This thesis presents an analysis of the public sphere in the environment of two different media types. The analysis is performed on the basis of the extent of different participants in the media contents which were related to the declaration of the ban on selling alcohol spirits in the Czech Republic in September 2012. The theoretical part of the paper is focused primarily on the definition of the basic concepts, such as new and traditional media, the public and the public sphere, then also on normative theories in general, along with a more detailed view on the normative theory of the public sphere, within which the paper is focused on participatory and discursive model of Jürgen Habermas. The second part of the paper provides on the basis of quantitative research, which was preceded by qualitative analysis, an empirical comparison of the extent of different participants and their access to the content of both media types. It also provides an overview of applied topics and contextual frameworks through which was a declaration of the ban on selling alcohol spirits in the media reported. In the conclusion, there is a statement which is based on the evaluation of the collected data. It was concluded, that the public sphere in the internet environment is not, considering the extent of participation of...

Title: Comparison of defined subjects on the dance field Objectives: The main target of this thesis is creation of analyses of two dance groups from Czech Republic, specifically Paul-Dance Jilemnice and Enliven Centre, followed by mutual comparison and creation of set of recommendations to help improve their further work. Methods: In this thesis I used the internal analysis, PEST analysis and comparative analysis, on whose basis I created SWOT analyses of both dance groups, thanks to which I suggested possible recommendations. Results: This thesis brings information about their current situation to both dance groups, points out the shortages and recommends steps for improvement. Both groups have been affected by worldwide economic crisis, which caused not only loss of members, but also loss of sponsors. Moreover, Paul-Dance collects low membership fees, which ensure stable flow of finance to the budget; Enliven Centre does not have all individual age categories filled. Keywords: associations, dance, dance group, internal analysis, PEST analysis, comparative analysis, SWOT analysis

Studiens syfte är bidra med kunskap om likheter och skillnader mellan diskurser kring flyktingfrågan i traditionella medier och på Twitter genom att undersöka språkanvändningen samt explicita teman utifrån diskurser i tidningarna Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet samt i tweets på Twitter. Studien vill att få kännedom om och hur de traditionella mediernas diskurser samverkar med diskurser på Twitter. För att uppnå syftet med studien bryts syftet ned i fyra frågeställningar: vilka retoriska stilfigurer används i Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet och på  Twitter utifrån den valda problematiken? Vilka manifesta och latenta budskap går att urskilja med hjälp av språket i Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet och på Twitter?  Vilka negativa respektive positiva värdeladdade ord förekommer i Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet och på Twitter? Hur kan den visade språkanvändningen diskuteras utifrån diskursteori och dagordningsteori? Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgår från diskursteori och dagordningsteori samt kopplas samman med tidigare forskning i analysen. Studiens resultat visar att gestaltningen av flyktingfrågan manifesteras på olika vis genom språkanvändningen, till exempel i användningen av retoriska stilfigurer och värdeladdade ord. Twitters språkanvändning är mer dramatisk och kritik uttrycks mer explicit i jämförelse med språkanvändningen i Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet. Studien visar dock en möjlig samverkan mellan de båda medierna, då liknande teman hittades i respektive medier. Det var svårare att urskilja manifesta och latenta budskap i diskurserna på Twitter i jämförelse med diskurserna i Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet. De båda medierna subjektställer de svenska aktörerna medan flyktingar återfinns som objekt eller inte alls förekommer. Resultatet visar att det i den aktuella studien, finns en samverkan mellan dagspress och social medier. Dagspressens ämnen återfinns i diskurserna på Twitter, där Twitteranvändare tycker något om ämnet dagspressen tar upp. / The purpose of this study is to contribute to knowledge about similarities and differences between discourses in traditional- and social media concerning the refugee issue. Furthermore the purpose will be answered by exploring and compare the use of language and explicit themes in the discourses, in two of Swedens largest newspapers: Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, aswell as selected top-tweets on Twitter. The intention of the study is to receive understanding if and how the discourses in traditional media are reciprocating with the discourses on Twitter. To fufill the purpose of this study, four framing questions will be answered: which rhetorical stylistic figures are used in Dagens Nyheter, Svenska dagbladet and on Twitter? Which explicit and implicit messages can be discovered with help from the used language in the discourses in Dagens nyheter, Svenska dagbladet and Twitter? What negative respectively positive emotive words occurs in the newspapers and on Twitter? How can the result of the used language be discussed by Discourse theory and The agenda setting theory? The study’s theoretical framework are The agenda setting theory and Discourses theory, the theories will be connected to previous research about representation in the media in the section of analysis. The study’s result shows that the figuration of the refugee issue are displayed in different ways through the use of language, for example in the use of rhetorical stylistic figures and emotionally charged words. The used language on Twitter contains more explicit negative and dramatically charged words compared to discourses in Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet. However the study indicated a cooperation between the traditional- and social media, due to similar themes that were discovered. Nevertheless, it was more difficult to distinguish the explicit and implicit messages in the discourses on Twitter compared to Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet. The subjects in the newspapers where rediscovered on Twitter, where users consider something about the subject which shows some tendencies of collaboration between the newspapers and social media.

