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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
401

Avaliação em ratos do efeito do óleo da semente de romã (Punica granatum L.) sobre o perfil lipídico tecidual e sua influência sobre parâmetros bioquímicos em processos oxidativos / Evaluation of the effects of pomegranate seed oil (Punica granatum L.) on tissue lipid profile and its influence on biochemical parameters in oxidative processes of rats

Illana Louise Pereira de Melo 30 November 2012 (has links)
O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar, em ratos, o efeito do óleo da semente de romã (PSO) sobre o perfil lipídico tecidual e sua influência sobre parâmetros bioquímicos em processos oxidativos. Foi realizada a caracterização do PSO, confirmando a presença do ácido punícico (PA; 55%) como ácido graxo majoritário e a alta concentração de fitosteróis (539mg/100g), bem como a presença de vitamina E (175mg/100g). O PSO apresentou-se dentro dos padrões de qualidade e a sua estabilidade oxidativa foi melhor em comparação ao óleo de linhaça. A suplementação de ratos saudáveis com o PSO, por via intragástrica durante 40 dias, não afetou o ganho de peso total e o peso dos tecidos muscular (gastrocnêmio) e adiposos (epididimal e retroperitonial). No entanto o PA foi metabolizado e incorporado na forma de ácido linoléico conjugado, sendo dose-dependete nos tecidos hepático, muscular, cardíaco, renal e adiposos. No cérebro, não foram observados ácidos graxos conjugados, mas as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) apresentaram-se significativamente reduzidas nos animais suplementados com PSO, em relação ao controle. De modo geral, os resultados mostram que o PSO não provoca alterações no metabolismo lipídico e não participa do processo de inibição da oxidação em animais saudáveis. Em ratos submetidos ao estresse oxidativo hepático pelo tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4), a suplementação com PSO durante 21 dias não foi capaz de prevenir o quadro de estresse oxidativo, indicando que este óleo não tem efeito antioxidante utilizando esse modelo animal; embora a análise histológica tenha mostrado menores áreas lesionadas no parênquima hepático nos grupos tratados. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribui com a literatura fornecendo mais informações a respeito do uso dos ácidos graxos conjugados, bem como do PSO em organismos saudáveis e submetidos à estresse oxidativo. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) on tissue lipid profile and its influence on biochemical parameters in oxidative processes of Wistar rats. Characterization of PSO was carried out, confirming the presence of the punicic acid (PA, 55%) as the major fatty acid present in the oil and high concentrations of phytosterols (539mg/100g) were also observed, as well as the presence of vitamin E (175mg/100g). The PSO was within quality standards and it presented a higher oxidative stability as compared to flaxseed oil. The supplementation of healthy rats with the PSO via gavage during 40 days did not affect weight gain and total weight of muscle (gastrocnemius) and adipose (epididymal and retroperitoneal) tissues. However, PA was metabolized and incorporated as CLAs in a dose-dependent manner in the liver, muscle, heart, kidney and adipocytes. In the brain, conjugated fatty acids were not detected, but the values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly reduced in animals supplemented with PSO as compared to the control group. Overall, the results showed that the PSO caused no changes in the lipid metabolism and did not inhibit tne oxidation in healthy animals. In rats that underwent hepatic oxidative stress by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), the PSO supplementation for 21 days was not able to prevent the oxidative stress, indicating that this oil has no antioxidant effect using this animal model; although histological analysis has shown less injured areas in the liver parenchyma in the test groups. The results obtained in this study are a good addition to the literature once it provided more information about the use of conjugated fatty acids as well as garnered useful information about the effects of consumption of PSO in oxidative stress-induced rats.
402

Estudo da estrutura eletrônica e das propriedades ópticas de copolímeros formados por vinilenos e anéis de tiofeno / Study of electronic structure of the propriety optics of copolymers make for vinylene and rings of tiophene

