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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Négation et Diffraction de la volonté en éducation / Negation and Diffraction of willl in education

Praz, Jean 27 April 2017 (has links)
Entre 1880 et 1920, l’institution scolaire en France, les pédagogues et les professeurs de pédagogie, les enseignants dans leurs commentaires, les parents souvent inquiets en appellent à la volonté qui explique l’échec lorsqu’elle manque, qui galvanise les énergies si elle s’exerce et qui élève l’esprit quand elle est une ascèse. Au même moment, silencieusement parce que dans les marges de la communauté éducative, se forment les conditions même de la disparition de la volonté. L’Education nouvelle de congrès en congrès desserrera l’étau de cette volonté anémiante. Edouard Claparède invitera à dévolontariser la volonté. L’écho de Jean-Jacques Rousseau prônant l’épanouissement de l’enfance retrouvée légitimera cet effacement de la volonté. Et très vite de volonté il ne sera plus question. Comment expliquer cette contradiction entre cette omniprésence de la volonté et sa disparition ? Deux voies : l’une qui analysera la volonté même, l’autre qui décrira des pratiques éducatives où la volonté a joué un rôle ou celles d’où elle s’est retirée. L’enquête s’en tiendra au mot même de volonté dans ses composants sémantiques et dans l’histoire de sa traduction du grec ou du latin au français, puis au concept qui lui correspond : décomposition en traits, description de ses modalités et évaluation de sa teneur ontologique en dessinant la scène de toute action. Apparaîtront quatre dimensions de la volonté : effort, intention, décision et force, dimensions qui renverront aux vertus épistémiques, à la logique de l’action et à une conception de l’homme. Autrement dit, à quelle anthropologie la volonté comme force correspond-elle ? Et son éviction, quel sujet implique-t-elle ? D’autre part, si la volonté est intention et décision, ne relève-t-elle pas de la logique de l’action, comme son contraire l’acrasie ? Enfin, identifier volonté et effort, c’est redécouvrir les vertus épistémiques de la studiosité, de la curiosité, de l’attention, c’est dire ce qu’elles sont et comment les développer. Il est un dernier point qu’on ne saurait négliger : la volonté, ou du moins son contraire qu’est la paresse, met en jeu l’assise métaphysique de tout homme.Cette analyse sera corrélée, sinon à des pratiques éducatives puisque l’archive en est souvent absente, du moins à des théories ou à des comptes rendus de pratiques dans des genres littéraires le plus divers. D’abord, Célestin Freinet parce qu’il a critiqué la volonté comme instance morale, mais a gardé la notion d’effort s’appuyant peut-être sur le travail comme force d’émancipation, en tout cas comme émanation de la vie. Ensuite Piaget qui transforme la volonté en un contraire de la ligne de moindre résistance dans une conception évolutionniste, la naturalisant ainsi. Puis, Maine de Biran et Pestalozzi qui fondèrent une école presque ensemble, l’un faisant de l’effort le constituant premier de l’homme, l’autre hésitant entre l’épanouissement dévolontarisé et les nécessaires contraintes de toute action. Descartes aussi parce qu’il éduque la volonté conçue comme décision et qu’il la place au cœur de sa logique de sorte que l’homme se caractérise par la générosité qui est l’aptitude à poser des actes judicieux. Enfin, Dewey et Kilpatrick qui substitueront à la volonté l’intérêt s’opposant à l’éducation comme jeu et aux conceptions d’Herbart pour qui rien ne venait de l’élève et pour qui tout s’imposait de l’extérieur. Ce parcours s’achève par une mise en rapport de ces conceptions de la volonté et de certains traits d’anthropologie dans le but de dessiner une logique où le recours à la volonté correspond à un sujet vide et où l’effacement de la volonté suppose un sujet doté d’une intériorité qui ne demande qu’à s’exprimer. Puis, la fiction d’un compte rendu d’un congrès de philosophie de l’éducation permettra de reprendre les perspectives des uns et des autres et d’exprimer leur style de pensée. S'ouvrent alors les perspectives, dans une vision naturaliste, d'un sujet se constituant .... / Between 1880 and 1920 the academic institution of France, pedagogues and professors of pedagogy, teachers writing school reports and worried parents, have called upon the concept of will to explain failure where there is a lack of it, to galvanise energy where it is present and to raise the spirit in the field of asceticism. At the same time, the very conditions for the extinction of the concept of will have been growing quietly, at the margins of the education community. The Modern School Movement, from conference to conference, have been loosening the grip on this debilitating concept. Edouard Claparède suggests the ‘dewilling’ of will. The echo of Jean-Jacques Rousseau defending the blossoming of a rediscovered childhood, adds further weight to the idea of the fading out of the notion of will. How long before the question of will becomes no longer relevant? How can this contradiction between the omnipresent subject of will and its disappearance be explained? There are two approaches: the first analyses will itself, the second describes the educative practices where will plays a role or those where it is absent. The inquiry analyses the semantic components of the word, from its translation in Greek or Latin to French. Alongside this, it investigates the concept behind the word: its distinguishing features, the description of its modalities and its ontological constitution, describing the nature and the elements that make up an action. Four dimensions of will are identified: effort, intention, decision and strength. These dimensions clearly refer to epistemic virtues, the logic of action and the concept of what it is to be human. Put another way, to which anthropological system does will, as a strength, correspond? And in its absence, what idea of human behaviour do we conceive? On the other hand, if will is intention and decision, can it not be assumed that it comes from the logic of action, along with its opposite, akrasia. Finally, to identify will in terms of effort, is to revisit the epistemic virtues of studiousness, curiosity and attention, stating what they are and how to develop them. Another aspect that deserves consideration: will, or at least its opposite, laziness, calls into play the metaphysical bases underpinning human existence. This analysis correlates if not to the educative practices, archival material not often existing, at least to the theories or accounts of practices to be found in the myriad literary genres. Firstly, Célestin Freinet who criticised the idea of will as a moral value, but maintained the idea of effort, emphasing perhaps the notion of work as a liberating force, as an expression of life. Then Piaget, working within the school of evolutionary theory, who transforms will into an opposite of the path of least resistance. This is followed by Maine de Biran and Pestalozzi who almost founded a school together, the former identifying effort as the principal characteristic of man, the later hesitating between the blossoming of the individual that happens outside of will and the essential limits of any given action. Decartes conceives will as a decision which he places at the centre of his theory that man is characterised by generosity, which he defines as the ability to be reasonable. Lastly Dewey and Kilpatrick who substitute will for interest, opposing the idea of education as a game and Herbart’s idea that nothing comes from the student, everything is imposed from external sources. The journey finishes with a bringing together of the concepts of will and certain anthropological features, the aim of which is to draw upon logic where will is called upon in a situation of personal need or is eliminated, presuming that the individual’s inner life is left unexpressed. The imaginary reporting to a fictitious conference between the various educational philosophers would allow the sharing and reformulating of each other’s perspectives along with the investigation of their various styles of thought...
62

