Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-05-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:43:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 anselmo_bm_dr_arafcl.pdf: 2954691 bytes, checksum: fcf6f01748b6ab22dabf67e454cf70c0 (MD5) / Cette thèse vise à tracer les lignes principales d'une image représentative de la pertinence du thème de l'amour décadent dans les oeuvres dramatiques de la fin du XIX siècle et du début du XXe siècle, à partir de la localisation des éléments caractéristiques de l'expression de l'amour par les poète-dramaturges qui en quelque sorte ont été liés à la littérature symbolistedécadentiste. Pour cela, on prend comme point de départ l’analyse du drame lyrique Axël (1986), du poète et dramaturge français Comte de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (1840-1889), qui a marqué la littérature moderne avec le personnage emblématique Axël d’Auërsperg, le prince des décadents, connu pour avoir rejeté non seulement la vie, mais aussi les plaisirs de l'amour en faveur de l’Absolu et de l’Amour Éternel. Villiers de l'Isle-Adam partage avec les poètes symbolistes-décadentistes le sentiment de mépris pour les valeurs bourgeoises de la société moderne. D’un regard critique et avec l'amertume du poète maudit, ce Français, contrairement à la tendance romanesque réaliste-naturaliste, a imprimé dans l'amour tragique de Sara et d’Axël l’expression du désir de l'Amour Idéal: un sentiment sublime, éloigné des intérêts socio-économiques de leur temps. Pas même la belle et séduisante Ève Sara a réussi à persuader le jeune prince de se réjouir des plaisirs de la vie réelle. La décision d’Axël de quitter la vie et ses plaisirs et de ne pas consommer l'amour charnel est consciente et prouve son incapacité d'adaptation à la réalité qui l'entoure. Une autre oeuvre littéraire, aussi importante par rapport à l'expression du sentiment amoureux dans la littérature symbolistedécadentiste, est la pièce Pelléas et Mélisande (1904) du poète dramatique belge Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949), un adepte de l’écriture de....(Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous) / Esta tese pretende traçar as linhas principais de um quadro representativo da relevância do tema do amour décadent em obras dramáticas do fin-de-siècle, a partir do rastreamento de elementos característicos da expressão do amor em poetas-dramaturgos que, de alguma forma, estiveram vinculados à literatura simbolista-decadentista. Para isso, toma-se como ponto de partida a análise do drama lírico Axël (1986), do poeta-dramaturgo francês Conde de Villiers de L’Isle- Adam (1840-1889), que marcou a literatura moderna com a emblemática personagem Axël de Auërsperg, o príncipe dos decadentes, conhecido por rejeitar não só a vida real, mas também os prazeres do amor em favor do Absoluto e do Amor Eterno. Villiers de L’Isle-Adam partilha com os poetas simbolistas-decadentistas o sentimento de desprezo dos valores burgueses da sociedade moderna. Foi com o olhar crítico e com a amargura do poeta maldito que esse francês, contrariando a tendência romanesca realista-naturalista de histórias de amor bem sucedidas, imprimiu ao amor trágico entre Sara e Axël a expressão do desejo do Amor Ideal: um sentimento sublime, distante da vulgarização dos interesses sócio-econômicos de sua época. Nem mesmo a bela e atraente Ève Sara foi capaz de persuadir o jovem príncipe a regozijar-se com os prazeres da vida real. A decisão de Axël de deixar a vida e seus prazeres e de não consumar o amor carnal é consciente e prova a sua impossibilidade de se adequar à vil realidade circundante. Outra obra, também importante no que concerne à expressão do sentimento amoroso na literatura simbolista-decadentista, é a peça Pélleas et Mélisande (1904) do poeta dramático belga, Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949), seguidor dos passos de Villiers de L’Isle- Adam. Essa obra, apesar de aparentar um certo apego à tradicional temática trágico-amorosa romântica,... / This thesis intends to sketch the outlines of a representative picture of the relevance of the theme amour décadente (decadent love) in plays of the fin-de-siécle and beginning of the 20th century. It starts by tracing the elements that are characteristic of the expression of love in poet-playwrights who were, somehow, tied to the decadent symbolist literature. In order to achieve its aim, this project departs from the analysis of the lyric drama Axël (1986), by the French poet-playwright Conde de Villiers de L’Isle-Adam (1840-1889), which marked modern literature with its emblematic character