Marçal, Nei 12 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Bernardo Laks / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:04:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcal_Nei_D.pdf: 86929566 bytes, checksum: 04c8aa7c4176175d973ff0990de45bad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Antes da década de 70, todos os materiais poliméricos eram considerados como isolantes e suas aplicações tecnológicas levavam em conta esta característica. De lá para cá, uma nova classe desses materiais, os polímeros conjugados, determinaram uma nova forma de aplicação de sistemas poliméricos baseados em suas propriedades elétricas e de ótica não-linear. Um maior estímulo surgiu a partir do experimento de Mac Diarmid, Heeger e Shirakawa [1] que, expondo o Poliacetileno a agentes oxidantes, demonstraram ser possível obter um sistema no estado metálico. Atualmente encontramos filmes de Poliacetileno com condutividade elétrica da ordem do cobre (105 S/cm). O Poliacetileno, quando no regime metálico, i.e., sob alta dopagem, apresenta algumas características de metal comum: alta condutividade elétrica (cresce 13 ordens de grandeza), susceptibilidade de Pauli finita e absorção no infravermelho. Já outras propriedades como a presença de modos vibracionais localizados no infravermelho e o não comportamento da condutividade com o inverso da temperatura evidenciam ser este um material não usual. Estes polímeros conjugados que apresentam uma extensiva delocalização de elétrons são considerados semicondutores orgânicos com gap de energia relativamente pequeno, da ordem de 1,5 a 2,0 eV. O comportamento semicondutor e as propriedades decorrentes entre os elétrons e a luz têm originado a construção de vários dispositivos semicondutores e optoeletrônicos [2, 7, 3]. Problemas técnicos como estabilidade ao ambiente, processabilidade e solubilidade destes materiais provocaram a produção de uma nova classe de materiais poliméricos que foi obtida por polimerização eletroquímica [57, 58, 59] cuja estrutura molecular trata-se de sistemas que introduzem grupos vinilas (V) entre anéis de tiofeno (T). Experimentos de voltametria cíclica, espectroscopia de absorção ótica e ressonância eletrônica de spin indicam que esses sistemas possuem potencial de ionização e gap de energia menores que o apresentado pelo Politiofeno. Estudos com oligômeros de tiofeno (T) com vinilenos (V) sugerem a possibilidade de escolha desse material como alternativa ao politiofeno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar teoricamente a influência do grupo vinila (V) sobre as propriedades eletrônicas nestes polímeros, reproduzir os resultados experimentais e determinar qual proporção de vinilenos (V) e tiofenos (T) que provoque o menor gap de energia de forma que quando sobre dopagem possibilite uma transição isolante metal. Desta maneira, primeiramente, determinamos as geometrias dos sistemas de interesse utilizando métodos semi-empíricos. Posteriormente investigamos a estrutura eletrônica dos polímeros de tiofeno (T) com vinilenos (V), sendo que estes polímeros foram estudados para o caso neutro e na presença de defeitos conformacionais do tipo pólaron e bipólaron. Finalizamos o estudo investigando as absorções ópticas UV-vis dos sistemas de interesse através de cálculos semi-empíricos utilizando o código ZINDO/S. / Abstract: Before the 1970s, all polymeric materials were considered insulators; therefore their technological applications would take this trait into account. Since then, a new development on these materials, the conjugated polymers, determined new applications for polymeric systems based in their electrical and nonlinear optical properties. Greater interest arose from the experiment by Mac Diarmid, Heeger and Shirakawa [1] who, by using polyacetylene and oxidizing agents, showed that it is possible to obtain a system in the metallic state. Nowadays it is possible to find polyacetylene films with electrical conductivity of the order of copper (10-5 S/cm). Polyacetylene, when in its metallic behavior, i.e., under high dopage, presents some characteristics of real metal: high electrical conductivity (increased by 13 orders of magnitude), finite Pauli susceptibility and infrared absorption. On the other hand, other properties such as the presence of vibrational modes localized on infrared and the odd behavior of conductivity versus the inverse of temperature make clear that this is a unusual material. These conjugated polymers, presenting an extensive delocalization of electrons, are considered organic semiconductors with relatively low energy gap, of the order of 1.5 to 2.0 eV. The semiconductive behavior and the resulting properties of the interaction between electrons and light have been the drive for the manufacturing of several semiconductor and optoelectronic devices [2, 7, 3]. Technical problems, such as environmental stability, processability and solubility of these materials, gave rise to the production of a new kind of polymeric materials that were obtained by electrochemical polymerization [57, 58, 59], in which the molecular structure is a system that introduces vinylene groups (V) between tiophene rings (T). Experiments involving cyclic voltametry, optical absorption spectrometry and spin electronic ressonance indicate that these systems have ionization potential and energy gap smaller than those presented by Polythiophene. Studies with thiopene oligomers (T) with vinylene (V) suggest this material can be chosen as an alternative to Polytiophene. The goal of this work is to theoretically investigate the in uence of the vinyle group (V) on the electronic properties on these polymers, reproduce experimental results and determine what is the vinylene (V) to thiophene (T) rate that causes the smallest energy gap, such that doping will produce a insulator-metal transition. Therefore, we first determine the target systems' geometry using semi-empirical methods. Then we investigate the electronic structure of the tiophene (T) and vinylene (V) polymers both for neutral systems and in the presence of conformational defects of polaron and bipolaron types. We nalized the study by investigating the UV-vis optical absorption of the target systems through semi-empirical calculations using ZINDO/S code. / Doutorado / Estrutura Eletronica de Atomos e Moleculas ; Teoria / Doutor em Ciências
403

