<p> This thesis describes, analyses and compares changes in the practice of human resource management (HRM), the roles of human resource departments (HRD) and management models in companies in Belgium, France (partially) and Chile by highlighting the similarities and differences. This is therefore an international comparative study. <p> The study is carried out using a contextualist analytical approach. <p> It answers the question: <b>what are the changes in HRM practice, the roles of HRD and the management models in social organisations in different contexts?</b> <p> It uses theoretical models (“typical ideals”) to analyse reality, while drawing from writers such as Mintzberg, Pichault and Nizet, Crozier, Crouch, Ulrich, Pettigrew. With regard to management, the study resorts to classical, instrumental and political models. As regards human resource management (HRM), it is based on objective, conventionalist and individualised models. In the human resource department (HRD), the models are those of administrative officer, operational expert and strategic partner. <p> The changes do not only result from a decision-making process dictated mechanically by contextual factors but more particularly from complex interaction and the balance of power among the actors concerned who use the contextual elements to advance their own interests. <p> Amongst the most relevant developments which bear <b>similar</b> characteristics, one can cite: <p> 1.- <b>a significant increase in the use of management methods specific to the instrumental or “Californian” model, </b> <p> 2.- <b>more extensive use of individual competencies in HRM practices</b>, and <p> 3.- <b>a significant reduction in the size of the HRD and, notably, in the profile of administrative officer of the HRD. </b> <p> As regards the <b>differences</b> found in the various contexts, one can highlight the fact that: <p> 1.- <b>In the Belgian and French models, the dominant managerial model remains political management.</b> On the other hand, <b>in the Chilean model, the Californian management model has become clearly dominant. </b> <p> 2.- <b>In Belgium and France, the dominant HRM practices are those of the conventionalist model. On the other hand, in Chile, the dominant HRM practices are those of the individualised model. </b> <p> 3.- The evolution of the roles of HRD, <b>in the Belgian model, has been practically non-existent or appeared later since the dominant role has remained that of the administrative officer (AO). On the other hand, in the Chilean model, the dominant role has become that of operational expert (OE). </b> The role of strategic partner (SP) which was so recommended and desired by managers has been long in developing. <p> The professional relations model and the political system constitute one of the most important factors which explains the differences noted. In Belgium, the neo-corporate and social-democrat model of professional relations at the national level (with a strong trade unionist movement) functions as a socio-economic regulatory mechanism reflecting the forces and the agreements between social partners. In Chile, there exists neither social dialogue nor equivalent institutionalisation at the national level; what prevails here is the confrontational Latin model (with a weak trade unionist movement). <p> Similarly, in Belgium social legislation is more comprehensive, regulating the market more and protecting people’s interests. Furthermore, it offers greater social security coverage via, in addition, vast public expenditure by the State. In Chile on the other hand, social legislation is more incomplete and more flexible, favouring rather discretionary decisions by managers and allowing the interplay of market forces to regulate the labour market. The right to strike, the allocation of unemployment benefits, the procedures for hiring and firing, etc. testify to these differences. <p> The characteristics of the “hybrid” Belgo-Latin culture based on the traditional negotiation model increasingly influence, for example, the development of a political management model and conventionalist HRM practices, team work or coaching, etc. On the other hand, the characteristics of Chilean Latin culture, where authoritarianism and paternalism are still very present, stimulate a more classical management model and objective HRM practices. <p> The differences between the developments are evident. The social aspects (social security, education, workers’ rights, etc.) are better guaranteed in the Belgian model and the productivist logic stronger and damaging in the Chilean model. As long as the actors involved remain as they are, with their ideological, political and cultural particularities and their specific strengths, these models will remain different. <p> <p> Cette thèse décrit, analyse et compare les changements des pratiques de la gestion des ressources humaines (GRH), les rôles des directions des ressources humaines (DRH) et les modèles de management, dans des entreprises situées en Belgique, en France (partiellement) et au Chili, en relevant les similitudes et les différences. Il s’agit donc d’une recherche internationale comparative. <p> La recherche s’inscrit dans une approche d’analyse contextualiste. <p> Elle répond à la question : <b>quels sont les changements des pratiques de GRH, des rôles des DRH et des modèles de management dans des organisations sociales situées dans des contextes différents ? </b> Elle utilise des modèles théoriques (des “ideaux types”) pour analyser la réalité, en s’inspirant des auteurs tels que Mintzberg, Pichault et Nizet, Crozier, Crouch, Ulrich, Pettigrew. Au niveau du management, l’étude a recourt aux modèles: classique, instrumental et politique. Au niveau de la gestion des ressources humaines (GRH), elle se base sur les modèles: objectivant, conventionnaliste et individualisant. Tandis qu’au niveau de la direction des ressources humaines (DRH), les modèles sont ceux d’agent administratif, d’expert opérationnel et de partenaire stratégique. <p> On constate que les changements ne résultent pas seulement d’un processus décisionnel dicté mécaniquement par les éléments du contexte mais surtout d’un jeu complexe d’interactions, d’un jeu de pouvoir des acteurs concernés, qui mobilisent les éléments du contexte pour faire prévaloir leurs intérêts. <p> Parmi les évolutions <b>similaires</b> les plus relevantes, on peut citer: <p> 1.- <b>l’accroissement important de l’usage des méthodes de management propres au modèle instrumental ou « californien » ; </b> <p> 2.- <b>l’utilisation plus extensive des pratiques de GRH individualisantes</b> et, <p> 3.- <b>la diminution importante de la taille de la DRH et, notamment, du profil d’agent administratif de la DRH. </b> <p> Quant aux <b>différences</b> retrouvées dans ces contextes différents, on peut relever : <p> 1.- <b>Dans les cas belge et français le modèle managérial dominant reste le management politique. </b> Par contre, <b>dans le cas chilien, le modèle de management « californien » est devenu clairement dominant. </b> <p> 2.- <b>Les pratiques dominantes de GRH, en Belgique et en France, restent celles du modèle conventionnaliste. Par contre, au Chili, les pratiques dominantes de GRH sont celles du modèle individualisant. </b> <p> 3.- L’évolution des rôles de la DRH, <b>dans le cas belge, a été pratiquement nulle ou plus tardive puisque le rôle dominant est resté d’agent administratif (AA). </b> Par contre, <b>dans le cas chilien, le rôle dominant est devenu celui d’expert opérationnel (EO). </b> Le rôle du partenaire stratégique (PS), tant prôné et souhaité par les managers, tarde lourdement à se développer. <p> Le modèle de relations professionnelles et le système politique, constituent un des facteurs parmi les plus importants qui expliquent les différences constatées. En Belgique, le modèle de relations professionnelles néo-corporatiste et social-démocrate au niveau national (avec un syndicalisme fort) fonctionne comme un mécanisme de régulation socio-économique reflétant les forces et les accords entre les partenaires sociaux. Tandis qu’au Chili, il n’existe ni de concertation sociale ni d’institutionnalisation équivalente au niveau national ; il prévaut ici le modèle confrontationnel et latin (avec un syndicalisme faible). <p> De même, tandis qu’en Belgique il existe une législation sociale plus complète régulant davantage le marché et protégeant les intérêts des personnes, en offrant une sécurité sociale plus large avec, en plus, une forte participation de l’Etat dans les dépenses publiques, au Chili la une législation sociale est plus incomplète et plus souple, favorisant davantage les décisions discrétionnaires des managers amenant principalement une régulation par le libre jeu du marché du travail. Le droit de grève, l’assignation de chômage, les procédures de licenciements ou d’embauche, etc., témoignent de ces différences. <p> Les traits de la culture latine « hybride » belge, traditionnellement négociatrice, influencent davantage, par exemple, le développement d’un modèle de management politique et des pratiques de GRH conventionnalistes, un travail en équipe ou le coaching, etc. Par contre, les traits de la culture latine chilienne, où l’autoritarisme et le paternalisme sont encore forts présents, stimulent un modèle de management plutôt classique et des pratiques de GRH objectivantes. <p> La différence des évolutions est évidente. Les aspects sociaux (sécurité sociale, éducation, droits des travailleurs, etc.) sont mieux garantis dans le cas belge et la logique productiviste est plus forte et nuisible dans le cas chilien. Tant que les acteurs indiqués demeurent, avec leurs particularités idéologiques, politiques, culturelles et leurs forces spécifiques, ces modèles resteront différents.

