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Together We Stand? Spanish and Italian LGBTQIA* organisations crossing boundaries through social mediaPerego, Aurora 16 June 2023 (has links)
This dissertation examines emergent forms of digitally enabled boundary-spanning by considering the within- and cross-field interactions developed by LGBTQIA* organisations on social media. Within scholarship on collective actors characterised by strong collective identities, LGBTQIA* collective action fields have been conventionally found to be rather fragmented and polarised, as well as isolated from other fields. Nonetheless, recent studies have shown evidence of the emergence of cooperative and solidarity efforts by LGBTQIA* actors, suggesting that such LGBTQIA* organisations may actively engage in crossing categorical boundaries and overcoming differences in the attempt to achieve social change. Within this framework, information and communication technologies (ICTs) may provide LGBTQIA* communities with spaces to converge, share experiences, and articulate politicised identities also through the connection with other collective actors.
Despite these findings, we currently lack a systematic understanding of the extent to which LGBTQIA* collective actors span field boundaries through the development of digitally enabled interactions, of how such ties evolve over time, and on the circumstances that may favour or inhibit their emergence and duration. Furthermore, the role of ICTs in supporting the emergence of boundary-spanning processes has so far been rather understudied.
This dissertation addresses these concerns by conducting a mixed-method comparative research on LGBTQIA* actors based in Madrid and Milan. In particular, it focuses on different types of interactions (mentioning, sharing, and promoting collective action events) developed by such organisations on their Facebook public pages during the 2011-2020 decade. To examine the role of both cultural patterns (collective identities and framing strategies) and structural circumstances (political opportunities and threats), this study combines network and text data, analysed through social network and frame analysis.
The findings provided by this research show that Spanish and Italian LGBTQIA* organisations increasingly crossed categorical boundaries through social media between 2011 and 2020, thus suggesting that ICTs do play a role in sustaining boundary-spanning processes. Moreover, they find that collective framing and networking are inextricably entangled, and hence contribute to shedding light on both symbolic and behavioural
dimensions of digitally enabled boundary-spanning. To conclude, they show that actors embedded in different socio-political contexts engage in networking and framing, thus emphasising the role of contextual opportunities and threats in moderating the nexus between ICTs and boundary-spanning, as well as between framing and networking.
This dissertation contributes to both social movement literature and gender studies. On the one hand, by shedding light on emergent forms of boundary-spanning processes enabled by ICTs, it not only contributes to examining the role of ICTs in empowering marginalised communities, but also further elaborates the entanglement between digital, hybrid, and on-the-ground collective actions. On the other hand, by systematically investigating an emerging phenomenon over time and across contexts, it contributes to generating knowledge on the circumstances encouraging collective actors to overcome differences and cooperate. Understanding this is of utmost importance, since cooperative relations provide collective actors with additional and diverse resources and experiences, as well as political legitimation, to resist processes of democratic erosion and achieve social change.
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Uppkopplad uppebarelse : En idéanalys av transhumanistisk och kristen människosynWik, Nils January 2024 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze and compare a Christian and transhumanist worldview, particularly with regard to the compatibility between their views on humanity and human nature. The analysis utilizes Leslie Stevenson's analytical framework of what constitutes a theory of human nature, coupled with the philosophical method of analyzing the contents of ideas, advocated by Carl-Henric Grenholm. Through examination of articles authored by transhumanists and representatives of the Swedish church, the thesis examines how, and in what way, transhumanist visions of the technological advancements of humanity could be argued to harmonize with the Christian notions of Imago Dei and co-creation. The analysis concludes by summarizing which arguments for or against compatibility prove to be most convincing and argues that, given certain essential conditions, there could be compatibility between a Christian and transhumanist view of humanity.
