<p>Försvarsmaktens slutrapport från perspektivplaneringen 2007 innehåller ett avsnitt vilket avhandlar strategiskt samarbete med andra stater. Flera områden, vilka berör Försvarsmaktens operativa förmåga, identifieras som lämpliga för samarbete med de nordiska länderna. I detta sammanhang uttrycker Försvarsmakten ett bibehållande av nationell strategisk handlingsfrihet trots att uppbyggnaden av den operativa förmågan föreslås delas mellan olika länder. Uppsatsens problem och syfte tar sitt avstamp i ovan beskrivna sammanhang. Detta sker genom att undersöka vad begreppet handlingsfrihet kan sägas betyda när det uttrycks i sammanhang av mellanstatligt samarbete. Resultatet av begreppsanalysen visar att handlingsfrihet i den aktuella kontexten innefattar en för aktören inre kamp kring mål och medel samt en kamp mot de begränsningar traditioner och lagar ger. Vidare innehåller begreppet en yttre kamp syftande till att optimera åtgärder för att undersöka motståndarens intention</p> / <p>The Armed Forces’ final report from the perspective planning in 2007 contains a section which deals with strategic cooperation with other states. Several areas, which affect the Armed Forces operational capability, are identified as suitable for collaboration with the Nordic countries. In this context, the Armed Forces express maintenance of national strategic freedom of action, while building the operational capacity would be allocated between different countries. The essay’s problem and objective takes its starting point in the context described above. This is done by examining what freedom of action can be said to mean when it is expressed in the context of intergovernmental cooperation. The result of the conceptual analysis shows that freedom of action in the current context includes an internal struggle about means and ends, and a struggle against the limitations provided by traditions and laws. The result also makes the notion of an external struggle that is aimed at optimizing measures to investigate the opponent's intentions.</p>

Försvarsmaktens slutrapport från perspektivplaneringen 2007 innehåller ett avsnitt vilket avhandlar strategiskt samarbete med andra stater. Flera områden, vilka berör Försvarsmaktens operativa förmåga, identifieras som lämpliga för samarbete med de nordiska länderna. I detta sammanhang uttrycker Försvarsmakten ett bibehållande av nationell strategisk handlingsfrihet trots att uppbyggnaden av den operativa förmågan föreslås delas mellan olika länder. Uppsatsens problem och syfte tar sitt avstamp i ovan beskrivna sammanhang. Detta sker genom att undersöka vad begreppet handlingsfrihet kan sägas betyda när det uttrycks i sammanhang av mellanstatligt samarbete. Resultatet av begreppsanalysen visar att handlingsfrihet i den aktuella kontexten innefattar en för aktören inre kamp kring mål och medel samt en kamp mot de begränsningar traditioner och lagar ger. Vidare innehåller begreppet en yttre kamp syftande till att optimera åtgärder för att undersöka motståndarens intention / The Armed Forces’ final report from the perspective planning in 2007 contains a section which deals with strategic cooperation with other states. Several areas, which affect the Armed Forces operational capability, are identified as suitable for collaboration with the Nordic countries. In this context, the Armed Forces express maintenance of national strategic freedom of action, while building the operational capacity would be allocated between different countries. The essay’s problem and objective takes its starting point in the context described above. This is done by examining what freedom of action can be said to mean when it is expressed in the context of intergovernmental cooperation. The result of the conceptual analysis shows that freedom of action in the current context includes an internal struggle about means and ends, and a struggle against the limitations provided by traditions and laws. The result also makes the notion of an external struggle that is aimed at optimizing measures to investigate the opponent's intentions.