<p>Background</p><p>Globalization has opened up new possibilities for firms of all sizes to operate internationally. In that context, especially small- and medium sized companies often have limited resources and market power, which makes efficient relationship building with new intermediaries a key component when entering foreign markets. Therefore, approaching foreign companies and potentially engaging in new business relationships should be a strategic managerial issue.</p><p>Purpose</p><p>The main objective is to analyze how Swedish SMEs in the textile industry should approach German buyers in accordance to their preferences, taking cultural differences into account, as well as maintaining and developing the relationship. The focus will primarily be on the on the stages where the initial contact has been made, thus aiming at advancing in the development process. For this to be achieved, Swedish sellers must know what values to communicate to their counterpart.</p><p>Method</p><p>A qualitative approach has been used in order answer the purpose of the thesis. We have gathered our data from ten in-depth interviews; five with Swedish sellers and five with German buyers. The essential part of the data collection was done over telephone.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The most critical components that are found to be vital in developing a successful buyer-seller relationship include trust, satisfaction and commitment with all their related aspects. It was found that the product offer plays a critical role in the Early Stage of the relationship development process. Communication is essential for the building of trust and satisfaction and supplements the actions of commitment shown by the parties. Having an understanding on what values the counterpart appreciates and when these are especially important in the respective stages of the relationship building enables the firm to adapt its relationship marketing to the buyers preferences in a cost efficient and successful way.</p>

Cette recherche sur le Togo est une contribution à la problématique du développement sportif et ses enjeux dans les pays d’Afrique francophone. Elle s’inscrit dans une optique pluridisciplinaire et comparative axée sur les méthodes de géographie du sport. Elle procède également à relecture des marqueurs historiques du contexte togolais.Dès le début du XXe siècle, l’impact de trois dominations coloniales (allemande, anglaise et française) est à l’origine, de l’implantation et de la diffusion des pratiques sportives au Togo. Après 1960, année de l’indépendance, le développement sportif, en continuité avec le legs colonial français, est pris en charge par l’Etat et devient un outil de contrôle social au service d’un régime autoritaire de type militaire. L’analyse de l’état des lieux actuel du sport au Togo montre la centralisation de l’action de l’Etat sur le sport d’élite, le déploiement de différents marchés sportifs et l’apparition de différents phénomènes sociaux dont la réappropriation des pratiques sportives et l’entraide communautaire.La comparaison des processus de diffusion identifiés au Togo avec ceux à l’œuvre dans les anciennes colonies de l’Afrique Occidentale Française notamment le Bénin et le Sénégal permet de dégager de nouvelles perspectives : l’utilisation des activités physiques traditionnelles ou modernes pour la mobilisation sociale et l’entretien d’une élite sportive. Ces deux axes sont complémentaires et nécessaires à l’élaboration d’un développement sportif inscrit dans la durée. / This research on Togo is aimed at contributing to the resolution of sports development problems and addressing its challenges in francophone African countries. The approach employed is multidisciplinary and comparative, based on the methods of sports geography. Moreover, it revisits key historical milestones in a Togolese context.Since the early twentieth century, the impact of three colonial dominations (German, English and French) was responsible for the origin, establishment and dissemination of sports in Togo. After 1960, the year of independence, sports development in continuity with the legacy of French colonial rule, was supported by the state and became a tool of social control by the authoritarian, military-style regime. The analysis of the current state of sports in Togo shows the centralization of state action on elite sports, the deployment of different sports markets and the emergence of different social phenomena such as appropriation and communal support.Comparison of the differences in methods of propagation identified in Togo and those at work in former West African French colonies such as Benin and Senegal exposes new opportunities: the use of physical activities, both traditional and modern for social mobilization and the maintenance of a sports elite. Both of which are complimentary and necessary for the development of sports for the long term.

Diploma thesis "A Comparative Analysis of Foreign News in the Main News Sessions of TV Stations ČT1, TV Nova and Prima TV in 2010" studies the way of producing foreign news by Czech TV stations in the year 2010. Also, it focuses on the question which countries were mentioned. The introductory part discusses the Czech and foreign literature and offers the overview of TV news production, international flow of communication and factors which influences the production of foreign news. It also introduces the main news sessions Události, Televizní noviny and Zprávy TV Prima. The analysis of foreign news service is divided into two parts, first inquires into differences in used types of reports, their representation in the main news sessions, the topical structure and other characteristics connected with the production of news. Then, the second part concentrates on the states which were mentioned in the foreign news and focuses on the impacts influencing the production of foreign news by the Czech TV stations. For both parts of the analysis methods of quantitative research were used. The thesis also studies the differences between the main news sessions of private TV channels TV Nova and Prima TV and ČT1 which offer public service broadcasting. The final part summarizes the results of the quantitative...