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Comparative Analysis of Drug Court: Effectiveness of Sentencing an Offender to Treatment and RehabilitationHundelt, Marissa C. 08 June 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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Assessing Teacher-Student Relationships among Middle School Students With Multiple SuspensionsGroene-Holloway, Kayla Elizabeth 13 August 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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A Comparative Analysis of Seven Translations of Dante’s Inferno into JapaneseHast, Anders January 2024 (has links)
The Inferno from La Commedia, by Dante Alighieri has been translated into Japanese about a dozen times in the past 110 years. In this comparative analysis, seven of those are analysed and compared with regards to how cultural terms were translated and to what degree the different translators tried to make a word-by word translation for certain selected passages. Nine such passages, with a total of 93 lines were chosen. About 60 words were analysed per translator and the main goal was to determine whether if they have a tendency towards foreignisation or domestication. A Natural Language Processing analysis was also conducted to assess the similarity of translations in terms of word usage. Besides the oldest translation, which is quite different when it comes to both word usage and grammar and is therefore considered an outlier, two main groups emerge. One that tends to translate more word-by-word than the other, which is freer. All in the first group imitate the Italian pronunciation of cultural terms using katakana, while most in the latter prefer the current Japanese term. In between these groups appears one translator, which is more consequently following the change of words in a similar way like Dante did when referring to Virgilio, while others tend to use the same word several times.
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Criterios para determinar el nacimiento de la obligación tributaria en operaciones realizadas en criptomonedasMurillo Julca, Yessenia Liseth January 2024 (has links)
La investigación desarrolla un análisis jurídico tributario sobre las operaciones realizadas en criptomonedas en el Perú, puesto que, hasta la actualidad no existen disposiciones legales que regulen este tipo de operaciones. Sin embargo, el proponer su tratamiento jurídico, parte del estudio de las diferentes definiciones que se le atribuyen a las criptomonedas ya sea como activos, divisas o bien mueble; para luego, analizar el tratamiento tributario establecido por países como: España, Colombia, Japón, y Alemania. Finalmente, como resultado de la investigación, poder establecer los criterios para señalar que las criptomonedas, bajo las disposiciones legales peruanas, no responden a la naturaleza jurídica de un activo ni de una divisa, si no de un bien mueble; y con ello proponer el nacimiento de la obligación tributaria sobre el impuesto a la renta, así como del impuesto general a las ventas, en las operaciones realizadas en criptomonedas. Se opta, además por proponer la aplicación un impuesto específico a este tipo de operaciones, teniendo como referencia el impuesto directo que se le aplica a los Casinos y Máquinas Tragamonedas. / The research develops a legal tax analysis on operations carried out in cryptocurrencies in Peru, since, to date, there are no legal provisions that regulate this type of operations. However, proposing their legal treatment begins with the study of the different definitions attributed to cryptocurrencies, whether as assets, currencies or personal property; and then analyze the tax treatment established by countries such as Spain, Colombia, Japan, and Germany. Finally, as a result of the investigation, we were able to establish the criteria to point out that cryptocurrencies, under Peruvian legal provisions, do not respond to the legal nature of an asset or a currency, but rather a movable property; and with this propose the birth of the tax obligation on income tax, as well as the general sales tax, on operations carried out in cryptocurrencies. It is also chosen to propose the application of a specific tax to this type of operations, taking as reference the direct tax that is applied to Casinos and Slot Machines.
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Zur Frage, inwieweit der südafrikanische Sectional Titles Act aus der neu verabschiedeten WEG-Novelle in Deutschland Nutzen ziehen kannScholze, Gregor 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The most important innovations of the revised German Wohnunungseigentumsgesetz which
came into force on 1 July of 2007, concern the possiblity to amend parts of the constitution of
the scheme (Gemeinschaftsordnung) by majority instead of unanimous resolution; the
extension of the decision-making competence of sectional owners; the easier and more
appropriate distinction between maintenance of and luxurious and non-luxurious
improvements to the common property; the recognition that the body corporate has legal
capacity to act in certain circumstances; the increase in the functions and powers of the
professional manager (Verwalter); and the replacement of the procedure for non-contentious
matters for the settlement of disputes by the ordinary civil court procedure. These
predominantly valuable innovations raise the question in how far South African law could
benefit from these amendments, and whether they could be used as a model for solving
some of the unsatisfactory aspects of the South African sectional title law.
