Severe seismic events in urban regions during the last two decades revealed that the structures constructed before the development of modern seismic codes are the most vulnerable to earthquakes. Sub-standard reinforced concrete buildings constitute an important part of this highly vulnerable urban building stock. There is urgent need for the development and improvement of methods for seismic performance assessment of existing reinforced concrete structures. As an alternative to current conventional force-based assessment methods, a performance evaluation procedure for structural members, mainly reinforced concrete columns is proposed in this study, by using an energy-based approach combined with the low cycle fatigue concept. An energy-based hysteresis model is further introduced for representing the inelastic response of column members under severe seismic excitations. The shape of the hysteresis loops are controlled by the dissipated cumulative energy whereas the ultimate strength is governed by the low cycle fatigue behavior. These two basic characteristics are obtained experimentally from full scale specimens tested under constant and variable amplitude displacement cycles. The first phase of the experimental program presented in the study constitutes of testing sub-standard non-conforming column specimens. The second phase of testing was conducted on standard, code compliant reinforced concrete columns. A total number of 13 specimens were tested. The behavior of these specimens was observed individually and comparatively according to the performance based objectives. The results obtained from the experiments were employed for developing relations between the energy dissipation capacity of specimens, the specimen properties as well as the imposed displacement history. Moreover, the measured rotation capacities at the plastic regions are evaluated comparatively with the limits proposed by modern displacement-based seismic design and assessment provisions.

Numerous reinforced concrete buildings vulnerable to earthquake induced collapse have been constructed in seismic zones prior to the 1970s. A major contributor to building collapse is the loss of axial load carrying capacity in non-seismically detailed columns. Experimental investigations have shown that non-seismically detailed columns will only experience axial failure after shear failure and subsequent lateral shear strength degradation have occurred. Therefore, column shear failure and degrading behavior must be modeled accurately before axial collapse algorithms can be properly implemented. Furthermore, accurate modeling of the degrading lateral-load behavior of columns is needed if lateral load sharing between structural elements is to be assessed with reasonable accuracy during seismic analyses. A calibrated analytical model was developed that is capable of estimating the lateral strength degrading behavior of RC columns prone to shear failure. Existing analytical models poorly approximate nonlinear column behavior and require several nonphysical damage parameters to be defined. In contrast, the proposed calibrated model provides the engineering community with a valuable tool that only requires the input of column material and geometric properties to simulate column behavior up to loss of lateral strength. In developing the model, a database of RC columns was compiled. Parameters extracted from database column-tests were scrutinized for trends and regression models relating damage parameters to column physical properties and boundary conditions were produced. The regression models were implemented in the degrading analytical framework that was developed in this project. Two reinforced concrete columns exhibiting significant inelastic deformations prior to failing in shear were tested in support of the analytical work. A newly developed Vision System was used to track a grid of targets on the column face with a resolution of three-thousands of an inch. Surface column deformations were measured to further the understanding of the fundamental changes in column behavior that accompany shear and axial failure and validate the proposed analytical model. This research provides the engineering community with an analytical tool that can be used to perform nonlinear dynamic analysis of buildings that are at risk of collapse and help engineers improve retrofit techniques. Further insight into shear behavior attained through this project is an important step toward the development of better shear and axial degradation models for reinforced concrete columns. / text

Baigiamajame darbe projektuojamas logistikos centras „AUTOARENA“, kuris bus statomas Išradėjų g. 6, Šiauliuose. Pastatą sudaro trys pagrindinės funkcinės zonos: garažų, sandėlio ir administracinių patalpų. Pastato bendras plotas 2135,8 m2. Pastatas priskiriamas prie ypatingos paskirties statinių. Architektūrinėje dalyje pateikti bendri statinio rodikliai, techniniai-tūriniai sprendimai bei rekomendacijos. Konstrukcinėje dalyje pateikti 4 konstrukcijų skaičiavimai pagal standartus LST bei techninius Reglamentus STR. Technologinėje dalyje pateikti medžiagų žiniaraščiai bei savaeigio krano parinkimas. Prieduose pateikta šilumos laidumo koeficientų skaičiavimas, konstrukcinės dalies skaičiavimo kompiuterine programa, „Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2011“, ataskaitos bei lokalinė objekto sąmata, kuri suskaičiuota „ProsSama5g“ programa. / In this final work designed logistic center „AUTOARENA“, which will be build in Išradėjų st. 6, Šiauliai. The building consists of 3 main function zone: garages, store and office space. The total area of building 2135,8 m2. The building is assigned to special purpose buildings group. The architectural part presents general indicators of the structure, technical-content solutions and recommendations. Structural part consist 4 structures calculations in accordance with standards LST and technical Regalement STR. The technological part to provide material sheets and self-propelled crane selection. Annexes contain heat transfer coefficient calculation, design calculation of a computer program, "Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2011, localized estimate of building which calculated with “ProsSama5g” program.