The main objective of the thesis is the evaluation of the development of avoidable mortality in selected European countries during 1980-2010 with emphasis on comparison of East and West. Concept of avoidable mortality was established to measure the effectiveness of the health care system in 70s of the past century. The main results of the thesis indicate different development of avoidable mortality during 80s in both parts of Europe. Inefficient medical care and inappropriate health policy in formal Eastern Bloc contributed to divergent trends of avoidable mortality in Europe. Different trends of mortality were observed in East European countries especially during the transformation process. The importance of selection of avoidable causes and age limits was confirmed. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

A observação recorrente que alguns pianistas, professores de piano e compositores fazem sobre a presença da escrita de Domenico Scarlatti em alguns movimentos das Sonatas de Beethoven, sugere que há alguma relação estética entre estes compositores até então não devidamente esclarecida. A primeira questão que aparece é como Domenico Scarlatti pôde chamar a atenção de Beethoven, considerando que Scarlatti foi um compositor italiano que saiu de Nápoles para Lisboa e finalmente Madrid, onde compôs as suas 555 Sonatas para o teclado, dedicadas à sua empregadora, rainha Maria Bárbara da Espanha. Beethoven, nascido em 1770, um século após Scarlatti, de outro lado, permaneceu em Viena e arredores por praticamente toda a sua vida profissional. Este trabalho busca investigar proximidades estéticas entre a composição para teclado de Domenico Scarlatti contidas na edição de Carl Czerny e as 32 Sonatas para piano de Beethoven. Busca também esclarecer aspectos da biografia de Domenico Scarlatti e a trajetória das cópias manuscritas de suas 555 Sonatas pela Europa, uma vez que trazem inovações formais e estéticas para sua época. Parte destas Sonatas chegou à Viena através de duas coleções de cópias manuscritas, chamadas de coleção Viena I e Viena II. Através destes manuscritos e das cópias que foram feitas a partir deles, Carl Czerny realizou sua edição. Admite-se que Beethoven tenha tido alguma familiaridade com esta edição das Sonatas de Scarlatti, uma vez que Czerny foi, durante muitos anos, seu aluno e amigo próximo. A metodologia utilizada para aferir semelhanças entre Scarlatti e Beethoven se baseia em duas abordagens. A primeira fundamenta-se na análise comparativa tradicional - não automatizada - sobre procedimentos composicionais de ambos os compositores. A segunda utiliza-se de recursos computacionais para identificar e quantificar a presença de fragmentos melódicos extraídos das Sonatas de Scarlatti da edição de Czerny nas Sonatas de Beethoven, com auxílio da tecnologia do toolkit music21, software desenvolvido pelo Massachusetts Institute of Technology a partir de 2010 e disponível através da página de internet http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Seu uso, neste trabalho, aponta para novas possibilidades de abordagem na análise musical cujos resultados e conclusões são obtidos a partir de parâmetros distintos da análise musical tradicional. As análises comparativas tradicionais evidenciaram semelhanças importantes entre os procedimentos composicionais de Scarlatti e Beethoven como, por exemplo, o uso dos silêncios, das mudanças inesperadas de andamento e de caráter. A partir do software construído com a utilização do toolkit music21 para a busca dos fragmentos scarlattianos nas Sonatas de Beethoven, obteve-se resultados de grande relevância, identificando sequencias intervalares idênticas, encontradas nas Sonatas de Beethoven e não verificadas em Mozart, cujas Sonatas foram submetidas ao mesmo método. / A recurrent observation that some pianists, piano teachers and composers make about the presence of Domenico Scarlatti\'s writing in some movements of Beethoven Sonatas, suggests that there is some aesthetic relationship between these composers that was not properly clarified. The first question that appears is how Domenico Scarlatti music could draw the attention of Beethoven, considering that Scarlatti was an Italian composer who left Naples to Lisbon and finally Madrid, where he composed his 555 keyboard sonatas, dedicated to his employer, Queen Maria Barbara of Spain. Beethoven, born in 1770, a century after Scarlatti, on the other hand, remained in and around Vienna virtually his entire professional life. This research investigates aesthetic similiarities between Domenico Scarlatti keyboard Sonatas contained in Carl Czerny edition and the 32 piano Sonatas of Beethoven. It also intends to clarify aspects of Domenico Scarlatti\'s biography and the trajectory of his 555 keyboard Sonatas that bring formal and aesthetics innovations for his time. Part of these Sonatas has come to Vienna in two manuscript copy collections called Vienna I and Vienna II. Through these two manuscript collections and the copies made out of them, Carl Czerny organized his own edition of the Scarlatti Sonatas. It has been admitted that Beethoven was familiar with these Sonatas, considering his long friendship with Czerny. The methodology used to establish similarities between Scarlatti and Beethoven composition is based on two approaches. The first is founded on the traditional comparative analysis - not automated - on compositional procedures of both composers. The second approach makes use of computational resources to identify and quantify the presence of melodic fragments, extracted from Scarlatti Sonatas of Czerny edition, on Beethoven sonatas, with the aid of the toolkit music21, technology developed by MIT in 2010 and available on the internet page http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Its use in this work points to new possibilities for musical analysis whose results and conclusions are obtained from different parameters of traditional musical analysis. The traditional comparative analyzes has revealed important similarities between the compositional procedures of Scarlatti and Beethoven, for example, the use of silences, unexpected changes of timing and character. From the software built using the toolkit music21 to search for melodic fragments of Scarlatti Sonatas on Beethoven piano Sonatas, it has yielded results of great relevance, as the indentification of identical musical intervallic sequences, found in Beethoven Sonatas and not verified on Mozart, whose Sonatas were submitted to the same method