The revised Wohnungseigentumsgesetz now allows apartment owners to amend more
provisions of the constitution by majority resolution. The harsh unanimity principle is in many
contexts replaced by the majority principle and individual apartment owners are allowed to
request an amendment of certain provisions of the constitution for important reasons. The
Sectional Titles Act and the model management and conduct rules regulate the relationship
between sectional owners in South Africa. Both the developer and the body corporate have
the authority to supplement or amend the existing model rules by special rules. However, in
comparison with the revised Wohnungseigentumsgesetz the management and conduct rules
can only be amended by a unanimous or special resolution for management and conduct
rules respectively and an individual owner is not allowed to request an amendment of a
model rule on account of the unfair consequences suffered by him or her.
An important advantage of the revised Wohnungseigentumsgesetz in comparison with
section 32(4) of the Sectional Titles Act is furthermore that no written consent is required
from the sectional owner who is adversely affected by an amendment of certain aspects of
the participation quota. This requirement causes many problems. First, the circumstances in
which an owner can be considered adversely affected have not been judicially determined.
Second, the South African requirement is out of step with modern conditions, which witness
the number of larger schemes increasing, because it allows one owner to block objectively
necessary resolutions of the body corporate. The provision requiring the written consent of
the adversely affected owner should therfore be repealed.
The same applies to the general requirements for carrying out maintenance of and
improvements to the common property. On closer analysis it becomes clear that the
management rules contain no criteria to distinguish between maintenance and improvement
measures or between luxurious and non-luxurious improvements. In final analysis these
distinctions seem to depend on subjective rather than on objective criteria. By contrast the
revised Wohnungseigentumsgesetz contains a clear objective distinction between the four
categories of improvements to the common property. / GERMAN ABSTRACT: Seit dem 1. Juli 2007 gilt in Deutschland ein novelliertes Wohnungseigentumsgesetz. Die
wichtigsten Neuerungen betreffen die Ermöglichung von Änderungen der Gemeinschaftsordnung
nicht nur durch einstimmigen Beschluss der Wohnungseigentümer, die Erweiterung
der Beschlusskompetenzen der Wohnungseigentümer, die Erleichterung der Durchführung
baulicher Maßnahmen, die Gestaltung der Teilrechtsfähigkeit der Eigentümergemeinschaft
und die Festlegung der erweiterten Rechte und Pflichten des Verwalters sowie die
Überleitung des Verfahrens der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit in die Zivilprozessordnung. Die
überwiegende Zahl der grundsätzlich zu begrüßenden Neuregelungen gibt auch für das
südafrikanische Recht wertvolle Denkanstöße zu der Frage, ob eine Novellierung des
Sectional Titles Act im Sinne der Neuregelungen des WEG eine Möglichkeit wäre,
bestehende „Ungereimtheiten“ und Probleme zwischen den Wohnungseigentümern und im
Wohnungseigentumskomplex in Südafrika besser lösen zu können.
Im neuen novellierten WEG sind mehr als bislang Mehrheitsentscheidungen der
Wohnungseigentümer zulässig. Statt des starren Einstimmigkeitsprinzips gilt nun oftmals das
Mehrheitsprinzip. Zudem ist es auch dem einzelnen Wohnungseigentümer möglich, eine
Änderung einer Vereinbarung zu verlangen, sofern ein Festhalten an einer geltenden
Regelung aus schwerwiegenden Gründen unter Berücksichtigung aller Umstände des
Einzelfalles, unbillig erscheint. Gesetzliche Regelungen, welche das Gemeinschaftsverhältnis
in Südafrika ordnen, sind im Sectional Titles Act selbst und in den management und
conduct rules der Annexure 8 und 9 des Sectional Titles Act enthalten. Zudem hat sowohl
der developer als auch die Wohnungseigentümergemeinschaft (body corporate) die
Befugnis, die Rechte, Pflichten und Nutzungsrechte der Wohnungseigentümer in
sogenannten „special rules“ selbst festzulegen. Im Vergleich zu den Regelungen des
novellierten WEG ist es für Wohnungseigentümer in Südafrika jedoch schwerer, eine
Änderung solcher Regelungen herbeizuführen. Wollen die Wohnungseigentümer von den
Regelungen der management oder conduct Rules abweichen, können sie dies bezüglich der
management rules nur durch einheitlichen Beschluss (resolution) und hinsichtlich der
conduct rules mittels eines Beschlusses mit 75%er Mehrheit (special resolution). Ein
individueller Anspruch des einzelnen Wohnungseigentümers auf Änderung, Ergänzung oder
Ersetzung der rules bei Unbilligkeit besteht nicht.