This is a comparative study based on text analysis of South Africa's and Sweden's curriculum. The purpose of the study is to get an understanding and awareness of the meaning and content of the curricula concerning child assessment. Its focus is to find out about similarities and differences of the assessment and evaluation processes. My research questions are: • What do South Africa's and Sweden's curricula for learning outcomes the children are assessed on? • How is South Africa's and Sweden's assessment of children described individually and evaluation in the curriculum? • What similarities and differences are there in South Africa's and Sweden's curriculum on the assessment of children individually and evaluation on the preschool?   The methods I use are qualitative text analysis and comparative analysis. I analyze and compare words and contents. My findings are that the assessment is about a way to see the children's development and learning. By having a conscious way of looking at children's interest and not to assess and judge individually which can lead to harming them. Instead, assess and judge as to benefiting the child to get support and can develop her/himself and her/his learning. Pedagogical documentation is used from the Swedish curriculum to see the children's interest and development. In South Africa notebook is used for documentation. The South African curriculum has more content with tips on development opportunities. If we compare the Swedish curriculum, there are learning outcomes where the goals are not as specified as the South African curriculum. This means that the Swedish curriculum has space for interpretation. In this study, we can gain an understanding of assessment in preschool and gain clarity of the dilemma that exists. / Studien handlar om att jämföra och göra en textanalys på Sydafrikas och Sveriges läroplan. Mitt syfte är att ta reda på vad som står i läroplanerna för att få förståelse och medvetenhet av de olika sätten att bedöma barn på. Detta för att ta reda på likheter och skillnader i processerna för bedömning och utvärdering. De frågeställningar jag har är: • Vad har Sydafrikas och Sveriges läroplaner för lärandemål där barnen blir bedömda på? • Hur beskrivs Sydafrikas och Sveriges bedömning av barn individuellt och utvärdering i läroplanen? • Vilka likheter och skillnader finns det i Sydafrikas och Sveriges läroplan om bedömning av barn individuellt och utvärdering på verksamheten?   De metoder jag använder mig av är kvalitativ textanalys och jämförande analys där jag analyserar och jämför ord och innehåll. Mina resultat var att bedömning handlar om ett sätt att se barnens utveckling och lärande. Genom att ha ett medvetet sätt att se på barns intresse och att inte bedöma barnen där det kan genom att bedöma individuellt leda till men för barnet. I stället bedöma där det gynnar barnet för att få stöd att utveckla sig själv och sitt lärande. Pedagogisk dokumentation använder den svenska läroplanen för att se barns intresse och utveckling. Sydafrika använder sig av att notera i anteckningsbok. Den sydafrikanska läroplanen har mer innehåll med tips på utvecklingsmöjligheter. Om vi jämför den svenska läroplanen finns det lärandemål där målen inte är lika specificerade som den sydafrikanska läroplanen. Detta gör att den svenska läroplanen har tolkningsutrymme. Genom denna studie kan vi få förståelse för bedömning i förskola och få klarhet i dilemmat som finns.