Axël de Auërsperg, the prince of the decadents, known for rejecting not only social life, but also the pleasures of love in favor of the Absolute and the Eternal Love. Villiers de L’Isle-Adam shares with the decadentsymbolist poets the feeling of contempt for all the bourgeois values of modern society. It was with his accursed poet’s bitterness and critical eye that, against the realist-naturalist Romanesque tendency of successful love stories, this Frenchman inscribed the tragic love between Sara and Axël with the expression of desire for the Ideal Love: a sublime feeling, away from the trivialization of social and economic interests of his time. Not even the beautiful and attractive young lady Ève Sara was able to persuade the young prince to derive pleasure from the joys of real life. Axël’s decision to give up social life and its pleasures and not to consummate carnal love is conscious and it proves that it’s impossible for him to fit the vile reality surrounding him. Another work which is important regarding the expression of love in the decadent-symbolist literature is the drama Pélleas et Mélisande (1904), by the Belgian dramatic poet Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949), who followed the steps of ...(Complete abstract electronic access below)

Many histories of natural history see it as a descriptive science, as a clear forerunner to modern studies of classification, ecology and allied sciences. But this thesis argues that the story of unproblematic progression from eighteenth-century natural history to nineteenth-century and modern natural history is a myth. Eighteenth-century natural history was a distinct blend of practices and theories that no longer exists, though many individual elements of it have survived. The natural history that I discuss was not solely about collecting, displaying, naming and grouping objects. Though these activities played an important part in natural history (and in many histories of natural history) this thesis focuses on some other key elements of natural history that are too often neglected: elements such as experimenting, theorising, hypothesising, seeking causes, and explaining. Usually these activities are linked to natural philosophy rather than natural history, but I show how they were used by naturalists and, by extension, create a new way of understanding how eighteenth-century natural history, natural philosophy and other sciences were related. The first chapter is about the end of eighteenth-century natural history and looks at the role of the Linnean Society of London. It argues that this society tried to homogenise British natural history through the promotion of the Linnean sexual system of plant classification and through the suppression of the kinds of experimental and theoretical work described in this thesis. To understand that experimental and theoretical work, and to see what British natural history really entailed in this period, three central chapters focus on specific case studies. The second chapter shows how English-based naturalists such as John Ellis (1710-1776) approached the problem of distinguishing plants from animals, and especially about how they used chemical experiments to decide whether things such as coral and corallines should be placed in the animal or plant kingdom. The third chapter discusses sensitive plants and the overlaps between natural history and natural philosophy. It draws on case studies of naturalists who investigated things like plant motion and apparent plant sensitivity with different observational and experimental methods, and tried to explain them using various mechanical and vitalist explanations. The fourth chapter focuses on the controversy over whether plants (like animals) can be male or female and shows the theoretical and experimental tools that naturalists used to address this issue. Together, these chapters give a very detailed insight into the everyday practices and theories used by eighteenth-century naturalists and show the variety of activities that made up the field. The next two chapters focus on the identity and interactions of naturalists and show how they created a distinctive science: the fifth chapter is about how someone in England could go about becoming an authority on natural history in the late eighteenth century; and the final chapter looks outwards from Britain and examines how British natural history influenced, and was influenced by, European natural history; it uses correspondence to examine how British naturalists communicated with their overseas counterparts and what each party gained from those exchanges.

