Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Philosophy, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 325-332).

Orientador: Roberto Romano da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T16:41:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_SidneyReinaldoda_D.pdf: 11342299 bytes, checksum: 112ec0e6960b965888218577fd5dc2dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: Em Condorcet, a constituição da coletividade é agregado aberto: totalidade inacabada. O jogo é experimento modelar para a análise da relação todo-parte. A idéia de médja, correlata da esperança matemática, apresenta-se como a base do jogo ou sistema de equivalência. Contudo, os critérios escolhidos são susceptíveis de mudanças conforme as suas conseqüências ou informações. O modelo deve refletir o inacabamento, pois o jogo muda de natureza. Assim, para manter um jogo eqüitativo, condição fundamental da aposta, seus princípios necessitam de reajustes. A perfectibilidade é basilar no pensamento político condorcetiano. Um pacto somente seria admissível se seus termos propiciassem uma democraçia progressiva e um progresso democrático / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Doutor em Filosofia

Orientador: Roberto Romano da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T12:19:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_SidneyReinaldoda_M.pdf: 4986683 bytes, checksum: cd7de914c5affe435f9cf3a8c49cd968 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994 / Resumo: Nesta dissertação analiso o conceito de arte social no pensamento de Condorcet (1743-1794). Partindo da sua concepção de poder público, procuro mostrar a sua proposta de conciliar "tecnocracia" e "democracia". Condorcet pressupõe que o individuo age de acordo com uma certa "crença" de que "o futuro será como o passado" e de que a natureza segue leis invariáveis, reveladas pela observação dos fatos. Os julgamentos que dirigem a conduta individual são fundamentados numa probabilidade que pode ser mais ou menos forte, mas sempre avaliada segundo um sentimento vago e maquinal. Condorcet propõe o cálculo como instrumento capaz de dar "mais precisão" às deliberações. Sendo assim. todas aquelas decisões arriscadas, que colocariam em perigo a vida ou bens do agente e/ou de seus semelhantes, deveriam ser pautadas no cálculo das probabilidades, única garantia de ação racional. Tal modelo deliberativo foi retomado por Condorcet no âmbito das decisões públicas. Na esfera em que a ação envolve o interesse de todos os cidadãos, o cálculo das probabilidades torna-se indispensável, As deliberaçõe públicas devem pautar-se no que for mais provável ao maior número. O agenciamento social do conhecimento torna-se imprescindível na perspectiva condorcetiana. O ordenamento jurídico-institucional do Estado deve permitir que as decisões publicas sejam tomadas com o máximo de eficácia técnica possível. Por outro lado, tais decisões devem estar de acordo com a "vontade geral". Sendo fundamental o consentimento do cidadão para garantir a legitimidade das decisões comuns, a instrução pública torna-se um dos direitos fundamentais do homem / Abstract: Not informed. / Mestrado / Mestre em Filosofia