Ein gewichtiger Vorteil der Neuregelung des § 16 Abs. 3 WEG im Vergleich zu Artikel 32(4)
des Sectional Titles Act ist zudem, dass es in Deutschland keiner schriftlichen Zustimmung
des von der Entscheidung negativ betroffenen Wohnungseigentümers bedarf. Eine
Änderung der participation quota hinsichtlich des Kostenverteilungsschlüssels ist nur
möglich, wenn ein von der Entscheidung negativ betroffener Wohnungseigentümer seine
schriftliche Zustimmung erteilt. Wann eine solche negative Betroffenheit („adversely
affected“) letztlich vorliegt, ist zum einen nicht abschließend geklärt. Zum anderen ist gerade
unter der Prämisse immer größerer werdender sectional titles schemes nicht mehr
zeitgemäß, einem einzelnen Wohnungseigentümer die Möglichkeit zu geben, objektiv
notwendige Entscheidungen der body corporate zu blockieren. Das Erfordernis der
Zustimmungsbedürftigkeit eines negativ betroffenen Wohnungseigentümers sollte daher
aufgegeben werden. Gleiches gilt für die generelle Zulässigkeit von baulichen Veränderungen.
Bei genauerer Analyse des südafrikanischen Rechts wird zudem klar, dass in den
Management Rules nicht definiert ist, was unter Verbesserungen, d.h. unter „improvements
to the common property“ zu verstehen ist oder wie im Einzelfall zwischen luxuriösen und
nicht-luxuriösen Aufwendungen zu unterscheiden ist, da es letztlich von der subjektiven
Betrachtungsweise Einzelner abhängt. Das novellierte WEG enthält im Vergleich dazu eine
klarere objektive Begriffsabgrenzung der vier Kategorien baulicher Maßnahmen. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belangrikste veranderings aangebring deur die wysiging van die Duitse
Wohnunungseigentumsgesetz wat op 1Julie 2007 in werking getree het, is die volgende: die
wysiging van die reëls van die skema (Gemeinschaftsordnung) deur middel van ‘n
meerderheidsbesluit in plaas van ‘n eenparige besluit; die uitbreiding van die
besluitnemingsbevoegdhede van deeleienaars, die helder en meer gepaste vereistes vir die
aanbring van verbeterings aan die gemeenskaplike eiendom, die erkenning van die
regsbevoegdheid van die regspersoon in sekere gevalle, die uitbreiding van die
bevoegdhede van die professionele bestuurder en die vervanging van die informele
geskilbeslegtingsprosedure deur die gewone hofprosedure. Hierdie veranderinge laat die
vraag ontstaan in hoeverre die Suid-Afrikaanse reg voordeel kan trek uit hierdie wysigings en
in hoeverre die veranderings as model kan dien vir wysiging van onbevredigende aspekte
van die Wet op Deeltitels.
Die gewysigde Wohnunungseigentumsgesetz laat deeleienaars tans toe om meer bepalings
van die model reëls deur meerderheidsbesluit te verander. Die streng eenparigheidsbeginsel
word in meerdere verbande deur die meerderheidsbeginsel vervang en deeleienaars word in
sekere gevalle selfs toegelaat om aansoek te doen vir die wysiging van sommige bepalings
op grond van ‘n geldige rede. Die Wet op Deeltitels en die model bestuurs- en gedragsreëls
reguleer die regsverhouding tussen deeleienaars. In teenstelling met die gewysidge Duitse
wet kan die die regspersoon die bestuursreëls slegs deur middel van ‘n eenparige besluit en
die gedragsreëls deur middel van ‘n spesiale besluit verander en ‘n deeleienaar word nie
toegelaat om ‘n verandering van die reëls aan te vra op grond van onregverdige benadeling
nie.