This thesis discusses the philosophy of positivism in nineteenth century France. Based on an empirical vision of society, positivism advocated values of rationality, progress, and secularization. In that way, it stood as one of the defining systems of thought of the modern era. I discuss, however, an undercurrent of anxiety about those same values. Positivism's founder, Auguste Comte, argued that all sciences would become unified and organized under universal principles and empirical standards. He viewed the human mind as becoming more rationalized throughout history. In his later career, however, he argued that rationalism was a destructive force and that a new form of secular religion as necessary to establish morality and order. I argue that this transition from science to religion represents an underlying anxiety of the nineteenth century. Intellectuals from different sides of the political spectrum viewed progress as positive, but also limited. They argued that something beyond science, in the realm of the religious, the metaphysical, or the subjective, was necessary for society. They expressed these concerns through the language of gender. Comte argued that women would be at the center of his religion. They would socialize and moralize men, making them part of a new unified, pacifist and orderly social whole. I also discuss two later intellectuals, social psychologist Gustave Le Bon and pioneering sociologist Emile Durkheim. Le Bon represented the fin-de-siecle rejection of positivism. He began with positivist principles, but later argued that humanity was irrational and violent. He viewed the modern masses as a powerful force which threatened to destroy civilization. The other figure, Durkheim, rejected Le Bon's form of nationalist right-wing thought and formed theories of social harmony, altruism, and a solidarity. He sought to reconcile egalitarian republican principles with positivist science. Despite their diverging theories, however, Le Bon and Durkheim employed similar assumptions about modernity and gender. Le Bon argued that European men were superior, and that all other groups shared an undeveloped mentality. Durkheim argued that men were social while women were simpler and mentally limited. Their views, far from establishing an unproblematic hierarchy of gender and race, in fact expressed anxieties about the state of modernity. They identified women, the lower classes, and other societies with values of simplicity, unity, and tradition. They identified the modern, Western male individual with the problems of modern society: excessive rationalization, instability, and secularization. This sense of ambivalence about modernity reveals the central importance of positivism to understanding nineteenth century thought. Positivism sought to reconcile seemingly antithetical principles of order with progress, individualism with social unity, and morality with rationalization. In doing so, it established anxieties about the forces of change. Positivists advocated the most modern of principles, and sought to further the progress of civilization, but also identified those rationalized forces as problems in need of control. Positivism thus established its own undoing, which would come at the beginning of the twentieth century. In that era, intellectuals rejected purely scientific visions of the world in favor of subjective thought. I locate the origins of that rejection at the very foundations of positivist theory.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edilza Maria Silva.pdf: 515206 bytes, checksum: 469ce873cd62bbedc94f7ef01fe86ea1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-23 / Machado de Assis in his writings has approached some aspects of the thought of Auguste Comte. It was searched, through the analysis of the texts of that author, focusing mostly his chronicles; identify how the writer positions himself facing the important ideas for the development of science of his period. It is worth emphasizing that the analyzed texts are contemporary to the spread of positivism in Brazil. In the last phase of his life, Comte created the Religion of Humanity known as religious positivism, whose ideas are expressed in his Positivist Catechism. In the mid-nineteenth century, these ideas became widespread in Brazil. In 1881, in Rio de Janeiro, under the direction by Miguel Lemos, was inaugurated the Positivist Church of Brazil, based on the precepts of the Religion of Humanity, founded by Auguste Comte. The religious temple became the place for meetings and debates of Republican and abolitionist adepts of positivism that is guided by the ideals of the Positivist Church. The Proclamation of the Republic and