A Tese examina o processo de criação e a forma final de filmes realizados por Jacques Rivette e John Cassavetes, entre 1968 e 1978, cuja invenção repousa numa poética da instabilidade. A partir de uma discussão mais abrangente das relações entre o método inaugurado pelos cineastas e a fronteira que ele instaura do cinema com outros campos, sobretudo o teatro, procedemos então às análises que confrontam dois pares de filmes: L\'Amour fou (Rivette, 1968) e A Woman Under The Influence (Cassavetes, 1974) e, em seguida, Out 1: noli me tangere (Rivette, 1970) e Opening Night (Cassavetes, 1978). Nesta abordagem comparativa, atentaremos para o modo pelo qual o estilo instável dos filmes prolonga, duplica e desdobra realidades dramatúrgicas igualmente instáveis, que eles tenderam a privilegiar. Para tanto, o estilo se deixa contaminar pelo happening, pela improvisação e pela teatralidade, radicalizando assim um impulso de experimentação permanente na obra de Rivette e Cassavetes, que lhe confere um lugar de destaque no cinema moderno. / This thesis examines both Jacques Rivette\'s and John Cassavetes\' creative processes, as well as the final cinematic forms of films they made between 1968 and 1978. The invention on their films rests on the poetics of instability. Starting from a more general discussion which examines the relationship between their original methods and the correlated connections they establish with other artistic fields, mainly the theater, we proceed to analyze the similarities and differences presented by two pairs of films: L\'Amour fou (Rivette, 1968) and A Woman Under The Influence (Cassavetes, 1974); Out 1: noli me tangere (Rivette, 1970) and Opening Night (Cassavetes, 1978). Through a comparative approach, we will observe the way the unstable style of films prolongs, duplicates, and equally unfolds unstable dramaturgical realities that they tended to privilege. In order to accomplish our task we will focus on the forms by which these films allow themselves to be contaminated by the \"happening\", by improvisation and by theatricality. Radicalizing their impulse of permanent experimentation, Rivette and Cassavetes managed to acquire a prominent position in modern cinema.

Employing empirical findings from Tharaka Nithi and Siaya counties, this thesis analyses the dynamics of citizen participation in development policy and planning process in Kenya and its effects on poverty reduction efforts in the rural parts of the country. The study is based on the premise that public participation enhances the quality and relevance of development processes and their outcomes and is, therefore, an important ingredient for achieving sustainable poverty reduction outcomes. It utilizes the political economy model and draws from the concepts of “power” and “interests” in understanding the poverty reduction „enterprise‟ in the two rural communities in Kenya. The study finds that the elites, bureaucrats, and institutions have dominated Kenya‟s post-colonial development policy and planning space to the exclusion and disadvantage of ordinary citizens. The capture of public decision-making spaces, processes and development outcomes by elites is widespread and has affected the extent and quality of citizen participation in decision-making and poverty reduction in rural Kenya. Although ordinary citizens generally view themselves as the front line duty bearers in the fight against poverty, they hardly fulfilled their perceived role in poverty reduction. Faced with a web of dominating forces and constraints, ordinary citizens have become passive and peripheral actors in the poverty reduction „enterprise‟ and local level development generally. As currently profiled, approached and directed, poverty reduction is an elitist project with its goals couched in populist terms, essentially in the service of powerful and influential people and institutions within the Kenyan society. This explains why, despite poverty reduction being a policy objective throughout the post-independence period, alarmingly high levels of poverty have persisted in Kenya, especially in the rural areas. The study concludes that the success of rural poverty reduction in Kenya is chiefly dependent on sufficient citizen participation in decision-making, quality of development planning, good leadership and the capacity and will of institutions at the grassroots to pursue sustainable development endeavors.