Avaliação dos efeitos do ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), dos fitosteróis e de sua combinação na regulação de parâmetros bioquímicos, oxidativos e na composição corporal de ratos Sprague Dawley / Evaluation of the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), phytosterols and their combination in the regulation of biochemical and oxidative parameters and body composition in Sprague Dawley rats

Marineli, Rafaela da Silva, 1986- 03 February 2012 (has links)
Orientador: Mario Roberto Marostica Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:52:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marineli_RafaeladaSilva_M.pdf: 1312364 bytes, checksum: 642784e4925126072a876363cda8324f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Têm-se atribuído inúmeros efeitos biológicos ao ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e aos fitosteróis. O CLA vem sendo estudado principalmente por sua ação anticarcinogênica, imunomoduladora, reguladora do balanço energético, pela alteração do perfil lipídico e da composição corporal, influência sobre o processo de resistência à insulina e aumento da oxidação lipídica. Os fitosteróis levam a redução dos níveis de colesterol sérico e, consequentemente, a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares, além de outros efeitos benéficos reportados recentemente, como atividade antidiabetogênica e antioxidante. É possível que a interação entre CLA e fitosteróis melhore ou potencialize os seus efeitos biológicos isolados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos causados pela associação da suplementação de CLA e de fitosteróis no perfil lipídico, hormonal e oxidativo, na sensibilidade à insulina e na composição corporal in vivo. Foi realizado um ensaio biológico com 40 ratos machos Sprague Dawley, saudáveis, em crescimento divididos em 5 grupos (n=8) e alimentados por 9 semanas com dieta normolipídica (AIN-93G) suplementada com 2% dos compostos lipídicos de interesse: grupo S com óleo de soja (padrão), grupo LA com óleo de cártamo (controle), grupo CLA com CLA TonalinÒ, grupo P com fitosteróis Vegapure 95FFÒ e grupo CLA+P com uma mistura de CLA e fitosteróis. Foram determinados e avaliados: ingestão alimentar, ganho de peso, peso dos órgãos, composição corporal, perfil lipídico e hormonal, teste de tolerância à glicose e à insulina, conteúdo de lipídios hepáticos e fecais, enzimas antioxidantes e produtos primários e secundários da autoxidação lipídica. A associação entre CLA e fitosteróis não alterou a ingestão de dieta, ganho de peso, composição corporal, peso dos rins, coração e fígado, mas reduziu o peso do tecido adiposo epididimal (-42%), sem alteração no conteúdo de lipídios hepáticos e perfil lipídico sérico; aumentou a concentração de insulina sérica sem comprometer a sensibilidade à insulina, já que os testes de tolerância à glicose e à insulina e os índices de HOMA-IR não diferiram entre os grupos. Além disso, o consumo isolado da mistura dos isômeros do CLA diminuiu o consumo de dieta, sem alteração do ganho de peso dos animais, reduziu os níveis de leptina sérica e aumentou o peso do fígado dos animais sem alterar o conteúdo de lipídios hepáticos. O consumo isolado de fitosteróis reduziu a glicose sanguínea, melhorando o índice de HOMA-BCF, e aumentou a excreção de lipídios fecais em 6 vezes, com ou sem a adição de CLA. Quanto ao perfil oxidativo, o grupo CLA+P não apresentou alteração nos valores plasmáticos de MDA e GSH, na atividade das enzimas SOD, GRd e GPx, mas restaurou os níveis de isoprostana e a atividade de catalase aos valores basais, as quais estiveram aumentadas com a suplementação de CLA. A suplementação com CLA+P também reduziu os produtos primários e secundários da peroxidação lipídica no fígado. A suplementação isolada de fitosteróis e de CLA também foi capaz de reduzir a peroxidação lipídica no fígado dos animais e os valores plasmáticos de MDA. Tendo em vista os resultados encontrados, pôde-se concluir que a associação entre a suplementação de CLA e fitosteróis não apresentou efeito sobre a composição corporal, perfil hormonal e lipídico, mas atuou positivamente na redução do tecido adiposo, sem comprometer a sensibilidade à insulina e induzir a hepatomegalia