Os pilares mistos de aço preenchidos com concreto, quando submetidos a elevadas temperaturas, apresentam comportamento estrutural bastante satisfatório e reduzem no concreto o fenômeno denominado spalling, devido ao confinamento imposto pelo tubo de aço, mais pronunciado em seções tubulares circulares. Destaca-se ainda a reduzida taxa de aquecimento desse mesmo elemento misto em razão da baixa condutividade térmica do concreto, aspecto de grande interesse para fins de dimensionamento. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo modelar numericamente, em campo tridimensional, pilares mistos curtos com seções tubulares circulares de aço, preenchidos com concreto e submetidos ao incêndio-padrão prescrito pela ISO 834:1999. A modelagem se faz com vistas a simular o comportamento estrutural desse elemento em situação de incêndio, buscando avaliar a influência da elevação de temperatura na resistência do elemento e indicar para qual tempo e em que níveis de temperatura o acréscimo de resistência devido ao efeito do confinamento deixa de ser pronunciado. Para a modelagem numérica em campos térmico, estrutural e termo-estrutural, se utiliza o pacote comercial ANSYS ® V9.0, elaborado com base no método dos elementos finitos, o qual permite a análise transiente dos efeitos do gradiente térmico nos elementos estruturais. Os resultados das análises térmica, estrutural e acoplada são previamente comparados com valores obtidos com o código computacional TCD 5.5. A análise acoplada foi realizada para três diâmetros de pilares mistos, e as variações do diâmetro e da resistência à compressão do concreto foram consideradas, possibilitando uma análise paramétrica. Por fim, é apresentada uma análise inversa dos modelos, considerando carregamentos crescentes para campos de temperatura fixos. / Concrete-filled steel columns when subjected to high temperatures present satisfactory structural behavior and the reduction of the spalling phenomenon in the concrete due to confinement action of the steel tube, more notable in circular cross sections. Another advantage is the reduced heating rate of this element due to concrete low thermal conductivity, which is an interesting characteristic in designing procedures. The aim of this work is to develop 3D numerical models of circular concrete-filled steel short columns under fire exposure according to the ISO-834:1999 standard. The numerical models are developed to simulate the structural behavior of those composite short columns under fire condition, in order to evaluate the influence of increasing temperature in the strength of the structural element. This makes possible define the time and the temperature level in which the resistant increment due to the confinement effect is no more appreciable. To perform the numerical model of thermal, structural and thermal-structural fields, a commercial finite element analysis package ANSYS ® V9.0 is used, which allows transient analysis of the thermal gradient effects in the structural elements. The results from thermal, structural and coupled analyses are previously compared with the ones obtained with TCD 5.5 package. The coupled analysis is performed for three different columns, changing the diameter and concrete compression strength to be used in a parametric analysis. Finally, it is shown another analysis type, called reverse analysis, which considers increasing structural loads for fixed temperature fields.

