This study aimed to verify the influence of epistemic motivation in decision making. We addressed the following themes: decision-making, information overload; epistemic motivation; amount of information, satisfaction, and confusion. In order to achieve this purpose, we developed a task context in which it was possible to study multiple objectives in multiple scenarios, with the aid of a Multiple Criteria Decision Support System (MCDSS) and without the aid of a MDA. We carried out an experimental research in the laboratory using a decision task with multiple alternatives and criteria, with twenty-nine people divided into three experimental groups according to the number of attributes and alternatives. The task, which simulates the purchase of a bottle of wine for personal consumption, was structured in order to create a decision environment with the help of the MCDSS M-MACBETH or without it, by using the Think Aloud verbal protocol. After formulating and testing the hypotheses, we found that the effect of the information overload is not weaker for individuals with high epistemic motivation; the moderating effect of epistemic motivation was not weaker for the alternatives than for attributes; and individuals with low epistemic motivation did not notice the overload in the form of alternatives and attributes, resulting in dissatisfaction and/or confusion. Thus, we found no statistical evidence to confirm the hypotheses of this study. The discussion of the results reveals important particularities in decision-making process since participants had to choose, and people usually avoid or postpone their choices. By pointing to the role of complexity of information, a broader conception of choice is suggested. This broader perspective should allow forecasts which variables that can facilitate or hinder the emergence of effects of information overload. Regarding epistemic motivation, the findings do not reveal significant differences in the distributions of choices made according to different motivational conditions. This suggests that when faced with complex information, everyone makes the necessary effort, whether they are high or low in epistemic motivation; however, we emphasize that this topic needs further clarification. / Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência da motivação epistêmica no processo decisório. Foram abordados os temas processo decisório; sobrecarga de informação; motivação epistêmica; quantidade de informações, satisfação e confusão. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, foi desenvolvida uma tarefa em que fosse possível estudar múltiplos objetivos em múltiplos cenários, com o auxílio de um Sistema Multicritério de Apoio à Decisão (SAD) e sem o auxílio de um SAD. Realizou-se uma pesquisa experimental em laboratório, utilizando-se uma tarefa decisória com múltiplas alternativas e critérios com vinte e nove sujeitos separados em três grupos experimentais, de acordo com a quantidade de atributos e alternativas. A tarefa, que simula a compra de uma garrafa de vinho para consumo próprio, foi estruturada com o intuito de criar um ambiente de decisão para a realização, com o auxílio do SAD M-MACBETH e sem o auxílio deste, sendo utilizado o protocolo verbal Think Aloud. Testando-se a hipótese, verificou-se que: o efeito da sobrecarga de informação não foi mais fraca para indivíduos com alta motivação epistêmica; o efeito moderador da motivação epistêmica não foi mais fraco nas alternativas do que para os atributos; e indivíduos com baixa motivação epistêmica não perceberam a sobrecarga na forma de alternativas e atributos, resultando em insatisfação e/ou confusão. Assim, não foram encontradas comprovações estatísticas para afirmar a hipótese deste estudo. A discussão dos resultados revela importantes particularidades no processo de decisão, uma vez que os participantes tiveram que escolher, enquanto as pessoas costumam evitar ou adiar a escolha. Ao apontar para o papel da complexidade de informação, é sugerida uma concepção mais ampla sobre a escolha. Tal perspectiva mais ampla deve permitir previsões de quais variáveis podem facilitar ou dificultar o surgimento de efeitos de sobrecarga de informações. Com relação à motivação epistêmica, os achados, neste estudo, não revelam diferenças significativas entre as distribuições das escolhas feitas de acordo com as diferentes condições motivacionais. Isso sugere que, quando confrontados com informações complexas, todos fazem o esforço necessário, independente de serem altos ou baixos na motivação epistêmica, destacando-se, porém, que esse tópico carece de um aprofundamento maior.