ou esteatose hepática. Além disso, o efeito sinérgico entre esses compostos melhorou o perfil oxidativo e reduziu a peroxidação lipídica nos animais. Porém, os mecanismos responsáveis por tais alterações não foram elucidados, sendo necessárias outras investigações / Abstract: Several biological effects have been assigned to the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and phytosterols. CLA has been studied mainly by anticarcinogenic actions, immunomodulatory, regulation of energy balance, modulation of circulating lipids and body composition, influence on the process of insulin resistance and increase in lipid oxidation. Phytosterols provide a reduction in serum cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease, and other biological effects reported recently, as antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. It is possible that the interaction between CLA and phytosterols improves or potentiate their isolated effects. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of dietary CLA associated with phytosterols on lipid, hormonal and oxidative profile, insulin sensitivity and body composition in vivo. A biological assay was conducted with 40 male healthy Sprague Dawley rats divided into 5 groups (n = 8) and fed for 9 weeks with a standard lipid diet (AIN-93G) supplemented with 2% of lipid compounds of interest: group S with soybean oil (standard), group LA with safflower oil (control), group CLA with CLA TonalinÒ, group P with phytosterols Vegarupe 95FFÒ, and group CLA+P with a mixture of CLA and phytosterols. Food intake, weight gain, organs weight, body composition, lipid and hormonal profile, glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test, hepatic and fecal lipid content, antioxidant enzymes, primary and secondary lipid autoxidation products were determined. The association between CLA and phytosterols did not alter food intake, weight gain, body composition, kidneys, heart and liver weight, but reduced epididymal adipose tissue weight (-42%), without change in hepatic lipids content and lipid profile, increased serum insulin concentration, without impairment of insulin sensitivity, since the glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test and HOMA-IR index did not differ among the groups. In addition, the isolated consumption of mixture CLA isomers reduced food intake, without alter the weight gain of animals, reduced serum leptin and increased animals liver weight without change the hepatic lipid content. And the isolated consumption of phytosterols reduced blood glucose, improving the HOMA-BCF index, and increased lipid fecal excretion by 6 times, with or without the addition of CLA. For the oxidative profile, CLA+P group showed no change in plasma MDA and GSH levels, SOD, GPx and GRd activity, but restored the levels of isoprostane and catalase activity to baseline, which were increased with CLA supplementation. Supplementation with CLA+P also reduced the primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation in the liver. Supplementation of isolated phytosterols and CLA was also able to reduce lipid peroxidation in liver and plasma levels of MDA. We concluded that the association between phytosterols and CLA supplementation had no effect on body composition, hormonal and lipid profile, but acted positively on the reduction of adipose tissue without impairment of insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis or hepatomegaly. In addition, the synergistic effect between these compounds improved the oxidative profile and reduced lipid peroxidation in animals. However, the mechanisms responsible for these changes were not elucidated, so further investigations are necessary / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição
404

O efeito do ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e dos fitosteróis na prevenção da obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlipídica utilizando modelo experimental = The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and phytosterols in preventing fat diet-induced obesity using experimental model / The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and phytosterols in preventing fat diet-induced obesity using experimental model