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<p>Safety is an important topic for a wide range of disciplines, such as engineering, economics, sociology, psychology, political science and philosophy, and plays a central role in risk analysis and risk management. The aim of this thesis is to develop a concept of safety that is relevant for decision-making, and to elucidate its consequences for risk and safety research and practices.</p><p>Essay I provides a conceptual analysis of safety in the context of societal decision-making, focusing on some fundamental distinctions and aspects, and argues for a more complex notion than what is commonly given. This concept of safety explicitly includes epistemic uncertainty, the degree to which we are uncertain of our knowledge of the situation at hand. It is discussed the extent to which such a concept may be considered an objective concept, and concluded that it is better seen as an intersubjective concept. Some formal versions of a comparative safety concept are also proposed.</p><p>Essay II explores some consequences of epistemic uncertainty. It is commonly claimed that the public is irrational in its acceptance of risks. An underlying presumption in such a claim is that the public should follow the experts’ advice in recommending an activity whenever the experts have better knowledge of the risk involved. This position is criticised based on considerations from epistemic uncertainty and the goal of safety. Furthermore, it is shown that the scope of the objection covers the entire field of risk research, risk assessment as well as risk management.</p><p>Essay III analyses the role of epistemic uncertainty for principles of achieving safety in an engineering context. The aim is to show that to account for common engineering principles we need the understanding of safety that has been argued for in Essays I-II. Several important principles in engineering safety are analysed, and it is argued that we cannot fully account for them on a narrow interpretation of safety as the reduction of risk (understanding risk as the combination of probability and severity of harm). An adequate concept of safety must include not only the reduction of risk but also the reduction of uncertainty.</p>

Föreliggande vårdvetenskapliga studie har som syfte att avtäcka och synliggöra glädjesom idé i vårdandets värld. Glädje sammanbinds med vårdandet genom kärleken somden tongivande kraften hos glädje. Vårdandets sak har genom historien alltid varit attlindra lidande och att tjäna liv och hälsa i en anda av kärlek och barmhärtighet. Dennastudie om glädje i vårdandet har en övergripande idéhistorisk inriktning och resultatetsammanställs i form av ett idémönster. Tolkningen sker genom en hermeneutisk ansatsmed fokus på förståelse av själva vårdandet. För att djupare förstå glädje, dessursprungsidé, väsen och uttrycksformer granskas begreppet ’glädje’ och de näraliggandebegreppen ’glad’ och ’ljus’ i etymologiska ordböcker samt i svenska, engelska ochlatinska ordböcker. Som stöd för tolkningen används klassiska texter innehållandefilosofers tankar om glädje. Glädje som idé glimtar fram i form av ett sjufaldigtmönster. Detta mönster innehåller särdrag hos glädje och det hjärtas natur somrespektive särdrag förverkligas i. I andlig mening utgör hjärtat livets medelpunkt ochkänslornas hemvist. Mönstret bildar bakgrund och blir vägledande vid den hermeneutiska läsningen omglädje, så som den framträder i berättelser om vårdande under åren 1900–1933. Dehistoriska källorna utgörs av facktidskriften Svensk sjukskötersketidning, böcker medberättelser om vårdande, arkivmaterial samt läroböcker om vårdarbete. Resultatetmynnar ut i ett idémönster, där idéer om det som gör glädje verksamt som vårdandeframträder. Dessa är det sanna hjärtats rena glädje – kärlek, glädje är ett kärleksbevis.Det brinnande hjärtats djupa glädje – livsglädje, glädje inspirerar och genererar kraft.Det bärande hjärtats glansfulla glädje – generositet, glädje är en gåva till den andra medlöfte om hjälp. Det inbjudande hjärtats glittrande glädje – gemenskap, glädje inbjudertill gemenskap. Det upprymda hjärtats uppsluppna glädje – integration, glädje gör attmänniskan kan glömma sitt lidande och närma sig den hon önskar vara. Detstämningsfulla hjärtats högtidliga glädje – bevärdigande, glädje skapar en anda ochatmosfär där människan upplever sig hedrad. Det fridfulla hjärtats stora glädje –räddning, en glädje visar sig när människan har erhållit det som kan begäras av gott ochundsluppet ont och är förnöjd med sin levnads lott. Förhoppningen är att dennagrundforskning ska öppna för ett nytt seende som kan leda till att glädjeuppmärksammas i vårdandets värld och artikuleras där. / The present study is made in the context of basic research within the field of caringscience. The overall aim is to uncover and make joy visible as an idea in the world ofcaring. The core of caring has historically always been to alleviate suffering and toserve life and health in a spirit of love and mercy. This study has a comprehensivedirection focusing on history of ideas and culminates in a pattern of ideas contenting joyin the world of caring. Knowledge formation is based on creating understanding,wholeness and meaning with regard to the knowledge related to a context. For that ahermeneutical approach is used throughout the study. In order to understand joy moredeeply, the original idea, the essence and expression, the concept of 'joy' and the relatedconcepts of 'glad' and 'light' are examined in etymological dictionaries and in Swedish,English and Latin dictionaries. To support the interpretation classical texts containingphilosophers’ thoughts about joy are used. Joy as an idea glimpses forth and ispresented in the form of seven-fold pattern of ideas. Through the meaning-nuances ofsynonyms a realization of joy could be discerned and anchored in the heart. The seven-fold pattern form the background and represent a guide for the hermeneuticreading of joy, as it