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o conceito de trauma na psicanálise, bem como a regressão terapêutica como via de elaboração do evento traumático não representado psiquicamente a partir da situação analítica. Para isso, na primeira parte deste trabalho, analisaremos a noção de trauma a partir da perspectiva de Sándor Ferenczi, considerando o percurso teórico do autor que lhe permitiu formular a ideia do trauma constituído em dois tempos, a partir de uma confusão de línguas. Na segunda parte, acompanharemos os desdobramentos diretos e indiretos dessa teoria na Escola Inglesa de Psicanálise, representada por dois autores pertencentes ao grupo independente: Donald W. Winnicott e Michael Balint. Exploraremos então o funcionamento psíquico primitivo do indivíduo e o papel exercido pelo ambiente na constituição subjetiva, assim como as intensas falhas ambientais e as funções patogênicas das mesmas, ou seja, as repercussões do trauma como um evento catastrófico que interrompe o desenvolvimento emocional. Na terceira parte, adentraremos uma discussão clínica, reconhecendo as bases que constituem o setting analítico, compreendendo os diferentes usos das interpretações e as manifestações clínicas da regressão como uma nova chance de liquidação e elaboração do material traumático. Por fim, realizaremos um exame sobre as propostas da psicanálise contemporânea a partir das ideias da psicanálise do colapso, de Christopher Bollas; do terceiro analítico, de Thomas H. Ogden; e da empatia psicanalítica, de Stefano Bolognini, mostrando novas concepções a respeito da clínica do trauma e do manejo de casos regressivos no pensamento psicanalítico atual. / [en] The present work aims to investigate the concept of trauma in psychoanalysis, as well as therapeutic regression as a way to elaborate the unrepresentable traumatic event through the analytical situation. To achieve this goal, on the first part of this work, we will analyze the notion of trauma from Sándor Ferenczi s perspective, considering the theoretical course that allowed him to formulate de idea of a trauma constituted in two times, from a confusion of tongues. On the second part, we will follow the direct and indirect unfolding of this theory in the English School of Psychoanalysis, represented by two authors belonging to the independent group: Donald W. Winnicott and Michael Balint. We shall explore then the primitive psychic functioning of the individual and the role played by the environment on the subjective constitution, as well as the severe environmental flaws and their pathogenic functions, i. e. the repercussions of the trauma understood as a catastrophic event that disrupts the emotional development. On the third part we will enter a clinical discussion, recognizing the principles that shape the analytical setting, comprehending the different uses of interpretations and the clinical manifestations of regression as a new opportunity to liquidate and elaborate the traumatic material. Lastly we shall examine the contemporary psychoanalysis suggestions over the ideas of the psychoanalysis of breakdown, by Christopher Bollas; the analytic third, by Thomas H. Ogden; and the psychoanalytic empathy, by Stefano Bolognini, show new concepts over the clinic of trauma and about how to handle regressive cases in the current psychoanalytic thought.

The main aim of the master thesis is to compare of different methodologies of financial health models and bankruptcy prediction models and their cause to company classification. The work deals with the applicability of models on the sample of 45 prosperous companies and 45 companies that were initiating in insolvency process. Sample contain about 33 % companies from building industry, 33 % retail, 16,7 % manufacturing industry and 16,7 % of the other industries mainly services. The special kind of contingency table - the confusion matrix - is used in the methodology to calculate sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive, false positive rate, accuracy, error and other classification statistics. Overall model accuracy is obtained as a difference between accuracy and error. Dependencies of models are acquired based on Pearson´s correlation coefficient. The changes (removing of grey zone and testing new cut-off points) in models are tested in the sensitivity analysis. In practise part there are about 12 financial models calculated (Altman Z´, Altman Z´´, Index IN99, IN01 and IN05, Kralicek Quicktest, Zmijewski model, Taffler model and its modification, Index Creditworthiness, Grunwald Site Index, Doucha´s Analysis). Only two financial indicators (ROA and Sales / Assets) in results were important as crucial part for more than one model. Then are classifications of companies in models determined. It shows that the best models according to overall accuracy are Zmijewski and Altman´s Z´´. On the other hand the worst models are index IN99 and both versions of Taffler´s model. The classification is not caused excessively by extreme values, year of the model creation or country of the origin (hypothesis 1). Based on results it is suggested that the bankruptcy prediction is an accurate forecaster of failure up to three years prior to bankruptcy in most examined models (hypothesis 2). It is observed that the type of model and industry influence the classification of models. In the end, the changes based on sensitivity analysis in the worst companies are made. All of three changes have increased overall classification accuracy of models.