São descritas as recomendações da Norma Brasileira NBR-6118/1978 e do Código Modelo do Comité Euro-internacional du Béton CEB-1990 para a verificação da estabilidade de pilares esbeltos de concreto armado com seção variável submetidos à flexão normal composta, empregando-se a teoria do método geral. Para a obtenção dos momentos de segunda ordem são descritos os métodos de Engesser-Vianello e da integração numérica das curvaturas das seções transversais ao longo do pilar. Para a determinação do momento fletor absorvido pelas seções em função da curvatura proveniente da flexão do pilar sob a ação de uma força normal, desenvolvem-se as expressões para seções retangulares e circulares (cheias e vazadas) com base nas relações de tensão-deformação dos materiais segundo a norma e o código supracitados. Apresenta-se também um programa para microcomputador, elaborado em linguagem PASCAL, destinado à verificação da estabilidade de pilares com opção de adoção dos critérios da NBR-6118/1978 ou do CEB-1190. Não foram abordados os efeitos decorrentes de vibrações, fazendo-se apenas a descrição dos métodos de consideração dos efeitos decorrentes da deformação lenta. / The recommendations of Brazilian Code NBR-6118/1978 and Comité Euro-Internacional du Béton Model Code CEB-1990 are described, for stability verification of concrete slender columns with variable cross sections, subjected to axial load and bending moment, using the exact method. To obtain the second order bending moments, the Engesser-Vianello method and the numeric integration of the cross section curvatures along the longitudinal axial of column method are described. To obtain of bending moment supported by the cross sections due to curvature resultant of the column flexure under axialload, expressions for rectangular and circular (full and hollow) cross sections are developed, using stress-strain relations for materials proposed by model codes above mentioned. It\'s also presented a software written in PASCAL language for microcomputer and destined to column stability verification, with option to adopt the NBR-6118/1978 or CEB-1990 model code recommendations. Effects due to vibrations were nor included. Methods to take in account creep effects were described.

Orientadores: Ana Elisabete Paganelli Guimarães de Avila Jacintho, João Alberto Venegas Requena / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:39:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_CiroJoseRibeiroVillela_M.pdf: 5514224 bytes, checksum: 05d9e974ef6257a65359cf188b1be3f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A utilização de pilares mistos de aço e concreto é de grande importância na área estrutural, pois permite o trabalho destes elementos, proporcionando maior capacidade resistente e maior tempo de exposição ao fogo, em relação aos mesmos materiais analisados separadamente. Este trabalho proporcionará informações técnicas para o entendimento do comportamento dos pilares mistos curtos, compostos por tubos de aço preenchidos com concreto, submetidos ao efeito de altas temperaturas, da qual é avaliada a perda da capacidade resistente, levando em consideração o efeito do fogo, e a não consideração desse efeito. Apresenta-se um estudo experimental que consistiu na exposição dos pilares mistos à altas temperaturas, com e sem aplicação de carregamento durante a fase de aquecimento, no intuito de analisar a capacidade resistente residual após exposição à curvas de elevação de temperatura semelhantes a curva de incêndio padrão da norma ISO 834:1994. Também foi analisado o comportamento da temperatura na superfície externa do tubo de aço, na interface entre o aço e o concreto e a temperatura no núcleo do concreto. Desta maneira pôde-se verificar que não houve perda da capacidade resistente dos pilares mistos após serem expostos aos tempos requeridos de resistência ao fogo de 30 minutos e 60 minutos / Abstract: The use of circular hollow steel filled with concrete as columns are of great importance in the structural area, because it allows steel tube and concrete working together, providing a greater capacity resistant and a longer fire exposure, in relation to the same materials analyzed separately. This work will provide technical information for understanding the behaviour of short composite columns submitted to the high temperature effect, which it is analized the loss of the resistant capacity columns, composed of steel tubes filled with conventional concrete, taking into account the effect of fire, and no considering this effect. It presents an experimental study that the composite columns was exposure to high temperatures, with and without load application during the heating, in order to examine the residual capacity resistant after exposure to elevated temperature curves similar the fire standard curve of ISO 834:1994. It was also examined the behaviour of temperature on the outer surface of the steel tube, the interface between the steel and concrete and the temperature in