Furlan, Cibele Priscila Busch, 1985- 21 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Mário Roberto Maróstica Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T22:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Furlan_CibelePriscilaBusch_M.pdf: 1142828 bytes, checksum: b13310e35dd9859ae5548ba7a4d91a00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Obesidade se tornou o maior problema de saúde pública ao redor no mundo e é associado, geralmente, com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como a diabetes. Alguns componentes dos alimentos estão relacionados com benefícios à saúde como modulação do estresse oxidativo, hormônios e inflamação. O ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) é um ácido graxo que pode exercer papel antioxidante, possivelmente pela influencia na auto oxidação lipídica. Outros lipídios, esteroidais das plantas, os fitosteróis são considerados também compostos bioativos, uma vez que eles são responsáveis pela redução da circulação do LDL colesterol, bem como pela redução do peso corporal. Em adição, esses compostos são anti-inflamatórios, e apresentam importante potencial para prevenir efeitos adversos da obesidade. Nessas condições, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da suplementação do CLA e fitosterol, sozinhos e em combinação, em relação aos hormônios da saciedade, glicose, resistência a insulina, perda de peso, consumo e os efeitos no fígado e sua influencia no sistema antioxidante de defesa em ratos machos Sprague-Dawley alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica.Quarenta ratos Sprague-Dawley recém-desmamados foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=8) aleatoriamente: grupo Padrão, grupo Hiperlipídico Padrão, e três grupos hiperlipídicos com adição de 2% de CLA, 2% de fitosterol e 2% de CLA mais 2% de fitosterol. Todas as dietas tiveram como base a AIN-93G, sendo as dietas experimentais high-fat adicionadas de 35% de banha animal e 2% de cada suplemento. O tempo de experimento foi de 65 dias. O grau de sensibilidade à insulina foi calculado nas últimas semanas experimentais, por meio dos métodos Teste de Tolerância à Glicose e Teste de Tolerância à Insulina. O acompanhamento do ganho de peso e consumo foi feito por pesagem. As análises das enzimas do estresse oxidativo, 8-F2-Isoprostana e hormônios foram determinadas utilizando kits comerciais, apenas as análises de malondialdeído foram feitas pelo método de TBARS. A dieta suplementada com CLA, fitosterol ou a combinação de ambos, por 65 dias foi efetiva na redução da massa gorda, dos tecidos adiposos e do consumo alimentar. Ademais, CLA mas não o fitosterol modulou a ação da leptina na obesidade. No entanto, os suplementos apresentaram efeito na modulação das enzimas do estresse oxidativo indicando possível dano mitocontrial e citotoxicidade, além de não reverterem o processo de intolerância a glicose e resistência a insulina. Por outro lado, os suplementos reduziram as gotas de gordura no fígados dos animais suplementados / Abstract: Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems worldwide and is generally associated with chronic diseases such as diabetes. Some food compounds are linked to benefits in health as they modulate oxidative stress, hormones and inflammation. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a fatty acid that could exert an antioxidant role, possibly by its influence on lipid auto-oxidation. Other lipids, steroidal plant, the phytosterols are considered also bioactive compounds, since they are responsible for the reduction of LDL cholesterol circulation, as well as reduction in body weight. In addition, these compounds are considered to play anti-inflammatory roles, and they are potentially important in preventing the adverse effects of obesity. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of CLA and phytosterol supplementation, alone or in combination, in relation to satiety hormones, glucose and insulin resistance, weight loss and adipose tissue, and feed consumption and liver effects and their influence in the modulation of antioxidant system on male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet. Forty rats of the Sprague-Dawley specie, males and healthy were divided into five groups (n=8) randomly: standad group, High-Fatstandad group, and three groups that received the standard experimental high-fat diet with addition of 2% CLA, with addition of 2% phytosterol and with addition of 2% CLA plus 2% phytosterols. All diets were based on the AIN- 93G, and experimental diet high-fat add of 35% lipids, and 2% each supplement. The period of experiment was 65 days. The insulin sensitivity was calculated in the last week experimental by the methods Tolerance Test Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Test. The monitoring of consumption and weight gain was made by weighing. The analysis of the enzymes of oxidative stress, 8-F2- isoprostane and hormones were determined using commercial kits, only the analyzes of malondialdehyde were made by the method of TBARS. The diet supplementations with CLA, phytosterols or their combination, for 65 days were effective in reducing body fat, adipose tissue and feed consumption. Furthermore, CLA, but not phytosterols, modulated the action of leptin in obesity. However, the supplementation had an effect in modulating the enzymes of oxidative stress indicating possible damage and cytotoxicity mitocontrial, moreover both supplements did not reverse the process of glucose intolerance and insulin. On the other hand, the supplementation reduced the liver fat droplets of the animals / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição
405

High mobility materials for organic spintronic applications / Matériaux à haute mobilité électrique pour des applications en électronique de spin organique