‘n Belangrike voordeel van die gewysigde Duitse wet in vergelyking met artikel 32(4) van die
Wet op Deeltitels is verder dat die skriftelike toestemming van ‘n deeleienaar wat deur die
wysiging van sekere aspekte van die deelnemingkwota benadeel word, nie verkry hoef te
word nie. Dit is ‘n groot verbetering. Eerstens is dit moeilik om te bepaal in watter
omstandighede ‘n deeleienaar se regte deur die wysiging van die deelnemingskwota
benadeel word. Tweedens is die Suid-Afrikaanse bepaling uit pas met moderne
ontwikkelings waar ‘n deeleienaar in groot deeltitleontwikkelings toegelaat word om objektief
redelike besluite van die regspersoon te blokkeer. Hierdie bepaling van die Wet op Deeltitels
moet dus herroep word.
Dieselfde geld vir die vereistes met betrekking tot die onderhoud van en verbeterings aan
die gemeenskaplike eiendom in die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing. Op die keper beskou bevat
die bestuursreëls geen geskikte riglyne om tussen die onderhoud van, en luukse en nieluukse
verbeterings aan die gemeenskaplike eiendom te onderskei nie. Die onderskeiding
berus oënskynlik op subjektiewe eerder as objektiewe oorwegings. Daarenteen bevat die
gewysigde Duitse Wet helder, objektiewe kriteria om onderhoud en vier soorte verbeterings
aan die gemeenskaplike eiendom te onderskei.
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En idealisk lärarroll : En didaktisk jämförande analys mellan lärarollens representation i film och facklig tidskrift under åren 1944, 1968, 1995 och 2006 / An ideal teacher : A didactic comparative analysis between the representation of teachers in film and union trade journals in the years 1944, 1968, 1995 and 2006Nyman, Robin, Berg, Sven January 2010 (has links)
<p>Vi har i detta arbete undersökt och analyserat hur den stereotypiske läraren representeras i de fyra svenska filmerna: <em>Hets</em> (1944), <em>Ole dole doff</em>, (1968), <em>Lust och fägring stor</em> (1995) och <em>Vikarien</em> (2006). Senare har vi genomfört en jämförande analys med hur den stereotypiske läraren representeras i tre fackliga tidskrifter ifrån samma tid: <em>Svensk Lärartidning</em>, <em>Svensk</em> <em>Skoltidning</em> och <em>Skolvärlden</em>. I vår jämförande analys fann vi stora likheter, exempelvis mellan diskursen om bristande resurser i skolan samt elevdemokrati. Vidare fann vi också skillnader, exempelvis presenterade en av filmerna en karaktär som tidsenligt inte stämde överens med hur den svenska skolan under den aktuella tiden såg på lärande, samt hur en lärare skall vara. Vår önskan är att lärare och lärarstudenter skall kunna använda denna analys för att ifrågasätta samt fundera kring sin egen lärarroll, och se likheter och skillnader i hur den idealiska läraren representeras dels inom filmens värld samt inom de fackliga tidskrifter som existerar inom skolvärlden.</p> / <p>We have in this study examined and analyzed how the stereotypical teacher is represented in the four Swedish movies: <em>Torment </em>(1944)<em>, Ole dole doff </em>(1968), <em>All Things Fair </em>(1995) and <em>The Substitute </em>(2006). Then a comparative analysis was made, of how the stereotypical teacher is presented in three union trade journals from the same period of time: <em>Svensk Lärartidning</em>, <em>Svensk Skoltidning </em>and <em>Skolvärlden</em>. We found large similarities in our comparative analysis. For example, the discussion regarding the lack of resources in school, and also student democracy was analyzed. We also found differences, for example one of the movies presented a character not contemporary with the Swedish school regarding the concept of learning and how a teacher should be like. Our aim with this study is that teachers and student teachers will use this analysis to question and pounder upon their own roles as teachers’, and to se similarities and differences in how the ideal teacher is represented in movies and in union trade journals connected to the school world.</p>
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Can asset mapping be used to gain insight into children's wellbeingWhiting, Lisa Suzanne January 2012 (has links)