Submitted by BRUNO TIMÓTEO RODRIGUES null (brunogta21@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T19:47:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Bruno.pdf: 17780320 bytes, checksum: 9ae4b184379c35c8b718ffc683ad0b0f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-30T18:20:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_bc_me_bot.pdf: 17780320 bytes, checksum: 9ae4b184379c35c8b718ffc683ad0b0f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-30T18:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_bc_me_bot.pdf: 17780320 bytes, checksum: 9ae4b184379c35c8b718ffc683ad0b0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os novos sensores orbitais e a aquisição contínua de imagens da superfície terrestre têm oferecido um volume e variedade cada vez maior de dados a comunidade de sensoriamento remoto. Como exemplo desse novo segmento da modelagem ambiental, o projeto SRTM assim como o ASTER, obtendo como produtos Modelos Digitais de Terreno (MDT) de até 80% da área terrestre do planeta. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade e precisão de dados altimétricos obtidos em Modelos Digitais de Elevação (MDEs). Para tanto, foi elaborado um mapa altimétrico base (Verdade terrestre), o qual foi comparado, por analise do Indice Kappa, com três modelos digitais de terreno (MDT) obtidos dos projetos TOPODATA, SRTM 30 metros e ASTER. De acordo com a avaliação expressa pela Matriz de Confusão gerada a partir da Altimetría do TOPODATA cruzada a Verdade Terrestre, 19 das 26 classes de informações altimétricas apresentadas não tiveram os seus maiores valores expressos nos respectivos eixos principais das classes confrontadas com a verdade terrestre da área, constatando um bom grau de acuracidade nos dados classificados do cruzamento do TOPODATA com a Verdade Terrestre. Observou-se que as classes que apresentaram os maiores valores um nível abaixo do eixo principal da matriz de confusão se localizam exatamente na região que corresponde à área com declividade muito acentuada, se tratando da feição geomorfológica da Cuesta. Desta forma considera-se que a resolução espacial das imagens provenientes dos sensores de radar, neste caso o arquivo do TOPODADA, está diretamente ligada com a baixa acurácia em áreas de grandes declividades, pois quanto maior o tamanho do pixel, maior a dificuldade de capturar diferenças abruptas de declividade. No Modelo digital de elevação do sensor de Radar SRTM 30m, apenas 2 das 26 classes de informações altimétricas apresentadas não tiveram os seus maiores valores expressos nos respectivos eixos principais das classes confrontadas com a verdade terrestre da área. Dessa forma, pode-se verificar um bom grau de acuracidade nos dados classificados. Para os dados analisados do sensor ASTER confrontados com a Verdade Terrestre, assim como os dados do SRTM 30m, somente 2 das 26 classes de informações altimétricas apresentadas não tiveram os seus maiores valores expressos nos respectivos eixos principais das classes confrontadas com a verdade terrestre. Desta forma, também considera um bom grau de acuracidade do cruzamento do dados classificados dos sensores ASTER com a Verdade Terrestre. Por fim, observou-se que o sensor de radar SRTM 30 metros exibiu o melhor dos MDEs analisados, por apresentar resultados de índice Kappa, com 3,798% de acertos a mais em relação ao sensor ASTER e 6,43% a mais que o dados do TOPODATA. / The new orbital sensors and continuous acquisition of land surface images have offered a volume and increasing variety of data to remote sensing community. As an example of this new segment of the environmental modeling, SRTM project as well as ASTER, obtaining as products Digital Terrain Models (DTM) of up to 80% of the Earth's land area. To evaluate the quality and accuracy of altimetry data from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). Thus, a altimetry basemap (terrestrial Truth) was prepared which was compared by analysis of Kappa Index, with three digital terrain models (DTM) obtained from TOPODATA projects, SRTM and ASTER 30 meters. According to the evaluation expressed by the confusion matrix generated from the altimetry of cross TOPODATA Truth Land, 19 of the 26 classes presented altimetric information did not have their greatest values expressed in the respective main axes of the classes faced with the ground truth area , finding a good degree of accuracy in the data classified as TOPODATA the intersection with Road Truth. It was observed that the classes that showed