Nous étudions la manipulation par coalition des modes de scrutin: est-ce qu'un sous-ensemble des électeurs, en votant de façon stratégique, peut faire élire un candidat qu'ils préfèrent tous au candidat qui aurait été vainqueur si tous les électeurs avaient voté sincèrement? D'un point de vue théorique, nous développons un formalisme qui permet d'étudier tous les modes de scrutin, que les bulletins soient des ordres de préférences sur les candidats (systèmes ordinaux), des notes ou des valeurs d'approbation (systèmes cardinaux) ou des objets encore plus généraux. Nous montrons que pour la quasi-totalité des modes de scrutin classiques, on peut réduire strictement leur manipulabilité en ajoutant un test préliminaire visant à élire le vainqueur de Condorcet s'il en existe un. Pour les autres modes de scrutin, nous définissons la condorcification généralisée qui permet d'obtenir des résultats similaires. Puis nous définissons la notion de culture décomposable, une hypothèse dont l'indépendance probabiliste des électeurs est un cas particulier. Sous cette hypothèse, nous prouvons que, pour tout mode de scrutin, il existe un mode de scrutin qui est ordinal, qui partage certaines propriétés avec le mode de scrutin original et qui est au plus aussi manipulable. Ainsi, la recherche d'un mode de scrutin de manipulabilité minimale (dans une classe de systèmes raisonnables) peut être restreinte à ceux qui sont ordinaux et vérifient le critère de Condorcet. Afin de permettre à tous d'examiner ces phénomènes en pratique, nous présentons SVVAMP, un package Python de notre cru dédié à l'étude des modes de scrutin et de leur manipulabilité. Puis nous l'utilisons pour comparer la manipulabilité par coalition de divers modes de scrutin dans plusieurs types de cultures, c'est-à-dire des modèles probabilistes permettant de générer des populations d'électeurs munis de préférences aléatoires. Nous complétons ensuite l'analyse avec des élections issues d'expériences réelles. Enfin, nous déterminons les modes de scrutin de manipulabilité minimale pour de très faibles valeurs du nombre d'électeurs et du nombre de candidats et nous les comparons avec les modes de scrutin classiques. De manière générale, nous établissons que la méthode de Borda, le vote par notation et le vote par assentiment sont particulièrement manipulables. À l'inverse, nous montrons l'excellente résistance à la manipulation du système appelé VTI, également connu par son acronyme anglophone STV ou IRV, et de sa variante Condorcet-VTI. / We investigate the coalitional manipulation of voting systems: is there a subset of voters who, by producing an insincere ballot, can secure an outcome that they strictly prefer to the candidate who wins if all voters provide a sincere ballot? From a theoretical point of view, we develop a framework that allows us to study all kinds of voting systems: ballots can be linear orders of preferences over the candidates (ordinal systems), grades or approval values (cardinal systems) or even more general objects. We prove that for almost all voting systems from literature and real life, manipulability can be strictly diminished by adding a preliminary test that elects the Condorcet winner if one exists. Then we define the notion of decomposable culture and prove that it is met, in particular, when voters are independent. Under this assumption, we prove that for any voting system, there exists a voting system that is ordinal, has some common properties with the original voting system and is at most as manipulable. As a consequence of these theoretical results, when searching for a voting system whose manipulability is minimal (in a class of reasonable systems), investigation can be restricted to those that are ordinal and meet the Condorcet criterion.In order to provide a tool to investigate these questions in practice, we present SVVAMP, a Python package we designed to study voting systems and their manipulability. We use it to compare the coalitional manipulability of several voting systems in a variety of cultures, i.e. probabilistic models generating populations of voters with random preferences. Then we perform the same kind of analysis on real elections. Lastly, we determine voting systems with minimal manipulability for very small values of the number of voters and the number of candidates and we compare them with classical voting systems from literature and real life. Generally speaking, we show that the Borda count, Range voting and Approval voting are especially vulnerable to manipulation. In contrast, we find an excellent resilience to manipulation for the voting system called IRV (also known as STV) and its variant Condorcet-IRV.

