation and controlled drainage was evaluated. Leaching losses, denitrification and N accumulation in the soil profile were investigated. Using data obtained from the field experiment, the performance of DRAINMOD-N was evaluated. DRAINMOD-N assumes that denitrification follows first order kinetics, contrary to field measurements which showed little correlation between denitrification rate and NO$ sb3 sp-$-N concentration. Therefore, DRAINMOD-N was modified by replacing the original denitrification function with the Michaelis-Menten relationship. In so doing, denitrification is expressed as a first order process when NO$ sb3 sp-$-N concentration limits denitrification, and as a zero order process for non-limiting NO$ sb3 sp-$-N concentration. / For denitrification to be a decision making criterion of water table management, inexpensive but reliable measurement techniques are required. Thus, the purpose of the final part of this research was to formulate a technique for measuring real-time denitrification rate. Denitrification rate could be expressed as a function of soil redox potential (Eh) and temperature. Laboratory and field studies showed that factors such as soil nitrate and organic carbon had negligible effect on denitrification rate. Therefore, it can be concluded that for most agricultural soil, Eh and soil temperature will satisfactorily describe denitrification variation.

One of the advantages of intercropping has been the increase in yield over the monocultures. Intercrop yield can be improved by selecting for compatible cultivars and by efficient spacing arrangements of the component crops. A field experiment was conducted in the 1990 growing season to compare two spacing arrangements for the pepper/bean intercrop, to observe the effects of three bean cultivars on the system, and to examine whether there is any interaction between cropping system and bean cultivar. Three bean cultivars (Frenchie, Earliserve, and E-Z Pick), differing in their morphology and time to maturity, and one pepper cultivar (Hybrid Bell Boy) were used in the study. In the intercrop, the beans were sown at 50% of the optimum bean monocrop density while the peppers were planted at 100% or 50% of the optimum pepper monocrop density, resulting in 50:50 and 100:50 pepper/bean intercrop treatments. The experiment was repeated the following growing season with the addition of light transmission measurements, an $ sp{15}$N experiment to test for the possibility of nitrogen transfer, and the addition of three monocrop treatments (one for each cultivar) with the same intra-row spacing as in the intercrops. Beans were generally the dominant crop for both years. When compared to the optimum monocrops on a per plant basis, intercropping increased bean yields by 52% and 31% and decreased pepper yields by 49% and 21% in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) ranged from 0.96 to 1.23 in 1990 and from 1.09 to 1.42 in 1991, with the 100:50 intercrops usually having the higher values. Frenchie and E-Z Pick were best suited for intercropping in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The overall increase in yields in intercropping was probably due to the larger bean intra-row spacing and the greater utilization of light, water and nutrients, as well as the increased population pressure in the 100:50 intercrop. Bean cultivars generally performed the same relative t

Concern about NO$ sb3 sp-$-N leaching and groundwater pollution from monoculture corn (Zea mays L.) has prompted investigation of alternative production systems which reduce N leaching. Both intercrop systems and water table controls alone have been shown to increase nitrogen (N) uptake and reduce soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N accumulation in cropping systems. There is a need to maintain crop productivity while reducing the potential for soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N leaching into groundwater. However, there has been no information available regarding agronomic and physiological aspects of N and water management for monocrop corn and corn competing with annual Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) in an intercrop system. A study was conducted in southwestern Quebec during 1993 and 1994. Nitrogen and dry matter components in the plant-soil system were determined. Intercropped corn grain yield did not differ from monocropped corn under high N fertility. At harvest, the corn-annual ryegrass intercrop system increased total aboveground N uptake by 77.2 and 50.7 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ when compared with the corn monocrop system in 1993 and 1994, respectively. The intercrop system reduced the amount of NO$ sb3 sp-$-N in the top 1 m of soil by 47% (92.3 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$) at harvest in 1993. Water table controls had little effect on corn yield, N use efficiency and soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N accumulation over the two years of this study. Both plant establishment and weather conditions affected the ability of annual ryegrass to aid in the uptake of soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. The reproductive development of water stressed plants after silking was limited more by overall plant changes due to water stress than assimilate supply. The delivery of C (sucrose) and N ($ sp{15}$N urea) into corn plants via stem-injection showed that externally supplied C changed both the source strength (photosynthetic inhibition) and sink strength (decreased total grain production), while distribution of $ sp{15}$N was affected by p

Field experiments were conducted during the 1989 dry season (July to December) at the Manggoapi Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cenderawasih University in Manokwari, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. The objectives of the experiments were to determine the effects of four sweet potato cropping systems on the population density of sweet potato weevils (SPW) and on the diversity of other insects within these agroecosystems. / Fewer SPW were found in intercropped sweet potato + corn (2 weevils per kg infected tubers), sweet potato + soybean (21 weevils), sweet potato + corn + soybean (8 weevils) than in monoculture sweet potato (37 weevils); percentage of damaged tubers followed the same trend, ranging from 2.6% to 14.0% in intercropped sweet potato, to 21.9% in the sweet potato monoculture. However, the higher number of SPW and damaged tubers in the monoculture did not reduce yield below that in the intercropped plots. / Insect and spider populations were more diverse in the intercropped sweet potato systems than in monoculture. Number of arthropods increased throughout the growing season. Intercropping may reduce the population density of other insect pests associated with sweet potato and may increase the population density of natural enemies.