abolition, events influenced by positivism, were approached often by Machado de Assis / Machado de Assis abordou em seus escritos alguns aspectos do pensamento de Augusto Comte. Buscamos, através da análise dos textos do referido autor, focalizando principalmente suas crônicas, identificar a maneira como o escritor se posicionou frente às ideias importantes para o desenvolvimento da ciência de sua época. Cabe ressaltarmos que os textos analisados são contemporâneos à difusão do positivismo no Brasil. Na última fase de sua vida, Comte criou a Religião da Humanidade conhecida como Positivismo Religioso, cujas ideias se encontram expressas em seu Catecismo Positivista. Em meados do século XIX, essas ideias passaram a ser difundidas no Brasil. No Rio de Janeiro, em 1881, sob a direção de Miguel Lemos, foi inaugurada a Igreja Positivista do Brasil, baseada nos preceitos da Religião da Humanidade, instituída por Augusto Comte. O templo religioso passou a ser o local de encontros e debates dos republicanos e abolicionistas adeptos do positivismo que se guiavam pelos ideais da Igreja Positivista. A Proclamação da República e a abolição, acontecimentos influenciados pelo positivismo, foram abordados com frequência por Machado de Assis

La present tesi doctoral analitza la confrontació que va tenir lloc al llarg del segle XVIII entre el naturalista francès Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon, iniciador de la teoria de la degeneració i la inferioritat americanes, i el principal redactor de la Declaració d’Independència dels Estats Units, Thomas Jefferson, qui va realitzar la desarticulació de la mateixa. S’ha dut a terme un buidatge en profunditat de les obres d’aquests dos autors que ha permès establir els paràmetres principals de les posicions corresponents, i s’hi han afegit també les d’altres autors secundaris que van participar en la polèmica de manera significativa per tal d’obtenir una millor perspectiva. L’objectiu primordial ha estat establir la importància d’aquest debat en la creació del discurs identitari de la jove nació nord-americana a través de l’estudi comparatiu de la influència en aquest sentit de les temàtiques més tractades. / This doctoral thesis analyses the confrontation that took place throughout the 18th century between the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon, initiator of the American degeneracy theory, and the main writer of the United States’ Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, who dismantled it. The works of these two authors have been thoroughly examined in order to establish the main parameters of their corresponding positions. Also, the works of secondary authors who participated in the polemic in a significant way have been added in order to obtain a better perspective. The main goal has been to establish the importance of this debate in the creation of the identity speech of the young North American nation by using a comparative study of the influence, in this sense, of each one of the topics treated.

Ce mémoire-création comporte deux parties: une partie « création » et une partie « théorique ». La partie création consiste en l'écriture d'un poème dramatique qui porte le titre de Toxi©que. Ce texte se veut une exploration des nouvelles écritures dramatiques où la parole est action. L'analyse réflexive qui constitue la partie théorique de ce mémoire-création contient trois chapitres et sert à explorer les potentialités du poème dramatique au niveau littéraire, poétique et dramatique. Le premier chapitre sert à définir le poème dramatique dans le contexte de la crise du drame moderne. Le deuxième chapitre présente une analyse dramaturgique des trois poèmes dramatiques suivant: Axël de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Par les Villages de Peter Handke et 4.48 Psychose de Sarah Kane. Le troisième et dernier chapitre met en relation notre création Toxi©que avec le poème dramatique contemporain. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Poème dramatique, Auteur rhapsode, Choralité, Crise du drame.