appears in the stories about caring for the years 1900–1933. Thehistorical sources consist of the trade magazine Svensk sjukskötersketidning, bookscontaining stories about caring, archival materials and textbooks on nursing. The resultculminates in the seven-fold pattern of ideas contenting what makes joy active as caring.The true heart's pure joy - love, joy is a proof of love. The ardent heart's deep joy - joyof living, joy inspires and generates strength. The bearing heart's radiant joy -generosity, joy is a gift to the other with the promise of help. The inviting heart'ssparkling joy – communion, joy invites communion. The elated heart's exhilarated joy -integration, joy enables the human to forget his or her suffering and approach to whathe or she wants to be. The atmospheric heart's solemn joy - dignifying, joy creates amood and an atmosphere where people perceive themselves dignified. The peacefulheart's great joy - rescuing, a joy turns out when the human has received what may berequested of what is good, is eluded from what is evil and is contented with his or herliving lot. It is hoped that this basic research will open up for a vision that can contributeto joys further attention in the world of caring and be articulated there.

GONÇALVES NETO, José Umbelino. As identidades da "identidade": sobre os diferentes usos e significados do conceito "identidade" na Psicologia Social. 2015. 112f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-03-31T10:45:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jugneto.pdf: 954735 bytes, checksum: b57809552e6f2ebf196df1d46debc0fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-03-31T13:48:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jugneto.pdf: 954735 bytes, checksum: b57809552e6f2ebf196df1d46debc0fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-31T13:48:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jugneto.pdf: 954735 bytes, checksum: b57809552e6f2ebf196df1d46debc0fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This is a conceptual study conducted to analyze the grammar of the term “identity” as used in social psychology texts. Such debate is relevant because this concept is used with different nuances in different theoretical and methodological designs, so that its meaning is the subject of controversy and there are even discussions on its validity and even proposals for it should be abandoned. Based on Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language, in this work it is considered that many of these discussions are based on misunderstandings about how a concept works linguistically and in the case, about how the very concept “identity” works. The theoretical and methodological basis is Wittgenstein’s approach to philosophical problems, following the method that this philosopher proposed in his works: Blue Book, Brown Book and Philosophical Investigations. Briefly speaking, this method is a type of analysis of the grammar that rules the use of a word, to observe and describe different cases where a term is used, and then compare these different cases. This is a non-systematic method, but very enlightening. Wittgenstein does not propose to solve conceptual problems, but dissolve them. By this it becomes possible to elucidate how members of a community are employing this term and thus clarify misunderstandings regarding a conceptual problem. Thus, it is shown how the term “identity” appears and is effectively used in the texts of some influential authors in Brazilian Social Psychology: G. Mead and E. Goffman, with a interactional concept of identity; A. C. Ciampa and P. Ricoeur, with a narrative concept of identity; J.-C. Deschamps and P. Moliner, with a representational/cognitive concept of identity. With the proposed methodology, the concept “identity” could be treated as a linguistic object, avoiding an essentialist approach. Through a pragmatic approach, were presented the different uses and meanings of this concept. / Esta é uma pesquisa de natureza conceitual cujo objetivo é analisar a gramática do termo “identidade” tal como empregado em textos de Psicologia Social. Tal discussão é relevante porque esse conceito é utilizado com diferentes nuances em diferentes desenhos teórico-metodológicos, de modo que o seu significado é alvo de controvérsias, havendo inclusive debates sobre a sua validade e até mesmo propostas de que seja abandonado. Baseados na filosofia da linguagem de Wittgenstein, considera-se neste trabalho que muitas dessas discussões se baseiam em mal-entendidos sobre como linguisticamente um conceito funciona e, no caso, sobre como funciona o próprio conceito “identidade”. Como base teórico-metodológica, é utilizada a abordagem de Wittgenstein aos problemas filosóficos, seguindo o método que este filósofo propôs em suas obras Livro Azul, Livro Castanho e Investigações Filosóficas. Resumidamente falando, esse método consiste em um tipo de análise da gramática que rege o uso de uma palavra, observar e descrever diferentes casos em que um termo é utilizado, e então comparar esses diferentes casos. Trata-se de um método não sistemático, mas bastante elucidativo. Wittgenstein não propõe resolver problemas conceituais, mas sim dissolvê-los. Nisto torna-se possível explicitar como os membros de uma comunidade estão empregando esse termo e assim esclarecer mal-entendidos sobre um problema conceitual. Dessa forma, explana-se como o termo “identidade” aparece e é efetivamente usado nos textos de alguns autores influentes na Psicologia Social brasileira: G. Mead e E. Goffman, com um conceito de identidade interacionista; A. C. Ciampa e P. Ricoeur, com um conceito de identidade narrativo; J.-C. Deschamps e P. Moliner, com um conceito de identidade representacional/cognitivo. Com a metodologia proposta, o conceito “identidade” pôde ser tratado como um objeto linguístico, evitando-se uma abordagem essencialista. Através de uma abordagem pragmática, foram apresentados os diferentes usos e significados desse conceito.