O pior dos dois mundos traduz a hipótese de que atualmente adolescentes seriam tratados com a informalidade histórica associada à justiça juvenil, isto é, com poucas garantias processuais, ao mesmo tempo em que receberiam sanções mais duras, como é a atual tendência na justiça criminal adulta. Este trabalho investiga o que o Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) decide em 53 casos paradigmáticos acerca dessas duas questões: proteção processual e controle penal de adolescentes. Verifica-se também como o tribunal decide em relação à gravidade dos casos, à possibilidade de privação de liberdade e à solução que o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) confere a cada caso. Igualmente, pesquisa-se como o tribunal justifica suas decisões. A partir de elementos da sociologia de Pierre Bourdieu, constrói-se a decisão judicial punitiva como ato de Estado, que detém o monopólio da violência física e simbólica legítima. Essa construção sublinha a importância de se observar que a decisão judicial não acarreta apenas a imposição física de um castigo, mas também contribui para a instituição das formas legítimas de se pensar sobre o fenômeno. Igualmente, utiliza-se a noção de vocabulários de motivos de Wright Mills, que permite pensar as justificativas dos magistrados não como explicações de por que agiram de determinada forma, nem como mera justificação para encobrir suas reais intenções, mas como construções linguísticas cujo uso se estabiliza em certas ações socialmente situadas, tornando-se, portanto, os vocabulários socialmente aceitos nessas situações. Assim, padrão decisório e padrão de justificação são estudados em conjunto, dada sua contribuição para a legitimação de práticas e de discursos sobre a punição no campo jurídico e no restante do espaço social. Para apreender o padrão decisório do tribunal, utiliza-se a qualitative comparative analysis, que permite a verificação da associação entre os atributos das decisões e seu resultado. Infere-se que o tribunal institui como legítimos dois modelos distintos de justiça juvenil. Nos casos graves, amplia o controle penal e a possibilidade de aplicação de internação e restringe a proteção processual (mesmo em contrariedade ao ECA). Nos leves, restringe o controle penal e a possibilidade de internação e amplia a proteção processual (mesmo em contrariedade ao ECA). Há ainda os casos que são indiferentes à gravidade, pois se aplicam tanto a situações graves como leves. Nestes o STJ impõe o controle penal previsto no ECA (não costuma contrariá-lo para ampliar ou restringir o controle) e restringe a proteção processual (mesmo em contrariedade ao ECA). A ampliação do controle penal é sustentada pela afirmação do caráter punitivo da sanção e pela importância de se tomarem decisões de acordo com a gravidade da situação e com o caso concreto. Já a informalidade do procedimento é sustentada a partir de uma aproximação à justiça penal adulta, e não pela afirmação da finalidade reabilitadora da intervenção, como ocorreu historicamente na justiça de jovens. A restrição do controle penal é sustentada pela afirmação de que o ato sob julgamento não é grave. Já a ampliação de proteção processual é justificada pela ideia de que o procedimento da justiça juvenil deve respeitar a Constituição. Outros vocabulários não foram associados de modo unívoco a um resultado, mas revelam que o STJ realiza uma justaposição de modelos ideais de justiça, cuja relação é aditiva: é legítimo punir e educar; afastar a lei adulta e aproximá-la, focalizar a gravidade do ato e as características pessoais do adolescente, proteger o jovem e a sociedade. Se por um lado esses vocabulários não são construídos como contraditórios, tampouco há um esforço em mostrar sua ligação. / According to the worst of both worlds hypothesis, youth offenders are being treated with the informality (and consequent lack of procedural protection) that has historically guided juvenile justice, while simultaneously being punished in a harsher fashion (especially with incarceration), as is the tendency in adult justice. This dissertation investigates how the Superior Court of Justice (SCJ) rules in 53 landmark cases regarding penal control and procedural protection in juvenile justice, and how the court motivates its rulings. Three other elements of the courts attitudes toward cases are considered: seriousness of offenses, use of incarceration and the literal solution the Statute of the Child and the Adolescent provides to each case. Employing elements of Pierre Bourdieus theory, punitive judicial decisions are construed as acts of state, which carry the monopoly of physical and symbolic violence. According to this perspective, criminal courts rulings not only impose suffering, but also communicate the legitimate ways of conceiving crime and its appropriate reactions to it. Also, this dissertation relies on Wright Mills concept of vocabularies of motive to construe judicial motivation theoretically. This concept avoids framing motives as real explanations for why courts decide and as mere rationalizations that covers courts real intentions. Instead, courts motivations are interpreted as linguistic constructions whose use become stable in certain social situations, hence becoming the legitimate motives accepted in such situations. An adaptation of qualitative comparative analysis is used to account for the SCJ decision-making pattern. In sum, the SCJ institutes two legitimate juvenile justice models. In serious cases, the SCJ expands penal control and the use of incarceration, and restricts procedural protection (even against statutory provisions). In non-serious cases, the SCJ restricts penal control and the use of incarceration, and expands procedural protection (even against statutory provisions). Some cases apply to all youths, regardless of the crime committed. In these cases, the SCJ shows an intermediary stance regarding penal control (it simply follows statutory positions), and restricts procedural protection (even against statutory provisions). As to its reasoning, the SCJ expands penal control on the following grounds: i. state response has a punitive character; ii. seriousness of the offense is an important criterion to make decisions in youth justice, iii. as is the need to make individualized decisions. Procedural protection restriction, on the other hand, is justified by an embracement of criminal justice principles, which contrasts with the historical tendency of the juvenile justice system that had rejected these same principles. Penal control restriction is justified by the idea that some acts are not serious. Procedural protection expansion is justified by the idea that juvenile justice procedures should follow Constitutional principles. Other vocabularies employed by the SCJ have not been clearly associated with specific outcomes. However, they reveal that the court promotes a juxtaposition of different ideal models of justice. According to the SCJ, it is legitimate both to punish and to rehabilitate, to accept adult criminal law rules and to reject them, to focus on cases seriousness and on offenders characteristics, to protect offenders and society. Though these pairs are not presented as contradictory, their connection is not made explicit.