the highest values one level below the main confusion matrix axis is located exactly in the region that corresponds to the area with very steep slopes, in the case of geomorphological feature of Cuesta. Thus it is considered that the spatial resolution from images of the radar sensors, in this case TOPODADA file is directly connected with the low accuracy in areas of great slope, because the larger the pixel size, the more difficult to capture sharp differences in steepness. In the digital elevation model of the radar sensor SRTM 30m, only 2 of the 26 classes of altimetric information submitted have not had their highest values expressed in the respective main axes of the classes faced with the ground truth of the area. Thus, it can be seen a good degree of accuracy in the data sorted. For the analyzed data ASTER faced with the Earth Truth, as well as data from SRTM 30m, only 2 of the 26 classes of altimetric information submitted have not had their highest values expressed in the respective main axes of the classes faced with the ground truth. Thus, also considers a good degree of accuracy of the data crossing the classified ASTER sensors with the Earth Truth. Finally, there was the SRTM 30 meters radar sensor exhibited the best of MOUs analyzed by presenting the results of Kappa index, 3.798% of the more hits against the ASTER and 6.43% more than the data the TOPODATA.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 10447871 bytes, checksum: f75e368c81366ea6407b5bdfc036035e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Precipitation is a weather element that serves as the key to most types of analysis input parameter. However, traditional systems of collecting budget record historical, geographical and temporal in obtaining, processing and transfer problems. This fact has mobilized the rise of techniques such as orbital remote sensing (ORS), increasingly applied in studies aimed at monitoring and forecasting through Hydrological Models such as the Distributed Hydrological Models (DHM). However, because they are considered the ground truth science requires intercomparison of results from orbital sensors with them in order to have the analytical scrutiny of verification of responses from performance. However, the methodologies adopted in the comparative analysis of their results - with terrestrial information - usually do not report the nature of the error information, if basing only on larger or smaller link the information. Therefore, this paper aims to contribute to science through the methodological increase with use of statistics related to performance indicators, to assess the particularities involved in the errors associated with each sensor element for measuring rain. Methodologically compared the information of rain sensor 3B42 algorithm s 7 version of Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) with historical information from rain gauges belonging to Agência Executiva de Gestão de Águas do Estado da Paraíba (AESA), with analysis from 1998 to the year 2011, were methodologically compared followed two analytical biases. At first, there was the spatio-temporal similarity to pixel level (pixel-to-pixel) in what is called approach 1 (A1); and second, there was the similarity of the results in quantitative precipitation bands. Results in analytical approach 1 (A1), the TRMM showed good performance on measures of agreement for negative events correct. According to the second approach (A2) the performances presented to corroborate the depreciation of the estimated sensor. / A precipitação é um elemento meteorológico que serve como parâmetro de entrada fundamental aos mais diversos tipos de análise. No entanto, os sistemas tradicionais de coleta registram históricos problemas orçamentais, geográficos e temporais na sua obtenção, processamento e repasse. Tal fato tem mobilizado a ascensão de técnicas, como o sensoriamento remoto orbital (SRO), que cada vez mais se aplica nos estudos voltados ao monitoramento e previsão, em conjunto com os Modelos Hidrológicos, tal como os Modelos Hidrológicos Distribuídos (MHD). No entanto, por serem considerados a verdade de campo a ciência exige a intercomparação dos resultados dos sensores orbitais com os mesmos afim de se ter o crivo analítico da verificação de respostas de desempenho. Entretanto, as metodologias adotadas na análise comparativa dos seus resultados - com as informações terrestres - normalmente não informam a natureza dos erros de informação, pautando-se apenas na relação maior ou