Au cours de ce travail, nous avons étudié, dans les chaînes subalpines méridionales françaises, la structure de quelques diapirs de matériel triasique et de leur encaissant, afin d'interpréter l'histoire et le mécanisme de leur mise en place. Le phénomène diapirique n'a pas fait l'objet, jusqu'à présent,(1975) d'une étude systématique. Les quelques descriptions utilisables sont toujours celles de structures locales . Il est difficile d'en dégager d'autres principes généraux que ceux qui figurent dans les traités classiques de géologie . Sous le terme de diapir, nous désignons, ici, toute masse de Trias plus ou moins riche en évaporites qui s'élève vers la surface et peut venir à l'affleurement, soit dans le coeur d'un anticlinal plus ou moins disloqué, soit à la faveur d'un carrefour de failles, soit même dans un plan de faille travaillant à la distension. Dans le premier cas, on parlera de pli-diapir, dans les autres de diapir tout court. De toute façon, la disposition est très différente de celle des "dômes de sel" que l'on observe dans les grands bassins sédimentaires tranquilles contenant des couches de sel. Dans le cas présent, la mécanique de la mise en place de ces masses diapir pose un problème encore imparfaitement résolu, car elle peut se faire suivant deux façons qu'il n'est pas facile de distinguer. 1) La montée du diapir se fait au moment d'une phase de compression, un peu comme de la pâte dentifrice qui sortirait d'un tube quand on le presse. Il est probable que c'est le cas quand on a à faire à un véritable pli-diapir, c'est-à-dire lorsque la masse triasique affleure au coeur d'un anticlinal. 2) La montée de la masse triasique se fait au moment d'une phase de distension, quand les failles peuvent s'ouvrir, la montée étant due alors à la faible densité des évaporites et à la pression lithostatique des terrains encaissants. La difficulté de démontrer ce dernier mode de mise en place est que de telles masses ont été souvent comprimées dans des phases de resserrement tardives. Nous verrons, dans la conclusion de ce travail, si l'on peut conclure dans un sens ou dans l'autre à propos des divers exemples étudiés . Ont été étudiés ceux de Suzette (Vaucluse), de Propiac-Condorcet (Drôme), du Laus (Hautes-Alpes) et de Gévaudan (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). Nous nous sommes limités aux cas où le contexte géologique permet grâce à la présence de terrains tertiaires, une certaine analyse du processus de mise en place. Certains diapirs, comme ceux de la région de Laragne, que nous avons cependant visités ne seront pas décrits faute des éléments nécessaires à leur étude chronologique. Les masses triasiques extravasées sont partout faites d'un mélange de gypse et de cargneules, d'argile, de dolomies et d'un matériau calcaire concrétionné que nous appelerons, au moins provisoirement, de la "croûte calcaire". La mise en place de cet ensemble s'est faite en général en plusieurs stades au cours du Tertiaire. Tous ces diapirs différent des dômes de sel classiques évoqués précédemment - Tout d'abord, par leurs dimensions qui sont beaucoup plus petites (par endroit guère plus d'une dizaine de mètres de largeur) ; par leur forme aussi, en général très irrégulière, parfois réduite à une simple lame. - D'autre part, par le fait que leur mise en place est liée à la tectonique alpine et se fait à la faveur de phases de compressions, ou, inversement, dans des plans de failles plus ou moins ouverts à certaines époques. A Suzette, à Propiac-Condorcet, à Gévaudan, ces failles d'extension appartiennent au cortège d'un décrochement ou représentent le plan de décrochement lui-même; et le Trias remonte de la base de la couverture sédimentaire subalpine . Au Laus, au contraire, le Trias évaporitique originel jalonne un grand plan de chevauchement qu'il lubrifie, le chevauchement de Remollon). Cest donc déjà un Trias extravasé. La remontée du diapir lui-même est due à un bombement anticlinal tardif, associé à un système de failles de distension lié au bombement du dôme de Remollon. Dans tous les cas, le matériel triasique est profondément disloqué et il est impossible, non seulement d'en établir la série stratigraphique, mais aussi d'y reconnaître une architecture cohérente. 1975

To evaluate voting rules, it would be good to know what universe election outcomes are drawn from. Election theorists have postulated that elections might be drawn from various stochastic preference models, including the IC and IAC conditions, but these models induce empirically contradicted predictions. We use two distinct data sets, FairVote and German Politbarometer survey. Based on the data information, we suggest approaches that differ from those probabilistic models to better approximate the actual data in Chapter 3 and 4. Chapter 5 applies the spatial model for four-candidate in a three-dimensional setting. We also offer a significant gap between the actual and simulated data under the IAC conditions by comparing their statistical characteristics. / Doctor of Philosophy / Through the 1884 Third Reform Act, the plurality rule (or first-past-the-post system) runs to elect parliament members for the first time. More than a hundred years passed after the Act, and election theorists have suggested various alternatives, the plurality rule is the second most used rule worldwide for national elections for now. One main reason is that researchers do not reach an agreement on the best alternative rule. Theorists have evaluated different voting rules under probabilistic assumptions, but real-world examples contradict the predictions of these models. In this dissertation, we suggest different approaches provide a better approximation to the actual data. In Chapter 3 and 4, we go backward: analyze how voters of each preference order are distributed in real data first, then set a model for estimating the frequency of paradox. In chapter 5, we extend an existing model with higher dimensionality. Then using the model, we offer empirical evidence showing the gap between the actual and simulated data under a popular probabilistic model.