Au Québec et en France, la santé à l’école est souvent vue à travers le filtre de la promotion de la santé et des grandes campagnes de la santé publique relayées par la santé scolaire avec notamment des évaluations de programmes et des analyses inter-organisationnelles (Weiner et al, 1988 ; Jourdan et al, 1998 ; Carlson et al, 2008 et Kreulen et al, 2009). Depuis quelques années, les textes officiels (le programme de formation de l’école québécoise au Québec (2001) et le socle commun des connaissances en France (1998)) invitent les enseignants à aborder l’éducation à la santé de manière globale et systémique et à l’inscrire au plus près des apprentissages. Bien que l’éducation à la santé fasse explicitement partie du curriculum scolaire, celle-ci trouve difficilement sa place à l’école. Elle ne prend, en effet, pas la configuration d’une discipline et peut concerner différents champs scolaires (Éducation physique, Sciences de la vie et de la terre, mais aussi maîtrise du langage, prévention, développement durable etc.). Répondre à ces injonctions, suppose d’une part que les enseignants s’approprient l’objet et, d’autre part une ouverture de la classe en interne et de l’école vers son milieu. Pour cette recherche qualitative et comparative, nous nous sommes intéressés, dans un premier temps, à repérer la nature des actions collectives en éducation à la santé mises en place dans des écoles primaires au Québec (n=6) et en France (n=6), dans un deuxième temps, à analyser les différents types de partenariat et enfin, dans un troisième temps, à mettre en relation la nature des actions en éducation à la santé et les type de réseaux. Le cadre d’analyse du partenariat est celui de Mérini (1999, 2006) qui définit le partenariat comme «le minium d’action commune négociée visant à résoudre un problème ou une problématique reconnue comme commune». Le corpus est constitué à partir des écrits professionnels (compte-rendu de réunion, production d’élèves, projet d’école, etc.) recueillis sur deux années et d’entretiens semi-dirigés. Pour notre analyse, seuls les écrits professionnels ont été pris en considération. Dans un premier temps, nous avons décrit et analysé la nature des actions en éducation à la santé d’une part, sous l’angle de la définition de Mérini (2007, 2009) à savoir que «l’éducation à la santé, à l’école, peut se concevoir comme l’installation d’une série de rapports à soi, aux autres, au milieu, au passé et à l’avenir dans le but d’amener l’élève par des opinions raisonnées à faire des choix éclairés en matière de santé» et d’autre part, au travers des pratiques des enseignants. Les résultats démontrent qu’au Québec, le rapport à soi est le plus travaillé alors qu’en France, c’est le rapport à l’autre. Au Québec, les actions semblent plus complexes qu’en France et combinent souvent plus d’un rapport. Enfin, au Québec, davantage d’actions en éducation à la santé s’inscrivent dans la promotion d’un mode de vie actif. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux logiques partenariales qui sous-tendent les actions en éducation à la santé sous l’angle des réseaux d’ouverture et de collaboration et des ressources utilisées pour mettre en place et développer ces actions. Les résultats démontrent que l’école trouve ses ressources en interne et que le réseau de type 2 dont l’enjeu est la formation des élèves est le plus fréquent. [...] / In Quebec and in France, at school, health is often seen through the filter of health promotion and the large campaigns of Public health relayed by the school health with in particular evaluations of programs and analyses inter organizational (Weiner et al, 1988 ; Jourdan et al, 1998 ; Carlson et al, 2008 et Kreulen et al, 2009). For many years, the official texts (Quebec Education Program (2001) and the common base of the knowledge in France (1998)) invite teachers to tackle health education in a comprehensive and systemic way and include it in the nearest learning. Although, health education makes explicit part of the curriculum, it is hardly a place in school. It does, indeed, not the configuration of a discipline and may involve different field school (Physical Education, Biology, etc). Answering, these injunctions require firstly that Health education is not seen as an empirical notion but more rather as a strong conviction that teachers want to work with pupils and secondly, an opening of the class toward the other class and the school toward the community. For this qualitative and comparative research, we were interested, at first, to spot the nature of the collective actions in health education realized in primary schools in Quebec (n=6) and in France (n=6), secondly, to analyze the types of partnership and finally, in the third time, to put in relation the nature of the health education actions and the type of networks.The frame of analysis of the partnership is the one of Mérini (1999, 2006) who defines the partnership as «the minimum common actions negotiated towards the resolution of a problem or a problematic recognized as mutual».The corpus is constituted from professional papers (report of meeting, pupils' production, project of school, etc.) collected over two years and of semi-managed conversations. For our analysis, only the professional papers were considered. At first, we described and analyzed the nature of health education actions under the angle of the definition of Mérini (2007, 2009) to know that " health education, at school, can conceive as the installation of a series of reports to one, to the others, in the environment, in the past and in the future with the aim of bringing the pupil by opinions reasoned to make choices enlightened in health " and on the other hand, through teachers practices.The results demonstrate that in Quebec, the report to one is the most worked while in France, it is the report in the other one. In Quebec, the actions seem more complex than in France and combine often more than a report. Finally, in Quebec, more health education actions join the promotion of an active lifestyle. Secondly, we were interested in the partnership logics which underlie health education actions under the angle of the networks of opening and collaboration and the resources used to set up and develop these actions. The results show that the school finds its in-house resources and that the network of type 2 is the most frequent. Its stake is the training of the pupils. In France, actions are often subcontracted because the teachers consider the more competent specialists. The outer participants are different: in France, we find especially "préventologues" whereas in Quebec, the school works with parents or associations. [...]