Zanettini, Silvia 23 March 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse est porté sur l'étude du transport électronique dans différents matériaux organiques semi-conducteurs, considérés comme candidats potentiels pour des applications en Electronique de Spin Organique. Pour rendre possible la diffusion d'un courant polarisée en spin à l'intérieur d'un semi-conducteur (injection-transport-détection), le mécanisme de transport et la mobilité des porteurs de charge, ainsi que la nature et la valeur de la résistance de contact de l'interface séparant matériau organique et électrodes métalliques ferromagnétiques, doivent répondre à des critères très stricts. Tous les dispositifs sont en géométrie latérale. Nous étudions trois matériaux organiques différents: des fibres supramoléculaires auto-assemblées, une encre de nana-flocons de graphene exfolié en phase liquide et un polymère semi-conducteur fortement dopé en forme de couche mince. Nos résultats montrent que les conditions sont partiellement respectées, mais que des défis demeurent. / In this thesis, we study the electronic charge transport properties in different high mobility organic semiconductors considered as possible candidates for applications in Organic Spintronics. Stringent conditions are needed to make possible the diffusive transport of a spin-polarized current through an organic spacer (injection-transport-detection): the mechanism of charge transport and the carriers mobility, as well as the interface between the organic semiconductor and the ferromagnetic metallic electrodes, should meet special criteria. Our devices are in lateral geometry. We investigate three organic materials, all compatible with wet processing of organic electronics: supramolecular fibers self-assembled by light irradiation, an ink of liquid-phase exfoliated graphene nano-sheets and a conjugated polymer semiconductor thin film exposed to strong electrochemical doping. We observe that the criteria are partially matched, but some challenges are still present.
406

Incorporation des principes de la chimie verte dans la synthèse de semi-conducteurs organiques / Incorporation of the green chemistry principles in the synthesis of organic semiconductors

Faurie, Alexandre 06 November 2015 (has links)
Les travaux réalisés aux cours de cette thèse ont pour but de proposer une alternative verte à la synthèse de nouveaux systèmes conjugués linéaires pour des applications en électronique plastique. La première partie sera consacrée à l’élaboration de systèmes conjugués de type D-A par une combinaison de réactions vertes : substitution nucléophile aromatique et condensation de Knoevenagel réalisées,respectivement, dans l’eau et l’éthanol. De plus, une nouvelle méthodologie sera explorée pour rendre le couplage de Stille plus éco-compatible : l’utilisation de réactifs stannylés supportés sur liquide ionique ou billes de polymère. Par cette nouvelle approche, de nouvelles structures moléculaires ont été synthétisées et ont aussi montré leur efficacité comme matériau donneur pour cellules solaires organiques.La deuxième partie s’intéressera aux relations entre structure, organisation à l’état solide et luminescence des distyrylfuranes, lorsque les substituants aromatiques latéraux varient. Le coeur furane est produit à partir de la biomasse, et les substituants sont insérés par condensation de Knoevenagel. Une étude similaire sera mise en place pour deux dérivés de benzodifurane,qui seront en plus testés en tant que matériau donneur. / This work stands for an alternative and green synthesis of new linear conjugated systems that will serve for applications in organic electronics.The first part is devoted to the design and synthesis of D-A-type conjugated systems by a combination of green reactions: nucleophilic aromatic substitution and Knoevenagel condensation, which are performed in water and ethanol, respectively. Also, a green methodology will be applied to the Stille cross-coupling by using ionic liquid, or polymer,-supported reagents. By this new approach, efficient donor materials for solar cells have been produced.The second part will focus on the relationships between the structure, the solid state organization and the luminescence of distyrylfurans with the variation of thearomatic substituants. The center of the molecule, a furan, is produced from biomass, and the aromatic substituants are incorporated by Knoevenagel condensation. A similar study will be performed on two benzodifuran derivatives, which will be also tested for solar cell applications.
407