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:47:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 padua_lmp_me_arafcl.pdf: 1251536 bytes, checksum: 70918c4d25c48736c68649d3e7df958e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Le but de cette recherche c´est d´analyser les contes “Ligeia” (1838) d´ Edgar A. Poe et “Véra” (1876) de Villiers de l´Isle- Adam, chef-d´oeuvres du conte poétique de genre fantastique. Bien qu’ Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ait vécu au début du siècle, et Villiers (1838-1889) à la fin, les deux ont la même perspective sur les événements qui se sont déroulés pendant tout le XIX ème siècle, comme la consolidation du pouvoir de la bourgeoisie, les découvertes technique-cientifiques, parmi d´autres. Si les avantages ont été nombreuses, la misère et l´inégalité sociale ont continué à augmenter. Ajoutée à cette ambiance de gêne sociale, l’ imminente fin du siècle annonçait, sous une perspective apocaliptique, la fin du monde. L’ homme, soumis au destin et aux forces terrestres sur lesquelles il n´a pas de contrôle, a été marqué par la tendance de réduire la vie à un nihilisme qui s´est traduit dans la fixation de la mort comme libération. En préférant le rêve à l´action, Poe et Villiers se sont refugiés dans la tour d´ivoire, en quête de l’ Absolu – méprisé par la société matérialiste de cette époque. Cette attitute a été la même de beaucoup d´autres auteurs qui, plus tard, allaient intégrer le mouvement symboliste dont les auteurs en discussion sont des antecesseurs. Le Symbolisme est né en France à la fin du XIX ème siècle et a atteint son apogée entre les années 1885 et 1895. Il émet, parmi quelques élements-base – le symbole, le rêve, le mythe, l´inconscient – la sensibilité esthétique et les aspirations métaphysiques. Si ce genre a traduit les besoins esthétiques et métaphysiques de cette période, le genre fantastique a été un moyen efficace par lequel ils ont été exprimés. Une fois que le fantastique présuppose comme principe la présence de l’ élément surnaturel, il signifie... (Résume complet accès electronique ci-dessous) / Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar os contos “Ligeia” (1838) de Edgar A. Poe e “Véra” (1876) de Villiers de l´Isle- Adam, obras-primas do conto poético de gênero fantástico. Embora o norte-americano Edgar A. Poe (1809-1849) tenha vivido no começo do século, e Villiers (1838-1889) o tenha no seu fim, ambos têm a mesma perspectiva pessimista sobre os acontecimentos que se desenrolaram durante todo o século XIX, a saber: consolidação do poder da burguesia, descobertas tecnocientíficas, etc. Se os avanços foram muitos, a miséria e a desigualdade social continuaram a aumentar. Acrescido a esse clima de desconforto social, o iminente fim do século anunciava, em uma perspectiva apocalíptica, o fim dos tempos. O homem, submetido ao destino e às forças terrestres sobre as quais não tem controle, fora marcado pela tendência de reduzir a vida a um niilismo que se traduziu na fixação da morte como libertação. Preferindo o sonho à ação, Poe e Villiers se refugiaram na torre de marfim no intento de buscar o Absoluto – preterido pela sociedade materialista da época. Essa atitude foi a mesma de muitos outros autores que integraram o movimento simbolista do qual os referidos autores foram antecessores. O Simbolismo nasceu na França na última parte do século XIX e alcançou seu auge na década situada entre 1885 e 1895. Ele emite através de alguns elementos base – o símbolo, o sonho, o mito, o inconsciente – a sensibilidade estética e as aspirações metafísicas. Se este movimento traduziu as necessidades estéticas e metafísicas desse período, o gênero fantástico foi um meio eficaz pelo qual elas foram expressas. Uma vez que o fantástico pressupõe como princípio a presença do elemento sobrenatural, ele significa, em ultima instância, a fuga da realidade, a contestação dos valores do mundo físico. Não por acaso, depois da inserção...

Orientador: João Carlos Kfouri Quartim de Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T17:05:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marchetti_Maurizio_M.pdf: 9270892 bytes, checksum: 214a576d9472db53f952a36dc6d317dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Se o pensamento de Augusto Comte sobre o direito não chega a constituir-se em uma lacuna, certamente é um dos pontos obscuros de seu complexo sistema de filosofia. O presente trabalho pretende inventariar como Augusto Comte e seus discípulos brasileiros, que se interessaram especificamente sobre o assunto - Luís Pereira Barreto, Alberto Salles e Pedro Lessa - pensaram sobre o direito. Esse inventário mostrará que apesar de todos os pensadores em questão comungarem das mesmas idéias filosóficas positivas acabaram tendo um pensamento muito divergente sobre o direito. Para tanto, basta mencionar que enquanto Augusto Comte tinha por meta criticar uma determinada doutrina política que tinha como fundamento a teoria dos direitos subjetivos, seus discípulos brasileiros tinham por meta criticar certas teorias jurídicas que reputavam obsoletas em relação às ilusões que tinham dos progressos das ciências modernas. A crítica de Luís Pereira Barreto visava eliminar todo e qualquer direito, por reputá-lo um fenômeno tipicamente metafisico. Já Alberto Salles e Pedro Lessa