Les individus varient en termes de taux de survie et de taux de reproduction. Les variations de ces taux vitaux peuvent être reliées aux caractéristiques des individus tel que la masse et l’âge. Des modèles démographiques ont été développé pour prendre en compte ces variations dans les populations naturelles et permettre de faire des prédictions pour gérer les populations naturelles. Cependant, la quantité de données démographiques nécessaire pour construire ces modèles n’est pas disponible dans toutes les populations. Pour surmonter ce problème, j’ai pendant ma thèse décrit les patrons généraux des relations reliant l’âge et la masse aux taux vitaux chez les mammifères et les oiseaux. En utilisant les données de la littérature, j’ai pu décrire les patrons généraux de ces relations et mis en évidence les facteurs biologiques pouvant expliquer les variations de ces relations entre les espèces et les populations. Dans un premier temps je me suis concentrer sur le lien entre la masse des individus et leurs taux vitaux. J’ai montré un effet positif de la masse des jeunes sur la survie des jeunes. J’ai ensuite mis évidence l’effet des différentes causes de mortalité sur cette relation avec par exemple un effet négatif de la prédation sur l’intensité de cette relation. J’ai ensuite montré un effet positif de la masse de la mère sur la masse du jeune et enfin que la probabilité de reproduction d’une femelle est impactée positivement par sa masse. Dans une seconde partie, je me suis concentré sur le lien entre l’âge et la survie chez les mammifères. Pour décrire ce lien, nous avons construit une base de données MALDDABA compilant les relations reliant l’âge aux taux vitaux chez les populations naturelles de mammifères que nous avons extraits de tables de vie issues de la littérature. En utilisant ces données, nous avons démontré que les femelles vivent en moyenne plus longtemps que les mâles chez les mammifères en milieu naturelles. J’ai enfin décrit les avantages at les inconvénients des différentes métriques de longévité et proposé de nouvelles méthodes pour décrire la relation entre l’âge et le taux de mortalité. Avec cette thèse, je mets en avant l’utilisation des approches comparatives pour mieux comprendre quels sont les facteurs qui influence la dynamique des populations naturelles / Individuals varies in terms of survival and reproduction. Most of those variations in vital rates can be linked to individual characteristics such as age or body mass. Demographic models were developed to make prediction on those trait-structured populations and are now often used to manage wild populations. However, the amount of data needed to perform those models is not available for every populations. To overcome this issue, I tried in my thesis to assess the general patterns for the relationships linking age and body mass to the vital rates in birds and mammals. By comparing relationship extracted in the literature, I was then able to assess the general effect of body or age on vital rates as well as the biological factor explaining the variation of those relationships between species and populations. I first assess how body mass influence vital rates in birds and mammals. I demonstrated the positive effect of offspring body mass on offspring survival and showed how the relative importance of each causes of mortality influence this relationship, with for instance a negative effect of the predation rate on the intensity of the relationship. I also showed that mother body mass is positively related to offspring body mass and that heavier mother are also more likely to reproduce. On a second part I focused on describing the relationship between age and survival for mammals. We built a database MALDDABA compiling all relationships linking vital rates to age for wild mammals from life tables reported in the literature. Using life table data compiled in the database I was able to demonstrate that females live on average longer than males in wild populations of mammals. I then critically assess the metrics of longevity and provide new insight to describe the relationship between mortality and age. With my thesis I provided new views on the uses of comparative approach to highlight the major factors influencing the population dynamic in the wild