Adam Michnik, Bernard Kouchner et Daniel Cohn-Bendit, anciens héros des révoltes de 68 en Pologne et en France, bien qu'évoluant dans des contextes politique et social différents et n'agissant pas sur les mêmes terrains, ont des parcours qui, à bien des égards, présentent des similitudes. Sont-ils, oui ou non, représentatifs de la génération 68 ? Leur engagement dans les évènements de 68 relève-t-il des mêmes motivations ? 68 constitue-t-il pour eux un évènement « dateur » auquel ils ne cesseront de se référer tout au long de leurs vies. Si oui, quel fut son impact sur les actions qu'ils ont menées ultérieurement ? Après 68, successivement acteurs politiques et « spectateurs engagés », ils n'ont cessé d'influer sur la vie publique. Adam Michnik, dissident et leader de l'opposition au régime communiste en Pologne, devient un des « pères » des transformations démocratiques. Après la chute du régime 1989, tout en soutenant le pouvoir élu démocratiquement ainsi que les réformes qu'il a entreprises, il sort, pour un temps, de son rôle de dissident. Cependant, selon ce qu'il affirmait lui-même, il « s'est converti » rapidement et a regagné ses positions de dissident. Qu'en était-il de Bernard Kouchner et de Daniel Cohn-Bendit ? Ont-ils été, sont-ils toujours, des acteurs politiques à part entière ou, plutôt, des outsiders de la politique ? Michnik, Kouchner et Cohn-Bendit, que sont-ils aujourd'hui ? Des « traîtres » qui se sont détournés de leurs idéaux et passions de jeunesse ? Des visionnaires qui, souvent peu compris et controversés, dévancent, de loin, leur époque et leurs comptemporains ? Qu'est-ce qui motive leurs choix politiques et engagements ? C'est autour de ces interrogations et d'autres problématiques auxquelles renvoyent les trois protagonistes cités ci-dessus que nous souhaiterions construire notre analyse. / "Adam Michnik, Bernard Kouchner and Daniel Cohn-Bendit - "converted dissidents" : Comparative analysis.

Esta dissertação desenvolveu duas análises de natureza diferente, mas complementares, uma vez que são unidas por uma mesma questão. Esta questão diz respeito à utilização do gás natural veicular em substituição ao óleo diesel em ônibus urbanos. O autor argumenta que, devido a suas características técnicas, o gás natural pode contribuir para a promoção de um transporte mais sustentável, mesmo que o gás natural seja um combustível igualmente não renovável, como o óleo diesel. Na primeira análise desenvolvida, utiliza-se uma metodologia bottom-up para demonstrar os ganhos ambientais que podem ser alcançados ao se substituir o óleo diesel por gás natural em ônibus urbanos. Adota-se a cidade de São Paulo como estudo de caso. Esses ganhos ambientais manifestam-se tanto na redução das emissões de poluentes locais, como material particulado, monóxido de carbono e óxidos de enxofre, conduzindo a melhoras importantes na qualidade de vida das pessoas que sofrem os efeitos nocivos dessas emissões (usuários ou não do transporte público urbano), como, também, no declínio das emissões de gases de efeito estufa, especialmente o dióxido de carbono, levando a benefícios ambientais globais. Os resultados amparam o uso do gás natural em ônibus como uma estratégia de maior sustentabilidade no plano ambiental. Já, na segunda análise desenvolvida, a pesquisa levanta as questões seguintes: Quais outros parâmetros influenciam a decisão de se promover a substituição de combustíveis em ônibus urbanos? Quais critérios explicam as escolhas por distintos combustíveis substitutos? As respostas a essas questões são obtidas através de uma Análise Qualitativa Comparativa (AQC). A pesquisa comparou 39 cidades em todo o mundo, que adotaram combustíveis substitutos ao óleo diesel em ônibus urbanos, incluindo o gás natural, biocombustíveis, eletricidade e hidrogênio. Os resultados atestam que as cidades de fato utilizam-se da substituição de combustíveis para tornar o transporte mais sustentável. Observa-se que a opção pelo gás natural é acolhida na maioria dos casos analisados como uma opção com vantagens ambientais e