the concrete core composite columns. This way could be found that there was no loss of the resistant capacity of the composite columns after being exposed to the time required 30 minutes and 60 minutes for resistance to fire / Mestrado / Estruturas / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Abstract : Steel and fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) materials have different mechanical and physical characteristics. High corrosion resistance, high strength to weight ratio, non-conductivity, favorable fatigue enable the FRP to be considered as alternative reinforcement for structures in harsh environment. Meanwhile, FRP bars have low modulus of elasticity and linear-elastic stress-strain curve. These features raise concerns about the applicability of using such materials as reinforcement for structures prone to earthquakes. The main demand for the structural members in structures subjected to seismic loads is dissipating energy without strength loss which is known as ductility. In the rigid frames, columns are expected to be the primary elements of energy dissipation in structures subjected to seismic loads. The present study addresses the feasibility of reinforced-concrete columns totally reinforced with glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) bars achieving reasonable strength and the drift requirements specified in various codes. Eleven full-scale reinforced concrete columns—two reinforced with steel bars (as reference specimens) and nine totally reinforced with GFRP bars—were constructed and tested to failure. The columns were tested under quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral loading and simultaneously subjected to compression axial load. The columns are 400 mm square cross-section with a shear span 1650 mm. The specimen simulates a column with 3.7 m in height in a typical building with the point of contra-flexure located at the column mid-height. The tested parameters were the longitudinal reinforcement ratio (0.63, 0.95 and 2.14), the spacing of the transverse stirrups (80, 100, 150), tie configuration (C1, C2, C3 and C4), and axial load level (20%, 30% and 40%). The test results clearly show that properly designed and detailed GFRP-reinforced concrete columns could reach high deformation levels with no strength degradation. An acceptable level of energy dissipation compared with steel-reinforced concrete columns is provided by GFRP reinforced concrete columns. The dissipated energy of GFRP reinforced concrete columns was 75% and 70% of the counter steel columns at 2.5% and 4% drift ratio respectively. High drift capacity achieved by the columns up to 10% with no significant loss in strength. The high drift capacity and acceptable dissipated energy enable the GFRP columns to be part of the moment resisting frames in regions prone to seismic activities. The experimental ultimate drift ratios were compared with the estimated drift ratios using the confinement Equation in CSA S806-12. It was found from the comparison that the confinement Equation underestimates values of the drift ratios thus the experimental drift ratios were used to modify transverse FRP reinforcement area in CSA S806-12. The hysteretic behavior encouraged to propose a design procedure for the columns to be part of the moderate ductile and ductile moment resisting frames. The development of design guidelines, however, depends on determining the elastic and inelastic deformations and on assessing the force modification factor and equivalent plastic-hinge length for GFRP-reinforced concrete columns. The experimental results of the GFRP-reinforced columns were used to justify the design guideline, proving the accuracy of the proposed design equations. / L’acier et les matériaux à base de polymères renforcés de fibres (PRF) ont des caractéristiques physiques et mécaniques différentes. La résistance à la haute corrosion, le rapport résistance vs poids, la non-conductivité et la bonne résistance à la fatigue font des barres d’armature en PRF, un renforcement alternatif aux barres d’armature en acier, pour des structures dans des environnements agressifs. Cependant, les barres d’armature en PRF ont un bas module d’élasticité et une courbe contrainte-déformation sous forme linéaire. Ces caractéristiques soulèvent des problèmes d'applicabilité quant à l’utilisation de tels matériaux comme renforcement pour des structures situées en forte zone sismique. La principale exigence pour les éléments structuraux des structures soumises à des charges sismiques est la dissipation d'énergie sans perte de résistance connue sous le nom de ductilité. Dans les structures rigides de type cadre, on s'attend à ce que les colonnes soient les premiers éléments à dissiper l'énergie dans les structures soumises à ces charges. La présente étude traite de la faisabilité des colonnes en béton armé entièrement renforcées de barres d’armature en polymères renforcés de fibres de verre (PRFV), obtenant une résistance