A observação recorrente que alguns pianistas, professores de piano e compositores fazem sobre a presença da escrita de Domenico Scarlatti em alguns movimentos das Sonatas de Beethoven, sugere que há alguma relação estética entre estes compositores até então não devidamente esclarecida. A primeira questão que aparece é como Domenico Scarlatti pôde chamar a atenção de Beethoven, considerando que Scarlatti foi um compositor italiano que saiu de Nápoles para Lisboa e finalmente Madrid, onde compôs as suas 555 Sonatas para o teclado, dedicadas à sua empregadora, rainha Maria Bárbara da Espanha. Beethoven, nascido em 1770, um século após Scarlatti, de outro lado, permaneceu em Viena e arredores por praticamente toda a sua vida profissional. Este trabalho busca investigar proximidades estéticas entre a composição para teclado de Domenico Scarlatti contidas na edição de Carl Czerny e as 32 Sonatas para piano de Beethoven. Busca também esclarecer aspectos da biografia de Domenico Scarlatti e a trajetória das cópias manuscritas de suas 555 Sonatas pela Europa, uma vez que trazem inovações formais e estéticas para sua época. Parte destas Sonatas chegou à Viena através de duas coleções de cópias manuscritas, chamadas de coleção Viena I e Viena II. Através destes manuscritos e das cópias que foram feitas a partir deles, Carl Czerny realizou sua edição. Admite-se que Beethoven tenha tido alguma familiaridade com esta edição das Sonatas de Scarlatti, uma vez que Czerny foi, durante muitos anos, seu aluno e amigo próximo. A metodologia utilizada para aferir semelhanças entre Scarlatti e Beethoven se baseia em duas abordagens. A primeira fundamenta-se na análise comparativa tradicional - não automatizada - sobre procedimentos composicionais de ambos os compositores. A segunda utiliza-se de recursos computacionais para identificar e quantificar a presença de fragmentos melódicos extraídos das Sonatas de Scarlatti da edição de Czerny nas Sonatas de Beethoven, com auxílio da tecnologia do toolkit music21, software desenvolvido pelo Massachusetts Institute of Technology a partir de 2010 e disponível através da página de internet http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Seu uso, neste trabalho, aponta para novas possibilidades de abordagem na análise musical cujos resultados e conclusões são obtidos a partir de parâmetros distintos da análise musical tradicional. As análises comparativas tradicionais evidenciaram semelhanças importantes entre os procedimentos composicionais de Scarlatti e Beethoven como, por exemplo, o uso dos silêncios, das mudanças inesperadas de andamento e de caráter. A partir do software construído com a utilização do toolkit music21 para a busca dos fragmentos scarlattianos nas Sonatas de Beethoven, obteve-se resultados de grande relevância, identificando sequencias intervalares idênticas, encontradas nas Sonatas de Beethoven e não verificadas em Mozart, cujas Sonatas foram submetidas ao mesmo método. / A recurrent observation that some pianists, piano teachers and composers make about the presence of Domenico Scarlatti\'s writing in some movements of Beethoven Sonatas, suggests that there is some aesthetic relationship between these composers that was not properly clarified. The first question that appears is how Domenico Scarlatti music could draw the attention of Beethoven, considering that Scarlatti was an Italian composer who left Naples to Lisbon and finally Madrid, where he composed his 555 keyboard sonatas, dedicated to his employer, Queen Maria Barbara of Spain. Beethoven, born in 1770, a century after Scarlatti, on the other hand, remained in and around Vienna virtually his entire professional life. This research investigates aesthetic similiarities between Domenico Scarlatti keyboard Sonatas contained in Carl Czerny edition and the 32 piano Sonatas of Beethoven. It also intends to clarify aspects of Domenico Scarlatti\'s biography and the trajectory of his 555 keyboard Sonatas that bring formal and aesthetics innovations for his time. Part of these Sonatas has come to Vienna in two manuscript copy collections called Vienna I and Vienna II. Through these two manuscript collections and the copies made out of them, Carl Czerny organized his own edition of the Scarlatti Sonatas. It has been admitted that Beethoven was familiar with these Sonatas, considering his long friendship with Czerny. The methodology used to establish similarities between Scarlatti and Beethoven composition is based on two approaches. The first is founded on the traditional comparative analysis - not automated - on compositional procedures of both composers. The second approach makes use of computational resources to identify and quantify the presence of melodic fragments, extracted from Scarlatti Sonatas of Czerny edition, on Beethoven sonatas, with the aid of the toolkit music21, technology developed by MIT in 2010 and available on the internet page http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Its use in this work points to new possibilities for musical analysis whose results and conclusions are obtained from different parameters of traditional musical analysis. The traditional comparative analyzes has revealed important similarities between the compositional procedures of Scarlatti and Beethoven, for example, the use of silences, unexpected changes of timing and character. From the software built using the toolkit music21 to search for melodic fragments of Scarlatti Sonatas on Beethoven piano Sonatas, it has yielded results of great relevance, as the indentification of identical musical intervallic sequences, found in Beethoven Sonatas and not verified on Mozart, whose Sonatas were submitted to the same method