pretendiam substituir esse direito ultrapassado por outro compatível com a doutrina positiva. Alberto Salles dizia que o direito era uma função social permanente, cuja tarefa seria a de coordenar as demais atividades sociais, semelhante ao sistema nervoso no organismo animal, razão pela qual, ao invés de eliminá-lo, deveria ser aperfeiçoado, propondo então a aplicação da lei dos três estados de Augusto Comte ao direito. Pedro Lessa, diferentemente, considerava o direito uma condição indispensável para a vida social cuja tarefa seria a de encontrar os meios voluntários adequados para a satisfação das exigências minimas que possibilitassem a vida e o desenvolvimento do indivíduo e da sociedade / Abstract: If Augusto Comte' s thought about right is not a void, it is certainly one of the obscure points in his complex system of philosophy. The present thesis intends to gather how Augusto Comte and his brazilían disciples, which were particulary interested about the subject -Luís Pereira Barreto, Alberto Salles e Pedro Lessa - thought about righí. This thesis will show that despite the fact that all the authors in question shared the same positive philosophy, they ended up having very divergent opinions about right. For that matter, it is enough to say that while Augusto Comte aimed to criticize a certain polítical doctrine that had its fundation on the theory of subjective right, his brazilian disciples aimed to criticize certain juridical theories which they thought obsolete in relation to the illusions that they had about the progress of modern science. The critic of Luís Pereira Barreto tends to eliminate all right, by placing it as a purely metaphysical fenomenon. Alberto Salles and Pedro Lessa, intended to replace this dated right by another one, one that is compatible with the positive doctrine. To Alberto Salles right was a permanent social function, whose task was to coordenate all other social activities, it was similar to the nervous system of an animal, and, in that sense, it should not be eliminated, but perfected, for that he proposed the application of the law of three states of Augusto Comte to righí. Pedro Lessa, on the other hand, considered right to be an indispensable condition to social lífe, and it' s task would be to find the adequate voluntary means to the satisfaction of minimal demands which would make the life and development of the individual and ofthe society possible / Mestrado / Mestre em Filosofia

This thesis proposes a multimodal systemic functional model for adaptation. Its aim is to provide the analyst with wider insight into the process(es) of adaptation but also with a complex yet manageable apparatus which enables comparison and articulation of these comparisons over and above intersemiotic boundaries. The model has been applied to the case example of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula and seven different film adaptations. / Doctorat en Langues et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les écosystèmes prairiaux sont soumis à une pression anthropique, essentiellement liée à la gestion agricole, qui permet de maintenir ces milieux ouverts. Cependant, lorsque cette pression s’avère trop importante, elle peut conduire à une diminution de la diversité de la communauté végétale et, en outre, de toutes les communautés qui en dépendent (de consommateurs primaires et secondaire notamment). La biodiversité jouant un rôle reconnu pour la réalisation de diverses fonctions et services écosystémiques dont les sociétés humaines tirent profit chaque jour, les pressions anthropiques fortes peuvent altérer le maintien de ces services.Afin d’obtenir des informations complémentaires sur la réponse des communautés végétales aux différents facteurs anthropiques, il est nécessaire d’intégrer la complexité de la notion de diversité, et notamment inclure les facettes taxonomiques, phylogénétiques et fonctionnelles. Par ailleurs, l’échelle spatiale doit être considérée, en comparant les composantes alpha (intra-site) et beta (inter-sites) de la diversité gamma d’une parcelle ou d’une région.Dans ce projet, une attention particulière a été portée sur la complémentarité de ces approches de la diversité afin de rendre compte de la réponse des communautés végétales du massif jurassien aux modes de gestion agricoles pratiqués dans cette région. La production de différentes AOP fromagères, dont le Comté, offre un cadre original puisque l’existence d’une telle production implique des restrictions concernant la conduite agricole des surfaces prairiales aux exploitants. Nous avons étudié la végétation de 48 parcelles du massif jurassien réparties selon un gradient altitudinal (Premier plateau, Deuxième plateau, Haute-Chaîne) par le biais d’un protocole multi-échelle original pour des surfaces équivalentes à 0,01, 1, 10 et 1000 m². Sur ces mêmes parcelles, les pratiques agricoles ont été renseignées grâce à des enquêtes réalisées auprès des exploitants ; les conditions édaphiques ont elles aussi été étudiées grâce à des sondages de profondeur du sol et des analyses physico-chimiques réalisées sur des prélèvements dans l’horizon de surface.