et un déplacement latéral raisonnable par rapport aux exigences spécifiées dans divers codes. Onze colonnes à grande échelle ont été fabriquées: deux colonnes renforcées de barres d'acier (comme spécimens de référence) et neuf colonnes renforcées entièrement de barres en PRFV. Les colonnes ont été testées jusqu’à la rupture sous une charge quasi-statique latérale cyclique inversée et soumises simultanément à une charge axiale de compression. Les colonnes ont une section carrée de 400 mm avec une portée de cisaillement de 1650 mm pour simuler une colonne de 3,7 m de hauteur dans un bâtiment typique avec le point d’inflexion situé à la mi-hauteur. Les paramètres testés sont : le taux d’armature longitudinal (0,63%, 0,95% et 2,14 %), l'espacement des étriers (80mm, 100mm, 150 mm), les différentes configurations (C1, C2, C3 et C4) et le niveau de charge axiale (20%, 30 % et 40%). Les résultats des essais montrent clairement que les colonnes en béton renforcées de PRFV et bien conçues peuvent atteindre des niveaux de déformation élevés sans réduction de résistance. Un niveau acceptable de dissipation d'énergie, par rapport aux colonnes en béton armé avec de l’armature en acier, est atteint par les colonnes en béton armé de PRFV. L'énergie dissipée des colonnes en béton armé de PRFV était respectivement de 75% et 70% des colonnes en acier à un rapport déplacement latéral de 2,5% et 4%. Un déplacement supérieur a été atteint par les colonnes en PRFV jusqu'à 10% sans perte significative de résistance. La capacité d’un déplacement supérieur et l’énergie dissipée acceptable permettent aux colonnes en PRFV de participer au moment résistant dans des régions sujettes à des activités sismiques. Les rapports des déplacements expérimentaux ultimes ont été comparés avec les rapports estimés en utilisant l’Équation de confinement du code CSA S806-12. À partir de la comparaison, il a été trouvé que l’Équation de confinement sous-estime les valeurs des rapports de déplacement, donc les rapports de déplacement expérimentaux étaient utilisés pour modifier la zone de renforcement transversal du code CSA S806-12. Le comportement hystérétique encourage à proposer une procédure de conception pour que les colonnes fassent partie des cadres rigides à ductilité modérée et résistant au moment. Cependant, l'élaboration de guides de conception dépend de la détermination des déformations élastiques et inélastiques et de l'évaluation du facteur de modification de la force sismique et de la longueur de la rotule plastique pour les colonnes en béton armé renforcées de PRFV. Les résultats expérimentaux des colonnes renforcées de PRFV étudiées ont été utilisés pour justifier la ligne directrice de conception, ce qui prouve l’efficacité des équations de conception proposées.

Main task of the diploma project is design of conversion strategy and revitalization of former textile factory PERLA 01 in Ústí nad Orlicí. The construction program consist conversion of existing building to cafébar, assembly hall, office space, shoping hall, bistro and craftsman´s workrooms. New building is infocentrum, gallery, textilmania, entrance hall of assembly hall, cycling shop, library reserve space and club centrum. The project design new square and public space.

Betongpelare är en vanlig del i konstruktioner inom bygg-och anläggningsbranschen och kräver normalt en stor mängd armeringsjärn för att säkerställa dess styrka och stabilitet. Vid dimensionering av slanka betongpelare ska hänsyn inte bara tas till första ordningens moment och deformationer utan även andra ordningens teori ska beaktas. För att dimensionera förandra ordningens moment beskriver Eurokoderna tre olika metoder, en generell metod samt två förenklade metoder: nominell styvhet och nominell krökning. Dimensionering kan ske förhand eller med datorprogram. FEM-Design, som är ett avancerat analysprogram, baseras på finita elementmetoden som är en numerisk analysmetod och ett av de vanligaste sätten att beräkna fysikaliska fenomen. FEM-Design kan ofta ge ett bättre och säkrare resultat då handberäkningar approximerar för att de ska vara hanterbara.I arbetet jämförs beräknad armeringsmängd mellan handberäkningar med nominell styvhet,nominell krökning samt analysprogrammet FEM-Design. Arbetet har gjorts för att undersöka skillnaden i armering och därmed kunna avgöra vilken metod som ger minst respektive mest mängd armering. Betongpelarna som undersöks är slanka och har tre olika upplagsförhållanden, varje upplag belastas med tre olika belastningsfall. Beräkningarna är utförda enligt Eurokod 2 och resultatet blev att FEM-Design gav i sju av nio fall lägst andra ordningens moment. I åtta av nio fall gav FEM-Design lägst mängd armering medan nominell styvhet gav störst andra ordningens moment och störst mängd armering i samtliga fall. Nominell krökning gav ett andra ordningens moment som var nära FEM-Designs resultat medstörsta skillnaden på 30%. Beräknad armering för nominell krökning växlade mellan attstämma