In recent years, there has been an enormous growth in the literature that has focussed upon assets, in other words emphasising the positive attributes of both people and communities; these include children and young people’s developmental assets, community asset mapping and public health, all of which have generated a wide range of literature. Although there has been some consideration of assets within a child health context, this is limited and no literature has previously documented the mapping of children’s assets at an individual level. It has long been recognised that wellbeing is an integral aspect of health. Children’s wellbeing has been the focus of much concern at both national and international levels; this has resulted in the publication of key documents by prominent organisations, as well as the undertaking of a range of research. Despite this, studies have not previously sought to map the assets underpinning children’s wellbeing – this research has addressed this deficit. This study was supported by a theoretical framework that was specifically developed to guide the study. An ethnographic approach and a photo elicitation method were drawn upon to facilitate the gaze through the lens of ‘Activities that I Enjoy’; this in turn enabled the mapping and emergence of assets that underpin children’s wellbeing. Two primary schools in the south-east of England were used to recruit twenty Year 5 children (aged 9-11 years of age). The participants, ten boys and ten girls, were given disposable cameras and asked to take photographs of the activities that they enjoyed. The children’s photographs were integral to subsequent individual semi-structured interviews that sought to gain insight into children’s wellbeing. ii A constant comparative analysis technique facilitated the mapping of assets that underpinned the children’s wellbeing; this process revealed one overall Stabilising Asset as well as eight internal and three external assets. Whilst some of the assets have been previously recognised, others have not; in particular, the study revealed ‘When I Have Got Nothing To Do: Resourcefulness’ as an internal asset that has not formerly been articulated. All of the assets are presented within the ‘I’m Good’: Children’s Asset Wheel [CAW], an original model that provides a new and important insight as well as being an integral component of the initial guiding theoretical framework. As its contribution to knowledge, the study offered a number of key insights including: The presentation of an innovative guiding theoretical framework that not only has the potential to inform future research, but also professionals in relation to the practicalities of asset mapping. Secondly, the study developed and documented a detailed original approach to asset mapping at an individual level; thirdly, the research facilitated the design of the CAW which encapsulates the assets underpinning children’s wellbeing. Appropriate dissemination strategies have been initiated, and will continue, in order to facilitate the study’s contribution to the existing body of knowledge.
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Komparativna analiza nastave engleskog kao stranog jezika u osnovnim školama u Japanu i Srbiji / Comparative analysis of EFL teaching inelementary schools in Japan and SerbiaMaksimović Svetlana 07 September 2016 (has links)
<p>Ciljevi nastave engleskog kao stranog jezika u Japanu prolaze kroz velike promene dolaskom globalizacije i informacionih tehnologija, a jedna takva promena jeste uvođenje engleskog jezika na osnovnoškolskom nivou. Engleski kao strani jezik postaje obavezan u japanskom obrazovnom sistemu. Prema japanskoj obrazovnoj politici učenici počinju da uče engleski jezik u 5. razredu. U Srbiji situacija je drugačija u tom smislu da je engleski jezik obavezan predmet od 1. razreda osnovne škole.<br />U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji pokušaćemo da saznamo koje su to metode i tehnike u upotrebi u nastavi engleskog jezika u osnovnim školama u Japanu, kao i u Srbiji. Isto tako, pokušačemo da utvrdimo njihovu adekvatnost u smislu postizanja zadatih ciljeva, a samim tim i zaključaka u vezi sa ispunjenošću ciljeva nastave stranih jezika – plana i programa propisanih od strane Ministrastva prosvete u obe države.