economicamente mais atrativa. A principal razão para sua eventual não adoção identifica-se com a insegurança energética. Algumas cidades receiam depender de um combustível que, assim como o petróleo (do qual o óleo diesel é um derivado), também está afeito a importantes suscetibilidades geopolíticas. A conclusão do trabalho reforça a importância do gás natural como um combustível ambientalmente mais amigável, e que pode contribuir na busca das cidades por sistemas de transporte público mais sustentáveis, especialmente em grandes áreas metropolitanas. Olhando, especificamente, o caso da cidade de São Paulo, com desdobramentos para o Brasil como um todo, a pesquisa enfatiza a necessidade de se superar barreiras regulatórias, e de se comprovar vantagens econômicas e de segurança de suprimento energético, para que o gás natural possa confirmar-se atrativo e mais sustentável aos olhares dos gestores dos sistemas de transporte público urbanos. Esses temas não podem ser deslembrados ao se propor uma política mais racional de combustíveis para o transporte público das grandes cidades brasileiras. / This work has developed two analyzes of different kinds, but complementary, since they are united by the same issue. This issue relates to the use of compressed natural gas to replace diesel fuel in city buses. The author argues that, due to its technical characteristics, natural gas can contribute to the promotion of more sustainable transport, even though the gas is a non-renewable fuel, such as diesel oil. In the first in-depth analysis, a bottom-up methodology is used in order to demonstrate the environmental benefits that can be achieved by replacing the diesel oil with natural gas in urban buses. The city of São Paulo is adopted as a case study. These environmental gains are manifested both in reducing emissions of local pollutants such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide and sulfur oxides, leading to significant improvements in quality of life of people suffering the harmful effects of the emissions (both public urban transport users and non-users), and also in the decline of emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, leading to global environmental benefits. The results bolster the use of natural gas buses as a more sustainable strategy in environmental terms. In the second developed analysis, the research raises the following questions: What other parameters influence the decision to encourage the substitution of urban buses in fuels? What criteria explain the choices for different substitute fuels? The answers to these questions are obtained from a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). The study compared 39 cities across the world that have adopted fuel substitutes to diesel fuel in urban buses, including natural gas, biofuels, electricity and hydrogen. The results show that in fact, cities are use fuel shifting as a way to turn its transport system more sustainable. It is observed that the option for natural gas is considered, in most analyzed cases, as an option with environmental advantages and economically more attractive. The main reason for natural gas non-adoption was identified as energy insecurity. Some cities fear depending on a fuel that, like petroleum (of which diesel oil is a derivative), is also sensitive to relevant geopolitical issues. The conclusion of the work reinforces the importance of natural gas as a more environmentally friendly fuel, and can contribute to the promotion more sustainable public transport systems in cities, especially in large metropolitan areas. Looking specifically at the case of the city of São Paulo, as well as considering Brazil as a whole, the research emphasizes the need to overcome regulatory barriers, and to prove economic benefits and energy supply security, so that the natural gas can confirm is attractive and more sustainable to the eyes of managers of urban public transport systems. These issues cannot be forgotten in order to propose a more rational policy of fuel for public transport in large Brazilian cities.