överens mest med nominell styvhet och FEM-Design. Utifrån resultatet har även skillnaden i pris på armering beräknats fram där nominell styvhet är det dyraste alternativet.FEM-Design är 61% billigare än nominell styvhet medan nominell krökning är 51% billigareän nominell krökning.Jämförelsen visar att nominell krökning kan i dessa belastningsfall som har undersökts ansesvara den bästa metoden av handberäkningarna men FEM-Design anses vara den bästa av samtliga metoder i detta arbete. Slutsatsen som kunde dras var att båda de förenklade handberäkningsmetoderna överdimensionerar armeringsmängden i pelarna och därmed anses FEM-Design som det bästa alternativet. FEM-Design gav inte bara minst armering och därmed lägsta armeringskostnaden utan dimensioneringen tog också kortast tid. / When designing slender concrete columns where the second-order theories need to be considered, the Eurocodes describe three different methods; a general method and two simplified methods - nominal stiffness and nominal curvature. Designing can be done manually or with programs. FEM-design, an advanced analysis program, is based on the finiteelement method, which is a numerical analysis method and is one of the most common ways to calculate big and complex problems. FEM-Design often provides more reliable results compared to calculations done by hand, which involve approximations to make them manageable.In this study the calculated reinforcement quantities are compared with hand calculationsusing the nominal stiffness, nominal curvature and FEM-Design. The purpose is to investigatethe difference in reinforcement and determine which method requires the least amount of reinforcement. The investigated columns are slender and have three different boundary conditions, each subject to three different load cases. The calculations are performed according to the Eurocode 2. The results show that in seven out of nine cases the FEM-Design method produced the lowest second-order moments. In eight out of nine cases, FEM-Design resulted in least amount of reinforcement, while nominal stiffness resulted in the highest second-order moments and greatest amount of reinforcement in all cases. Nominal curvature generally produced second-order moments that were close to FEM-Design, the largest difference being 30%. Regarding the calculated reinforcement , nominal curvature varied in agreement with nominal stiffness and FEM-Design. The cost of reinforcement was also analyzed, with nominal stiffness being 51% more expensive than nominal curvature and 61% more expensive than FEM-Design. Nominal curvature was the preferred manual method, but FEM-Design emerged as the best overall method, offering both minimal reinforcement and shorter design time.

The confinement of concrete structures has been used for reinforcement and rehabilitation of compressed structural elements, with the objective of increasing their strength capacity and ductility. Various types of reinforcement are used: metal pipes, fiber reinforced polymers, transverse reinforcement, among others. Understanding the stress-strain behavior of confined concrete columns is an important aspect to be considered in the design of these structural elements. This work presents a study of short columns of concrete confined by transverse reinforcement and fiber reinforced polymers subjected to the centered load, employing a nonlinear theoretical model that allows obtaining the stress-strain curves. Concrete columns with various strength levels and different cross-sectional shapes are considered. The employed model is modified according with the type of analyzed problem and a comparative analysis is carried out to verify the performance of the models, considering the experimental results from several examples of short columns confined available in the literature. / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O confinamento de estruturas de concreto vem sendo utilizado no reforço e reabilitação de peças comprimidas, com o objetivo de aumentar sua capacidade resistente e dutilidade. Vários tipos de reforços são usados: tubos metálicos, polímeros reforçados com fibras, armaduras transversais, entre outros. A compreensão do comportamento tensão-deformação de colunas de concreto confinadas é um aspecto importante a considerar para um projeto confiável desses elementos estruturais. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de colunas curtas de concreto confinadas por armadura transversal e polímeros reforçados com fibras submetidas à carga centrada, empregando um modelo teórico não linear que permite a obtenção das curvas tensão-deformação. São considerados concretos de variadas resistências e diferentes formas de seção transversal. O modelo empregado é modificado se adequando aos diversos casos analisados, e para verificação do desempenho deste é realizada uma análise comparativa considerando os resultados experimentais provenientes de vários exemplos de colunas curtas confinadas disponíveis na literatura.