menor entre as informações. Portanto, o trabalho objetiva contribuir com a ciência, por meio de proposta metodológica, com uso de estatísticas ligadas a índices de desempenho, de forma a avaliar as particularidades envolvidas nos erros associados entre sensores de mensuração do elemento chuva no estado da Paraíba. Metodologicamente comparou-se as informações de chuva do algoritmo 3B42 da Versão 7, do sensor orbital Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) com as informações históricas dos postos pluviométricos pertencentes a Agência Executiva de Gestão de Águas do Estado da Paraíba (AESA), entre os anos de 1998 a 2011. Seguiu-se dois vieses analíticos. No primeiro momento, verificou-se à similaridade espaço-temporal ao nível do pixel (pixel-a-pixel) no que se denomina primeira abordagem (A1); e no segundo, verificou-se à similaridade dos resultados sob faixas quantitativas de chuva, no que se nomeia segunda abordagem (A2). Como resultados na abordagem analítica A1, o TRMM apresentou bons desempenhos às medidas de concordância para eventos de correto negativos. Segundo a abordagem A2 os desempenhos apresentados corroboraram para maiores erros da estimativa do sensor.

Data Ductus, a multination IT-consulting company, wants to develop an AI that monitors a logistic system and looks for errors. Once trained enough, this AI will suggest a correction and automatically right issues if they arise. This project presents how one works with machine learning problems and provides a deeper insight into how cross-validation and regularisation, among other techniques, are used to improve the performance of machine learning algorithms on the defined problem. Three techniques are tested and evaluated in our logistic system on three different machine learning algorithms, namely Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression and Random Forest. The evaluation of the algorithms leads us to conclude that Random Forest, using cross-validated parameters, gives the best performance on our specific problems, with the other two falling behind in each tested category. It became clear to us that cross-validation is a simple, yet powerful tool for increasing the performance of machine learning algorithms. / Data Ductus, ett multinationellt IT-konsultföretag vill utveckla en AI som övervakar ett logistiksystem och uppmärksammar fel. När denna AI är tillräckligt upplärd ska den föreslå korrigering eller automatiskt korrigera problem som uppstår. Detta projekt presenterar hur man arbetar med maskininlärningsproblem och ger en djupare inblick i hur kors-validering och regularisering, bland andra tekniker, används för att förbättra prestandan av maskininlärningsalgoritmer på det definierade problemet. Dessa tekniker testas och utvärderas i vårt logistiksystem på tre olika maskininlärnings algoritmer, nämligen Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression och Random Forest. Utvärderingen av algoritmerna leder oss till att slutsatsen är att Random Forest, som använder korsvaliderade parametrar, ger bästa prestanda på våra specifika problem, medan de andra två faller bakom i varje testad kategori. Det blev klart för oss att kors-validering är ett enkelt, men kraftfullt verktyg för att öka prestanda hos maskininlärningsalgoritmer.

For years, intrusion detection has been considered a key component of many organizations’ network defense capabilities. Although a number of approaches to intrusion detection have been tried, few have been capable of providing security personnel responsible for the protection of a network with sufficient information to make adjustments and respond to attacks in real-time. Because intrusion detection systems rarely have complete information, false negatives and false positives are extremely common, and thus valuable resources are wasted responding to irrelevant events. In order to provide better actionable information for security personnel, a mechanism for quantifying the confidence level in predictions is needed. This work presents an approach which seeks to combine a primary prediction model with a novel secondary confidence level model which provides a measurement of the confidence in a given attack prediction being made. The ability to accurately identify an attack and quantify the confidence level in the prediction could serve as the basis for a new generation of intrusion detection devices, devices that provide earlier and better alerts for administrators and allow more proactive response to events as they are occurring.