Materials and Device Engineering for Efficient and Stable Polymer Solar Cells

Hansson, Rickard January 2017 (has links)
Polymer solar cells form a promising technology for converting sunlight into electricity, and have reached record efficiencies over 10% and lifetimes of several years. The performance of polymer solar cells depends strongly on the distribution of electron donor and acceptor materials in the active layer. To achieve longer lifetimes, degradation processes in the materials have to be understood. In this thesis, a set of complementary spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, among which soft X-ray techniques have been used to determine the morphology of polymer:fullerene based active layers. We have found that the morphology of TQ1:PC70BM films is strongly influenced by the processing solvent and the use of solvent additives. We have also found, by using soft X-ray techniques, that not only the light-absorbing polymer TQ1, but also the fullerene is susceptible to photo-degradation in air. Moreover, the fullerene degradation is accelerated in the presence of the polymer. Additionally, this thesis addresses the role of the interfacial layers for device performance and stability. The commonly used hole transport material PEDOT:PSS has the advantage of being solution processable at room temperature, but this layer is also known to contribute to the device degradation. We have found that low-temperature processed NiOx is a promising alternative to PEDOT:PSS, leading to improved device performance. Even for encapsulated polymer solar cells, some photo-induced degradation of the electrical performance is observed and is found to depend on the nature of the hole transport material. We found a better initial stability for solar cells with MoO3 hole transport layers than with PEDOT:PSS. In the pursuit of understanding the initial decrease in electrical performance of PEDOT:PSS-based devices, simulations were performed, from which a number of degradation sources could be excluded. / With the increasing global demand for energy, solar cells provide a clean method for converting the abundant sunlight to electricity. Polymer solar cells can be made from a large variety of light-harvesting and electrically conducting molecules and are inexpensive to produce. They have additional advantages, like their mechanical flexibility and low weight, which opens opportunities for novel applications. In order for polymer solar cells to be more competitive, however, both the power conversion efficiencies and lifetimes need to further improve. One way to achieve this is to optimize the morphology of the active layer. The active layer of a polymer solar cell consists of electron donating and electron accepting molecules whose distribution in the bulk of the film is a major factor that determines the solar cell performance. This thesis presents the use of complementary spectroscopy and microscopy methods to probe the local composition in the active layer of polymer solar cells. The stability of the active layer is studied and the interplay between the photo-degradation of the donor and acceptor molecules is investigated. Additionally, this thesis addresses how the interfacial layers between the active layer and the electrodes can influence device performance and stability. / <p>I publikationen felaktigt ISBN 978-91-7063-739-1</p>
408

Theoretical Studies Of Electronic And Optical Properties Of Some Heteroconjugated Systems

Jha, Prakash Chandra 08 1900 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
409

Molécules pi-conjuguées fonctionnelles : synhèse et application à l'élaboration de nanomatériaux / Pi-conjugated functionals molecules : synthesis and application to nanomaterials

Cheminet, Nathalie 16 December 2011 (has links)
De nouveaux matériaux π-conjugués fonctionnels ont été élaborés selon deux approches. La première a consisté à préparer des molécules π-conjuguées fonctionnelles – basées sur un segment central de type 1,4-bis(phénylène-éthynyl)benzène – permettant de développer des nano-objets et des nanomatériaux hybrides associant les segments conjugués organiques à d'autres composantes : des nanotubes de carbone et de la silice sous la forme de nanoparticules ou de nanomatériaux. Le segment conjugué de base a été fonctionnalisé soit directement, soit par le biais de ses chaînes solubilisantes. La seconde approche a permis de développer une nouvelle famille d'oligomères conjugués organiques et solubles – basés sur des motifs de type thiénopyrazine – de faible gap énergétique entre les orbitales HOMO et LUMO. Les propriétés électro-optiques de ces composés exclusivement organiques ont été confrontées à des calculs prédictifs obtenus par des méthodes de la chimie théorique (DFT, TDFFT). Ces matériaux hybrides fonctionnels ont pu être valorisés. La fonctionnalisation des chaînes solubilisantes par des groupements ioniques imidazolium ont permis la conception de nouveaux matériaux polyélectrolytes pour accéder à des ionogels. La fonctionnalisation du segment conjugué en lui-même a pu être mis à profit pour la fonctionnalisation covalente de nanotubes de carbone ou de nanoparticules de silice. / New π-conjugated functional materials were elaborated in two ways. The first one consisted in the preparation of π-conjugated functional molecules – based on a 1,4-bis(phenylene-ethynyl)benzene central segment – in order to develop hybrid nano-objects and nanomaterials which combine organic conjugated segments with other components : carbon nanotubes or silica (nanoparticules, nanomaterials). The central conjugated unit is functionalized either on this π-conjugated system or at the end of the side chains. The second approach allows the development of a new family of organic soluble conjugated oligomers – based on thienopyrazine units – characterized by a low band gap between HOMO and LUMO orbitals. The electronic and optic properties of these organic compounds were compared to theoretical calculations (DFT, TDFFT). The functionalization of the side chains by ionic imidazolium units could permit the conception of new polyelectrolyte materials and open the access to new ionogel materials. The functionalization of the conjugated segment was used with advantage for the covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes or silica nanoparticules.
410

Ácido linoleico conjugado em cortes bovinos e laticínios: avaliação de metodologias analíticas para a quantificação dos isômeros conjugados majoritários / Conjugated linoleic acid in beef and dairy products: assessment of analytical methodologies for majority conjugated isomers quantification.