<p>Tidigare studier visar att människor som bor på särskilt boende ofta lider av depression och ensamhet. Personalen som jobbar på särskilt boende är ofta upptagna med de dagliga sysslorna och tiden för social interaktion med de boende är ofta begränsad. Detta kan resultera i en känsla av övergivenhet och ångest hos den boende. Genom århundradena, så har människan alltid använt sig av husdjur som ett sällskap och tröst. Studier visar att den generella hälsan förbättras och stärks genom umgänget med djur. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva vårdpersonalens uppfattningar av vad ett husdjur på särskilt boende kan ha för inverkan eller betydelse för vården av de boende. En kvalitativ intervju studie genomfördes för att undersöka studiens syfte. Sju undersköterskor intervjuades. Resultatet visar att husdjur har en positiv påverkan på människan. Det stärker glädjen hos människor omkring och skapar en avslappnande atmosfär. Vårdtagarna på särskilt boende, där ett husdjur bor permanent på avdelningen har uppvisat en lugnande, positiv effekt. Hundar och katter är bland de mest populära sällskapsdjuren på grund av tillfredställelsen det ger att klappa och dess vänliga natur. Det finns dock även nackdelar med husdjur på särskilt boende. Allergier, rädsla för vissa djur och risken för att djuret kan orsaka skada eller att djuret själv kan ta skada förekommer. Författarna anser att det finns behov av fortsatt forskning om husdjur inom vården av äldre.</p> / <p>Former studies show that people living in nursinghomes are often suffering from feelings of depression and loneliness. The staff working at the nursing homes is often occuped with daily chores and the time for social interaction with the residents are limited. This results in feelings of desolations and anxiety. Troughout the centuries, man have always depended on pets as a company and comfort. Studies show that general health improves when interaction with animals occur. The purpose of this study was to describe the staff’s opinion of a pet in nursinghomes and what influence or meaning it may have on the care of the residents.<strong> </strong>A qualitative interview study was made to examen the purpose of the study. Seven assistant nurses were interviewed. Results show that<strong> </strong>pets have a positive affect on human beings. They often make people around them feel more joyful and relaxed. The residents in nursing homes, who have experienced a pet living with them at the unit, have showed a calming, positive effect in their behaviour. Dogs and cats are among the most popular animals as a company because of the satisfaction of stroking and its friendly nature. Allergy, fear for some animals and the potential risk for the animal to cause injury to it self or others occurs. The authors acknowledge the need for futher research about animals involved in caregiving.</p>

Submitted by JULIANA MARQUES PAIVA null (julianna_paiva@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-19T13:42:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado_final_Juliana.pdf: 1467462 bytes, checksum: 67a627b6e7e6238acf2c02f1debf086b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Pizzani null (luciana@btu.unesp.br) on 2017-12-19T16:37:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paiva_jm_me_int.pdf: 1467462 bytes, checksum: 67a627b6e7e6238acf2c02f1debf086b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T16:37:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paiva_jm_me_int.pdf: 1467462 bytes, checksum: 67a627b6e7e6238acf2c02f1debf086b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-23 / Objetivo: Avaliar o grau de satisfação dos acompanhantes durante o trabalho de parto, parto e puerpério na Maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (M-HC-FMB). Sujeitos e métodos: Foi realizado estudo descritivo após aplicação de questionário constituído de 61 questões, em 108 acompanhantes de parturientes que tiveram partos na (M-HC-FMB), no período de seis meses. Foram excluídos do estudo partos emergenciais e gestantes com diagnóstico prévio ou após o parto de malformações fetais. Para todas as comparações estatísticas foi considerado nível de significância de 95% (p<0,05). Resultados: Analisando as respostas obtidas, pelo questionário apresentado aos acompanhantes, observamos a necessidade de melhorias quanto às informações fornecidas aos mesmos sobre os diversos períodos fisiológicos do parto e necessidade de maiores cuidados com a infraestrutura da maternidade. Obtivemos elevado grau de satisfação quanto à qualidade do atendimento prestado, à equipe de saúde e às situações de interação com o recém-nascido, além da sensação positiva em ser membro ativo e importante no auxilio à parturiente durante o trabalho de parto, parto e pós-parto. Conclusão: O presente estudo, de uma população de acompanhantes de parturientes, permite concluir que, o grau de satisfação dos acompanhantes de parturientes, durante a assistência ao seu trabalho de parto, parto e puerpério imediato, foi positivo em relação aos resultados obtidos para a paciente e recém-nascido, a infraestrutura da maternidade e à equipe de saúde envolvida. Palavras-chave: acompanhante, parto, trabalho de parto, parturiente, grau de satisfação. / Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of satisfaction of companion in childbirth care provided by the Maternity Service of the Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (M-HC-FMB). Material and methods: A descriptive study was carried out on companions who were present in childbirth care. One questionnaire contained 61 questions were applied in 108 companions referring to expectation, experience and satisfaction, applied in the postpartum, 12 hours after the birth. Were excluded from the study emergency deliveries and diagnosis before or after delivery of fetal malformations. For all statistical comparisons was considered level of significance 95% (p <0,05). Results: Analyzing the answers obtained by the questionnaire presented to the companying, we observed the need for improvements in more information provided to de companions before de childbirth and improvements in hospital´s infrastructure. We obtained a high degree of satisfaction in quality of care provided, health team and situations with the newbornn and the positive feeling being an active and important member assisting the parturient during labor, delivery and postpartum. Conclusion: The present study, allows to conclude that the level of satisfaction during the childbith was positive in all questions submitted (health team, infrastructure and issues related to the newborn).