In this study I analyse the performance of a democratic decision-making rule: the weighted majority rule. It assigns to each voter a number of votes that is proportional to her stakes in the decision. It has been shown that, for collective decisions with two options, the weighted majority rule in combination with self-interested voters maximises the common good when the latter is understood in terms of either the sum-total or prioritarian sum of the voters’ well-being. The main result of my study is that this argument for the weighted majority rule — that it maximises the common good — can be improved along the following three main lines. (1) The argument can be adapted to other criteria of the common good, such as sufficientarian, maximin, leximin or non-welfarist criteria. I propose a generic argument for the collective optimality of the weighted majority rule that works for all of these criteria. (2) The assumption of self-interested voters can be relaxed. First, common-interest voters can be accommodated. Second, even if voters are less than fully competent in judging their self-interest or the common interest, the weighted majority rule is weakly collectively optimal, that is, it almost certainly maximises the common good given a large numbers of voters. Third, even for smaller groups of voters, the weighted majority rule still has some attractive features. (3) The scope of the argument can be extended to decisions with more than two options. I state the conditions under which the weighted majority rule maximises the common good even in multi-option contexts. I also analyse the possibility and the detrimental effects of strategic voting. Furthermore, I argue that self-interested voters have reason to accept the weighted majority rule.

Thèse (de maîtrise)--Université Laval, 2003. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 29 novembre 2004). Bibliogr. Présenté aussi en version papier.

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-08T15:17:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Itamaragiba Chaves Xavier_Tese.pdf: 1188097 bytes, checksum: 6f72d909911ddd8f65626e17b84cf485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-08T15:17:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Itamaragiba Chaves Xavier_Tese.pdf: 1188097 bytes, checksum: 6f72d909911ddd8f65626e17b84cf485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-08T21:47:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Itamaragiba Chaves Xavier_Tese.pdf: 1188097 bytes, checksum: 6f72d909911ddd8f65626e17b84cf485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T21:47:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Itamaragiba Chaves Xavier_Tese.pdf: 1188097 bytes, checksum: 6f72d909911ddd8f65626e17b84cf485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-09 / Sem bolsa / O tema desta tese insere-se nos debates sobre a instrução pública primária no Brasil Império. O período de análise tem início em 1822, com a independência do Brasil, e finaliza em 1857, com a queda do gabinete que Couto Ferraz fazia parte como Ministro dos Negócios do Império. O primeiro projeto de instrução pública do Brasil Independente é o de Martim Francisco Ribeiro d?Andrada Machado, apresentado à Assembleia Geral Legislativa Brasileira em 1823; o segundo é o de Januário da Cunha Barbosa, apresentado à Assembleia Legislativa em 1826. Tais projetos seguiram os princípios educacionais de Condorcet, o qual defende a escola pública laica e financiada pelo Estado, mas não controlada por este. No entanto, a legislação aprovada no período analisado nega os seus ideais. Diante disso, surge a seguinte pergunta: por que a concepção de escola de Condorcet, que está presente nos dois primeiros projetos de instrução pública do Brasil Independente, não consta na legislação educacional brasileira no período de 1822-1857? O referencial teórico-metodológico empregado pauta-se no materialismo histórico. As fontes utilizadas são: os escritos produzidos por Condorcet; a Constituição do Império do Brasil, de 1824; o Ato Adicional, de 1834; a legislação educacional produzida na Corte do Brasil; os Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, de 1823; as Falas do Trono; e os projetos de instrução pública de Martim Francisco d?Andrada Machado (1823) e de Januário da Cunha Barbosa (1826). Concluímos que os pressupostos educacionais defendidos por Condorcet não aparecem na legislação educacional primária aprovada porque o pensamento dominante, entre os políticos brasileiros, compreendia que a instrução pública primária deveria formar sujeitos respeitadores das leis e das hierarquias sociais. Para incutir esses ideais na sociedade brasileira, a escola era usada como aparelho ideológico de Estado e os princípios morais vinculados aos dogmas da Religião Católica Apostólica Romana eram centrais. / The subject of this dissertation is part of the discussions on the primary public education in the Empire of Brazil. The study period begins in 1822, with the independence of Brazil, and ends in 1857, with the fall of the chamber occupied by Couto Ferraz as the Minister of Empire Affairs. The first public education project of an independent Brazil was proposed by Martim Francisco Ribeiro d'Andrada Machado, presented to the Brazilian Legislative General Assembly in 1823, and the second by Januário da Cunha Barbosa, presented to the Legislative Assembly in 1826. These projects followed the educational principles of Condorcet, which defended a secular public school financed, but not controlled by the State. However, the legislation approved in the study period denied such ideals. Therefore, the following question arises: why Condorcet?s framing of school, which is present in the first two Independent Brazil?s public education projects, is not found in the Brazilian educational legislation in the period of 1822-1857? The study?s theoretical and methodological basis is the historical materialism. The sources used are: the writings produced by Condorcet, the Constitution of the Empire of Brazil, 1824, the Additional Act of 1834, the educational legislation produced in the Court of Brazil, Annals of the Brazilian Parliament, 1823, the Throne Speeches, and the public education projects by Martim Francisco d'Andrada Machado (1823) and Januário da Cunha Barbosa (1826). In conclusion, the educational assumptions advocated by Condorcet were found not to appear in primary education legislation because of the dominant thinking among Brazilian politicians at the time, who understood that the primary public education should train individuals to be respectful of the laws and social hierarchies. In order to instill these ideals in the Brazilian society, school was used as an ideological state apparatus and moral principles linked to the tenets of Roman Catholic Religion were central.