This paper aims to offer a metaphilosophical reconstruction of Law in the analytic tradition of the twentieth and twentieth-one century first fifteen years, in order to determine the identity of the “analytic concept of law”. To do that I will usethree argumentative axes. The first will clarify the distinction between the Continental and Anglo-Saxon focuses on twentieth century analytical legal philosophy. The second axis will emphasize the methods and purposes of the latter, from the publication of Hart’s The Concept of Law’s first edition to its second edition in 1994. The third will problematize the existence or non-existence of an analytical concept of Law. / Este trabajo pretende hacer una reconstrucción metafilosófica del derecho en la tradición analítica, puntualmente entre el siglo XX y los tres primeros lustros del XXI, con el objeto de determinar la identidad del concepto analítico de derecho. Para dicho fin, se dispondrá de tres ejes argumentativos. El primero dilucidará la distinción entre los enfoques continental y anglosajón de la filosofía jurídica analítica del siglo XX. El segundo eje se centrará en los métodos y propósitos de esta última, desde el período posterior a la publicación de la primera edición de The Concept of Law de Hart (1961) hasta su segunda edición en 1994. El tercero problematizará la existencia o inexistencia de un concepto analítico del derecho.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta à uma pesquisa de natureza conceitual cujo objetivo à analisar a gramÃtica do termo âidentidadeâ tal como empregado em textos de Psicologia Social. Tal discussÃo à relevante porque esse conceito à utilizado com diferentes nuances em diferentes desenhos teÃrico-metodolÃgicos, de modo que o seu significado à alvo de controvÃrsias, havendo inclusive debates sobre a sua validade e atà mesmo propostas de que seja abandonado. Baseados na filosofia da linguagem de Wittgenstein, considera-se neste trabalho que muitas dessas discussÃes se baseiam em mal-entendidos sobre como linguisticamente um conceito funciona e, no caso, sobre como funciona o prÃprio conceito âidentidadeâ. Como base teÃrico-metodolÃgica, à utilizada a abordagem de Wittgenstein aos problemas filosÃficos, seguindo o mÃtodo que este filÃsofo propÃs em suas obras Livro Azul, Livro Castanho e InvestigaÃÃes FilosÃficas. Resumidamente falando, esse mÃtodo consiste em um tipo de anÃlise da gramÃtica que rege o uso de uma palavra, observar e descrever diferentes casos em que um termo à utilizado, e entÃo comparar esses diferentes casos. Trata-se de um mÃtodo nÃo sistemÃtico, mas bastante elucidativo. Wittgenstein nÃo propÃe resolver problemas conceituais, mas sim dissolvÃ-los. Nisto torna-se possÃvel explicitar como os membros de uma comunidade estÃo empregando esse termo e assim esclarecer mal-entendidos sobre um problema conceitual. Dessa forma, explana-se como o termo âidentidadeâ aparece e à efetivamente usado nos textos de alguns autores influentes na Psicologia Social brasileira: G. Mead e E. Goffman, com um conceito de identidade interacionista; A. C. Ciampa e P. Ricoeur, com um conceito de identidade narrativo; J.-C. Deschamps e P. Moliner, com um conceito de identidade representacional/cognitivo. Com a metodologia proposta, o conceito âidentidadeâ pÃde ser tratado como um objeto linguÃstico, evitando-se uma abordagem essencialista. AtravÃs de uma abordagem pragmÃtica, foram apresentados os diferentes usos e significados desse conceito / This is a conceptual study conducted to analyze the grammar of the term âidentityâ as used in social psychology texts. Such debate is relevant because this concept is used with different nuances in different theoretical and methodological designs, so that its meaning is the subject of controversy and there are even discussions on its validity and even proposals for it should be abandoned. Based on Wittgensteinâs philosophy of language, in this work it is considered that many of these discussions are based on misunderstandings about how a concept works linguistically and in the case, about how the very concept âidentityâ works. The theoretical and methodological basis is Wittgensteinâs approach to philosophical problems, following the method that this