<br />Cilj ovog istraživanja jeste definisanje aktivnosti koje se koriste na časovima, interakcije između učenika i nastavnika, upotreba maternjeg jezika na času, kao i komunikacije na osnovu savremenih metodoloških težnji u nastavi engleskog jezika Na osnovu teorijsko-metodološkog okvira, ova studija ima za pokušaj da definiše i uporedi način na koji nastavnici uvode aktivnosti na časovima engleskog, a koje se u smislu komunikacije odnose na osnovnoškolske politike u Japanu i Srbiji. Relevantno istraživanju, korišćen je metod triangulacije, te su podaci sakupljani putem opservacije časova, intevjua i ankete za nastavnike u elektronskom obliku. Takođe, izvršena je i komparativna analiza udžbenika odobrenih od strane oba ministarstva, a koji su u upotrebi u obe države.</p><p>Opservacije časova engleskog jezika u osnovnim školama u Japanu, kao i anonimno anketiranje nastavnika i intervjui pokazali su kod učenika motivaciju za učenje na visokom nivou, ali metode i aktivnosti korišćene na časovima zajedno sa visokim procentom upotrebe maternjeg jezika (japanskog) dovode do nedostatka komunikacije na času, a samim tim i nedostatka prave komunikacije na engleskom jeziku. Istim istraživanjem u Srbiji došlo se do zaključka da je motivacija učenika za učenje engleskog jezika na visokom nivou, kao i da nastavnici teže što manjoj upotrebi maternjeg jezika na času, osim kada je to zaista neophodno, kao što su obrade gramatičkih jedinica i njihova objašnjenja, te da se u školama u Srbiji na časovima engleskog jezika teži animaciji učenika, podizanjem motivacije na najviši nivo.<br />Na osnovu dobijenih podataka izneti su zaključci i sugestije kako bi se pomoglo nastavnicima engleskog jezika, kao i implikacije za dalja istraživanja.</p> / <p>The goals of EFL teaching in Japan have<br />recently undergone drastic change, with<br />globalization and information technology’s<br />arrival, one such change being the introduction<br />of English at the elementary-school level.<br />English as a foreign language (EFL) in Japan is<br />becoming a mandatory subject in compulsory<br />educational system. According to Japanese<br />educational policy, students are required to start<br />learning the English language in the fifth grade.<br />In Serbia, the situation is different, meaning that<br />EFL has been introduced as a mandatory subject<br />from the first grade of elementary school.<br />In this doctoral thesis we are primarily<br />interested in discovering the methods and<br />techniques used in English language teaching in<br />elementary schools in Japan, as well as in<br />Serbia, and their adequacy in terms of achieving<br />the aims, and therefore fulfillment of the<br />curricula and syllabi regulated by Ministries of<br />education in both countries.<br />The aim of this study is to define the<br />activities used in the classes, interaction<br />between students and teachers, the use of the<br />mother tongue in class, as well as<br />communication on the basis of contemporary<br />methodological aspirations in EFL Teaching.<br />Based on the theoretical-methodological<br />framework, this study attempts to define and<br />compare the ways teachers introduce classroom<br />activities in English that are communicative in<br />their given policy contexts in elementary<br />schools in Japan and Serbia. Using a qualitative<br />descriptive – triangulation method, relevant to<br />this study, data were gathered by classroom observations, interviews and also a survey for</p><p>teachers in electronic form were conducted. In<br />addition, comparative analysis of textbooks<br />approved by the Ministries and in use in both<br />countries, was conducted.<br />Observations of English lessons in<br />primary schools in Japan, as well as an<br />anonymous survey of EFL teachers revealed the<br />students’ motivation to learn English is at high<br />level, but the methods and activities used in<br />classes with a high percentage of use of the<br />mother tongue (Japanese) lead to the lack of real<br />English communication in the classroom. Other<br />findings in Serbia revealed the students’ high<br />motivation for learning English and teachers<br />tending to reduce the use of the mother tongue<br />in class, except when necessary, for presenting<br />and explaining grammar, thereof, English<br />classes in Serbian schools tend to animate<br />students, raising their motivation to the highest<br />level.<br />According to the data obtained,<br />conclusions and suggestions were made in order<br />to help EFL teachers, and recommendations for<br />future research and practice in both countries<br />were also given.</p>
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