The goal of this study was to investigate the methodology in designing a vowel intelligibility model that can objectively predict the outcome of a vowel confusion test performed with normal hearing individuals listening to a cochlear implant acoustic model. The model attempts to mimic vowel perception of a cochlear implantee mathematically. The output of the model is the calculated probability of correct identification of vowel tokens and the probability of specific vowel confusions in a subjective vowel confusion test. In such a manner, the model can be used to aid cochlear implant research by complementing subjective listening tests. The model may also be used to test hypotheses concerning the use and relationship of acoustic cues in vowel identification. The objective vowel intelligibility model consists of two parts: the speech processing component (used to extract the acoustic cues which allow vowels to be identified) and the decision component (simulation of the decision making that takes place in the brain). Acoustic cues were extracted from the vowel sounds and used to calculate probabilities of identifying or confusing specific vowels. The confusion matrices produces by the objective vowel perception model were compared with results from subjective tests performed with normal hearing listeners listening to an acoustic cochlear implant model. The most frequent confusions could be predicted using the first two formant frequencies and the vowel duration as acoustic cues. The model could predict the deterioration of vowel recognition when noise was added to the speech being evaluated. The model provided a first approximation of vowel intelligibility and requires further4 development to completely predict speech perception of cochlear implantees. / Dissertation (ME)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

The topic of this thesis is the problem of trademark infringement examined in the context of the development of legal jurisdiction. This also includes aspects of unfair competition, and in most of the cases a couple of factors are involved.I use Czechoslovakian, Czech, as well as some European court verdicts in relation to different legal regulations.

Våldsutsatta kvinnor som tagit steget att lämna en destruktiv relation befinner sig i en ständig utvecklingsprocess i relation till sin självbild. Våldets negativa effekter på en individ kan vara mångfaldiga. En våldsutsatt person bär dock ofta en stark tro på en positiv förändring. Våld i nära relationer är ett etablerat samhällsproblem och i flertal fall krävs professionell hjälp för att bearbeta de traumatiska upplevelser som kvinnorna genomlevt. De sociala nätverk som i många fall blivit begränsade har också visat sig ha en stor betydande del i utvecklingsprocessen som kvinnorna går igenom. Syftet med denna kvalitativa intervjustudie var att ta reda på hur personal på skyddat boende upplever de våldsutsatta kvinnornas utvecklingsprocess i fråga om deras självkänsla och självbild under deras tid på det skyddade boendet. Genom de socialpsykologiska ansatser som studien grundas på kunde teorier och begrepp såsom identitet och självbild, spegeljaget, självbilden i relation till makt och kontroll samt normaliseringsprocessen studeras i relation till resultatet. 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med kuratorer på skyddade boenden vilka genererade resultat som påvisade att våldets effekter har en oundviklig påverkan på våldsutsattas självbild. Effekterna innefattar även nedbruten självbild, minskat självvärde, identitetsförvirring och psykosomatiska bekymmer. / Victims of domestic violence who have taken the step of leaving a destructive relationship are in a constant process of development in relation to their self-image. The effects of violence on an individual can be manifold and include a strong belief that the situation will change and it's often based on feelings of hope. Domestic violence is an established social problem and, in most cases, professional help is required to deal with the traumatic experiences that abused women have lived through. The social network that in many cases has been limited has also been shown to have a large impact on the development process that abused women go through. The purpose of this qualitative interview study was to find out how staff experience the development process of abused women in terms of their self-esteem and self-image during their time in sheltered housing. Through the social psychology approach that the study is based on, theories and concepts such as identity and self-image, the looking-glass self,self-image in relation to power and control and the normalization process could be studied in relation to the results. 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with curators in sheltered housing. The interviews generated results that showed that the effects of domestic violence have an inevitable effect on the self-image of victims of violence and may include a degraded self-image, reduced self-esteem, identity confusion and psychosomatic problems.