Felipe Gomes Pinheiro 08 March 2010 (has links)
Os ácidos linoléicos conjugados (CLAs) consistem de um grupo de isômeros geométricos e posicionais do ácido linoléico aos quais tem sido atribuídos efeitos anticarcinogênico, antidiabético, antiaterogênico e modulador da composição corporal. As principais fontes naturais de CLA são o leite e a carne de ruminantes, uma vez que microorganismos ruminais são capazes de formar CLAs e seus precursores como intermediários da biohidrogenação. Para sua identificação e quantificação por cromatografia gasosa (CG) deve se tomar cuidado ao decidir um procedimento apropriado de metilação, a fim de evitar a isomerização dos CLAs. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi de avaliar criticamente metodologias analíticas para caracterizar os isômeros conjugados c-9, t-11 e t-10, c-12 do ácido linoléico, identificando o melhor método para a esterificação e a melhor programação por cromatografia gasosa para a separação, identificação e quantificação dos CLAs através de sua análise em suplementos, cortes bovinos e laticínios. Para tanto, foram empregadas as técnicas de esterificação ácida com trifluoreto de boro metanólico, esterificação alcalina com metóxido de sódio metanólico e uma esterificação mista usando a combinação dos dois catalisadores na metilação de uma amostra comercial de suplemento de ácido linoléico conjugado na forma de triacilglicerol, o Tonalin® CLA TG 80, da Cognis. Os ésteres metílicos foram identificados sob três condições cromatográficas CLA01, CLA02 e CLA03. Também foram realizadas quantificações dos isômeros c-9, t-11 e t-10, c-12 CLA no Tonalin® CLA TG 80 e FFA 80 através de ressonância magnética nuclear do carbono 13 (13C-RMN). Os resultados obtidos permitiram decidir pelo emprego da técnica de esterificação alcalina, seguido da análise cromatográfica pelo método CLA03 para análise de cinco cortes bovinos fracionados em músculo e capa de gordura, creme de leite, iogurte integral e três tipos de queijo. O método de esterificação alcalina, seguido de separação por CG pelo método CLA03 mostrou-se o mais adequado para uma quantificação segura do perfil de ácidos graxos de alimentos que contenham os isômeros conjugados do ácido linoléico, uma vez que os resultados obtidos concordam com a literatura atual. / Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are a group of geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid which have been attributed to present anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antiaterogenic and body composition modulation effects. Major natural sources of CLA are ruminants milk and meat, since rumen microorganisms are able to produce CLAs and their precursors as intermediates of biohydrogenation. Before identification and quantification by gas chromatography (GC), the methylation procedure should be carefully decided to avoid isomerization of CLAs. Thus, the objective of this study was to critically evaluate analytical methods for characterizing conjugated linoleic acid isomers c-9, t-11 and t-10, c-12, by identifying the best method for esterification and the best gas chromatography programming for separation, identification and quantification of CLAs through quantification of CLAs in supplements, beef and dairy products. In order to accomplish this objetive, the techniques of acid esterification with boron trifluoride methanol, alkaline esterification with methanolic sodium methoxide and mixed esterification using a combination of the two catalysts were employed in the methylation of a commercial sample of conjugated linoleic acid supplement in triacylglycerol form, the CLA Tonalin® TG 80, from Cognis. The methyl esters were identified in 3 chromatographic conditions CLA01, CLA02 and CLA03. CLA isomers c-9, t-11 and t-10, c-12 were also quantified in CLA Tonalin® TG 80 and FFA 80 by carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR). The results indicated the alkaline esterification technique followed by chromatographic analysis by CLA03 method as the best method for analyzing five cuts of beef fractionated in muscle and fat layer, cream, full yoghurt and three types of cheese. The alkaline esterification method followed by GC separation method CLA03 proved to be the most suitable for safe quantification of fatty acid profile in foods that contain conjugated linoleic acid isomers, once the results agreed with the data available in the current literature.

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