philosopher proposed in his works: Blue Book, Brown Book and Philosophical Investigations. Briefly speaking, this method is a type of analysis of the grammar that rules the use of a word, to observe and describe different cases where a term is used, and then compare these different cases. This is a non-systematic method, but very enlightening. Wittgenstein does not propose to solve conceptual problems, but dissolve them. By this it becomes possible to elucidate how members of a community are employing this term and thus clarify misunderstandings regarding a conceptual problem. Thus, it is shown how the term âidentityâ appears and is effectively used in the texts of some influential authors in Brazilian Social Psychology: G. Mead and E. Goffman, with a interactional concept of identity; A. C. Ciampa and P. Ricoeur, with a narrative concept of identity; J.-C. Deschamps and P. Moliner, with a representational/cognitive concept of identity. With the proposed methodology, the concept âidentityâ could be treated as a linguistic object, avoiding an essentialist approach. Through a pragmatic approach, were presented the different uses and meanings of this concept.

The thesis examines the different conceptualizations of ‘freedom’ in mediated climate policy discourse during the 2021 German parliamentary election campaign using a method of Discourse-Conceptual Analysis. Analyzing three TV debates on climate policy between the leading candidates of the major German parties, the thesis investigates how journalists and politicians deploy references to ‘freedom’ in service of different agendas and how this affects the discursive construction of climate policy. The research shows that the concept of freedom is central to the German climate policy discourse. However, the majority of journalists and politicians does not construct freedom as the central goal of climate protection measures, as it was interpreted, for example, by the German Federal Constitutional Court in early 2021. Rather, the concept enters the discourse via the counter-concept of bans that potentially restrict freedom. Thus, climate policy does not become a means to achieve freedom, but an obstacle to its execution. Since freedom is conceptualized primarily as freedom of consumption and market freedom, the concept becomes a central vehicle for capitalist ideology in German mediated climate discourse.

People have been migrating across the Mediterranean Sea between Africa and Europe for thousands of years. Since the 1990s, the Mediterranean has often been the only route for people to reach the EU due to the tightening of the EU border regime. As a result of more restrictive EU migration policies and conflicts in African regions and parts of the Middle East, dangerous crossings of the Mediterranean have increased. The violence occurring every day at Europe's external borders against migrants stands in stark contrast to the self-image of democracy, human rights, and liberty that the EU presents to the rest of the world. To unpack this paradox, this thesis seeks to analyse the concept of the humanitarian border by examining the humanitarian entanglements in discourse and practise with the violent border government of the European Union in the Mediterranean Sea. To do so, the socio-political and material dimensions of the humanitarian border are examined with the help of conceptual analysis based on secondary scholarly sources in addition to key EU policy documents. Across the socio-political dimension, the EU and related actors, such as Frontex, use the humanitarian narrative of saving lives to pave the way for military-security operations in the Mediterranean. On the material level, the humanitarian border manifests itself in practices related to Search and Rescue Operations, cooperation between NGOs and police forces in AVRR, and the humanitarian border of NGOs in reception centres. This thesis documents the ambivalent humanitarian engagement with the border regime, which is characterised by forms of resistance at the micro- and meso-levels, but without structural change. Subsequently, this thesis then discusses the inequality of mobility perpetuated by the EU border regime and seeks to show pathways to change the humanitarian border.