Por que mesmo entre os países com condições econômicas semelhantes o nível de desenvolvimento financeiro é tão diferente? Diversas variáveis políticas e institucionais já foram ressaltadas pela literatura, no entanto desconectadas uma das outras. Esse artigo visa contribuir para a questão fornecendo um modelo que analise as principais variáveis de forma concomitante, tornando endógena a interação entre elas. Para tanto, selecionamos uma amostra de países de renda média alta que compartilham de outras variáveis econômicas centrais e utilizamos o QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis), como método de análise. O estudo conclui que a estabilidade política é a única condição necessária, porém não suficiente. Entre aqueles países estáveis politicamente foi necessário mais um de dois atributos: um alto grau de proteção aos investidores minoritários ou, surpreendentemente, um regime político autocrático. / Why even among countries with similar economic conditions the financial development level is so different? Several political and institutional variables have already been highlighted in the literature, however disconnected from each other. This article aims to contribute to the issue by providing a model to analyze the main variables simultaneously, making endogenous the interaction between them. To achieve this, we selected a sample of middle-income countries who share other core economic variables and use the QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) as the analysis method. The study concludes that political stability is the only necessary condition, but still not sufficient. Those politically stable countries need another one of attributes: a high degree of protection to minority investors or, surprisingly, an autocratic political regime.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauro Tadeu Baptista Sobhie.pdf: 1603334 bytes, checksum: 1b80516765e316a4b064270c60350fce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation aims at analyzing evaluation in the business language. Evaluation is an aspect of language related to interaction, being a field of studies that may bring a significant contribution to business since companies are entities that depend on communication systems to construct alliances both between their internal elements and with external individuals and institutions. The linguistic analysis herein is based on the theoretical framework of the Systemic-Functional Linguistics (SFL) that provides us with a detailed description on how the ideational and interpersonal resources of language described by Halliday (1978, 1994) may be used with evaluative purposes in different genres based on Evaluation and Appraisal studies. Differently from other SFL-based analysis of evaluation, this research makes a corpus-based comparative analysis between press releases from two Brazilian telecommunication companies and news stories published by an online newspaper about the same topics, discussing the explicit and implicit evaluations embodied in these texts and the values involved on them at the light of the context. The analysis has shown four major groups of differences between Press Releases and News: Press Releases tend to assign positive evaluations to the benefits to the customer, the capacity of the company itself, their capacity improvements and positive results. On the other hand, the News tends to exclude such positive evaluations and include information on product‟s constraints and company‟s internal problems. The results also revealed that the companies and the newspaper use similar sets of values in their evaluations, even when expressing different points-of-view. Therefore, it is expected that the analysis herein provide resources to enable companies to communicate better with their different audiences and to the education of critical readers enabled to identify the values underlying the linguistic choices of the texts / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a avaliação na linguagem empresarial. A avaliação é um aspecto da linguagem relacionado à interação, sendo um campo de estudos que pode trazer contribuições significativas para a área empresarial, pois as empresas são entidades que dependem de sistemas de comunicação para criar alianças entre seus elementos internos, com outros grupos e instituições. As análises lingüísticas foram baseadas no arcabouço teórico da Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF), apresenta uma detalhada descrição de como os recursos ideacionais e interpessoais da linguagem descritos por Halliday (1978, 1994) podem ser usados com propósitos avaliativos em diferentes gêneros, conforme os estudos de Avaliação e Avaliatividade. Diferentemente de outras análises de avaliação baseadas na LSF, esta pesquisa faz uma análise comparativa baseada em corpus entre os press releases de duas empresas brasileiras de telecomunicações e notícias publicadas por um jornal sobre os mesmos assuntos, discutindo as avaliações explícitas e implícitas contidas nessas descrições e os valores envolvidos nelas à luz do contexto. Os resultados da análise mostraram quatro grupos principais de diferenças entre press releases e notícias: os press releases tendem a atribuir avaliações positivas aos serviços oferecidos aos clientes, à capacidade da própria empresa, a ações que aumentem essa capacidade e aos seus resultados positivos. As notícias, por sua vez, tendem a excluir essas avaliações positivas e incluir informações sobre limitações dos produtos e problemas internos das empresas. Os resultados permitiram também observar que as empresas e o jornal utilizam conjuntos de valores semelhantes ao fazerem suas avaliações, mesmo quando os pontos de vista são diferentes. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa pretende que seus resultados tragam subsídios para que as empresas possam se comunicar melhor com os seus diferentes públicos e para a educação de leitores críticos, que identifiquem os valores que estão por trás das escolhas lingüísticas dos textos