[...]En comparant la composition floristique de 150 relevés réalisés dans les années 1990 avec de nouvelles prospections réalisées en 2012 sur les mêmes surfaces, d’importants changements de la composition floristique sont apparus pour chacune des prairies. La tendance générale pour l’ensemble des parcelles suggère que les communautés actuelles sont davantage adaptées aux défoliations fréquentes et/ou intenses, présentent despréférences écologiques pour les milieux riches en substances nutritives et valeur pastorale plus élevée. La diversité phylogénétique s’avère également différente entre les deux sessions (ce qui n’est pas le cas de la diversité taxonomique de Simpson) et témoigne ainsi d’une réduction de la diversité des lignées avec le temps.[...]L’accumulation de phosphore dans les sols prairiaux, associée aux apports croissants d’azote apportés notamment par les engrais minéraux de synthèse, sont parmi les causes potentielles de ces changements. Bien qu’aucune diminution significative de la diversité taxonomique n’ait été enregistrée dans nos travaux, les changements de composition fonctionnelle déjà observés pourraient à l’avenir aboutir à une érosion de la diversité.[...] / Grassland ecosystems are submitted to human pressure, especially due to agricultural management, preventing their natural succession toward the forest. However, when this pressure become too important, it could lead to a decrease of the diversity of plant communities (especially primary and secondary consumers) and of all communities that depend on them. As biodiversity is recognized to play an important role in the realization of ecosystem functions and services that benefit to human societies every day, important anthropic pressures could alter the maintaining of these services.In order to provide complementary information on the response of plant communities to anthropogenic factors, it is necessary to take into account the complexity of biodiversity, especially by including the various taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional facets of diversity. In addition, the spatial scale has to be taken into account, by comparing alpha (intra-site), beta (inter-site) components of the gamma diversity of a given parcel or region:.In this project, we especially focused on the complementarity of these approaches to diversity in order to assess the response of plant communities of the French Jura Mountains to agricultural practices used in this area. The production of PDO cheese, and especially the Comté cheese, offers an original framework for such investigations as the existence of this production is associated to strict regulations imposed to farmers for the management of their grassland systems. We studied the vegetation of 48 grasslands, split according to an altitudinal gradient (First Plateau, Second Plateau, High Range) by using an original multi-scale sampling design with plot sizes of 0.01, 1, 10 and 1000 m². The agricultural practices used on these 48 parcels have also been recorded by submitting questionnaires to farmers. In addition, we collected data on soil conditions in each parcel, including soil depth and physico-chemical analyses performed on 0 – 10 cm superficial soil samples.[...]The comparison of the species composition of 150 phytosociological relevés recorded in the 1990’s and repeated in 2012 reveals important changes in the floristic composition of grasslands. The general trend observed for the overall set of relevé suggests that contemporary communities are more adapted to frequent and/or intense defoliations, have a higher pastoral value and indicate a higher level of nutrient content in the soil. We also record differences in phylogenetic diversity values between the two sessions of relevés (while the taxonomic diversity of Simpson do not change) and so show that a loss of phylogenetic lineages among time.[...]The accumulation of phosphorous in the soil, associated to increasing nitrogen supply, especially in the form of inorganic fertilizers, can partly explain this trend. Even though we do not record any significant reduction of taxonomic diversity, the functional changes already observed suggest that the diversity could potentially decrease in the future.[...]