Vědecké kategorie a klasifikace lidí: Historická analýza jako metodologický nástroj pro filosofii věd o člověku? / Scientific Categories and Classification of People: Historical analysis as a methodological tool for the philosophy of human sciences?

Smiešková, Kornélia January 2019 (has links)
(in English): The aim of the work is to reconstruct and interpret the method of historicized analysis and its employment to examine the phenomenon of "making up people". The concept is Hacking's description for the impact scientific classifications can have on classified people. The point of departure for the examination in the work is the thesis that historicized analysis employs the elements of philosophical conceptual analysis together with historical tools philosophy of science corroborates and whose strategies are often in opposition to the analytical tradition. As a follow-up of the main thesis the work also examines whether the historicized analysis can be understood as a history of the present. Moreover, it asks questions that come up in connection with the project of "making up people" such as: "What are the conditions for a scientific category to emerge? When categories emerge do new kinds of people emerge as well? What is the specific structure that enables the mutual interaction and effect scientific categories and classified people make? One of the aims will therefore be to elucidate to what extend the historicized analysis is able to answer those questions. Last but not least the work looks into the critical implications and usefulness of the method of historicized analysis.
63

Концептуальные особенности научных гуманитарных журналов в России и Польше : магистерская диссертация / Title of dissertation: Conceptual features of scientific humanitarian journals in Russia and Poland

Воротникова, Ю. Ф., Vorotnikova, Y. F. January 2020 (has links)
Цель исследования, проведенного в диссертации, заключается в выявлении соответствия концепций научных гуманитарных журналов с требованиями, предъявляемым к публикациям научных работников на примере России и Польши. Для того, чтобы изучить специфическую основу формирования научного журнала, его функции и особенности, в первой главе работы рассмотрены понятия научного журнала, а также нормативно-правовые акты, регламентирующие требования, предъявляемые к публикациям российских и польских научных работников. Также в первой главе рассмотрено изменение понятия научного журнала и классификации с исторической точки зрения. Во второй части работы проводится концептуальный анализ научных гуманитарных журналов России и Польши, что позволило выявить соответствие концепций российских и польских научных гуманитарных журналов в связи с изменяющимися требованиями к научным публикациям, результаты анализа могут быть использованы для дальнейших исследований в этой области. / The purpose of the research conducted in the dissertation is to identify the conformity of the concepts of scientific humanitarian journals with the requirements for publications of scientific workers using the example of Russia and Poland. In order to study the specific basis for the formation of a scientific journal, its functions and features, the first chapter of the work considers the concepts of a scientific journal, as well as the legal acts regulating the requirements for publications of Russian and Polish scientists. The first chapter also discusses a change in the concept of a scientific journal and classification from a historical point of view. In the second part of the work, a conceptual analysis of the scientific humanitarian journals of Russia and Poland is carried out, which made it possible to identify the conformity of the concepts of Russian and Polish scientific humanitarian journals in connection with the changing requirements for scientific publications; the analysis results can be used for further research in this area.

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