Orientador: Antonio Miguel / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T15:31:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_MariaLauraMagalhaes_D.pdf: 12578971 bytes, checksum: 42b253232c2d1e16537b7afbe47ac88f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Este trabalho focaliza as visões sobre a educação matemática dos quatro autores do Iluminismo francês cujo nome figura em seu título. Os quatro capítulos centrais são constituídos por estudos sobre as idéias de Diderot, d' Alembert, Condillac e Condorcet nos quais se procura ressaltar, para cada pensador, o aspecto mais notável em relação à educação matemática. Em Diderot, esse aspecto se encontra no sentido político da educação matemática; d' Alembert se distingue por sua consideração da epistemologia da Matemática como a base da educação matemática. Em Condillac, destaca-se a valorização da educação matemática no plano cognitivo geral; em Condorcet, as concepções e propostas para a educação matemática na instrução pública. Os capítulos inicial e final apresentam, respectivamente, o quadro da educação matemática na França do século XVllI, antes da Revolução, e o contexto da mesma educação no período pós-iluminista, da morte de Condorcet à Restauração / Abstract: This thesis is focused on elucidating visions on Mathematical Education of four Eighteenth Century French Enlightenrnent authors, namely, Diderot, d' Alembert, Condillac and Condorcet. These philosophers main views on Mathematical Education, as perceived, are here organised in four exc1usively dedicated chapters, each of them selecting and approaching the core themes and arguments of each author. Accordingly, Diderot's main ideas on the topic are aimed at the political meaning of Mathematical Education, whereas to d' Alembert, the central aspect to be underlined is the Mathematical Epistemology. As for Condillac, the priority is given to the evolving cognitive frameworks. Finally, it is believed that Condorcet' s ultimate emphasis is on public education. The thesis initial and final chapters characterise the Mathematical Education contexts in France, respectively, in the Eighteenth Century before the French Revolution and in the Post-Enlightenrnent phase, from Condorcet's death to the French Restoration / Doutorado / Doutor em Educação