“It is change, continuing change, inevitable change, that is the dominant factor in society today.”Isaac AsimovThe development in technology and the adaptation to strategies and production techniques has led the textile industry to a completely different path, to the one on which it was for decades. The current scenario shows the world at the verge of total transition. But this much advancement is not consistent. The countries across the globe can be divided into two distinct groups, developed and the developing countries. So is also the case with the development and the advancement within these countries and the one country Pakistan which is the focus in this paper.The countries which were at the forefront in expansion and development during the industrial revolution are now leading the textile industry in all aspects and the developing countries which realized the importance of textile industry quite late, are now following the footsteps of these countries. Still there is a huge gap between their approaches and strategies, and that concerns not only the technology but other constituents of society such as education, policies and infrastructure etc.The basic thinking and objective behind the study was to identify the strategies of the Pakistani textile and clothing industry with the consequences and results as a response of these adopted strategies. The textile and clothing industry of Pakistan has always been the backbone of the country’s economy. It contributes 54% of total exports and 46% of total manufacturing income which shows the importance of this industry in the overall economy of the country. So, in order to sustain and also to increase the current contribution level, it is necessary to sustain a certain level of competency and to increase this level either by improving the system, strategies, infrastructure or policies with or without the help of government.The technology up-gradation has not only simplified the processes but also has helped different industries to extract favorable results and to shape the things according to the desires and needs. But still there are regions where the main focus of the textile industry is not on further development in the textile field but to sustain a specific level of production which they are doing by containing a certain level of technology and equipment to run their industry such as in Pakistan, while on the other hand the developing countries are involved in much more intensive development in textile field exemplified by smart and intelligent textiles, nano technology, bio mimics and tissue engineering.In order to achieve the results, an extensive and detailed search was done which was then analyzed and finally interpreted to find the desired outcome. The study showed wide differences between the general approach and strategies of people and the industry of Pakistani textile and clothing industry from its main competitors in the same region of Asia and with the other countries. / Program: Magisterutbildning i Applied Textile Management

The thesis brings a comprehensive analysis of the food crisis of recent years. There was a dramatic increase in staple food prices in 2007-2008 and 2010-2011 which combined with persistent poverty is a serious problem for many millions of people. The objective of the thesis is to analyze the causes of this phenomenon. There are also examined socio-economic effects of rising global food prices on the quality of life in developing countries. In this sense, research is carried out whether the appropriate means helped to solve the food crisis and there are also suggested other options to address the current situation in order to reduce hunger and undernutrition in the world and avoid other people fall into poverty. Research is conducted using the method of observation, causal analysis and synthesis.

Os estudos sobre escolha e preferência do comportamento individual a partir de esquemas concorrentes tornaram mais clara a função relativa do reforço no comportamento. No nível cultural, por sua vez, não há estudos experimentais sobre a função relativa de consequências culturais a partir de metacontingências concorrentes, o que certamente limita a compreensão do que leva um grupo a escolher/preferir engajar-se em uma prática em detrimento de outra. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de aferir experimentalmente a frequência relativa de duas contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs) como função da exigência de dois esquemas de razão concorrentes para produção de consequências culturais. Os esquemas de razão para cada contingência entrelaçada foram diferentes a depender da condição (conc FR1 FR1, FR1 FR2, FR1, FR3, FR2 FR2 e FR2 FR3). As duas contingências entrelaçadas relevantes para a produção de consequências culturais foram descritas na instrução, de modo a reduzir variações. Participaram do estudo 12 estudantes universitários divididos em quatro tríades. A tarefa experimental consistiu na escolha de linhas de uma matriz composta por dez linhas e dez colunas, sendo as linhas compostas por cinco cores diferentes alternadas, de modo que cada cor estivesse presente em uma linha par e outra ímpar. Consequências individuais (ganho de fichas trocáveis por dinheiro) foram contingentes a escolhas de linhas ímpares. Consequências culturais (itens escolares a serem doados a uma instituição) foram contingentes a sequências específicas de cores, que correspondiam às escolhas de linhas por cada um dos três participantes. Teve-se como resultados que as Tríades I e II tenderam à estereotipia da CCE associada ao esquema de menor razão ao final das condições, o que não ocorreu para as Tríades III e IV. Para as Tríades I e II, variações tenderam a ocorrer após mudanças de condições em que havia aumento da intermitência de consequências culturais associadas à CCE mais frequente. Também para as Tríades I e II, verbalizações sobre o procedimento foram mais frequentes nos períodos em que variações entre as CCEs relevantes foram mais frequentes. Para as Tríades III e IV, durante a maior parte do estudo não houve diferenciação da frequência entre as duas CCEs às quais consequências culturais eram contingentes, embora tenha havido diferenciação das duas CCEs em relação a outras / Studies about choice and preference using concurrent schedules contributed to better understand the relative function of the reinforcer on behavior. However, at the cultural level there are no experimental studies regarding the relative function of cultural consequences using concurrent metacontingencies, which certainly restricts the understanding about which variables lead a group to choose or prefer to engage in a practice over another. The objective of this experimental study was to assess the relative frequency of two interlocking behavior contingencies (IBCs) as a function of two fixed ratio schedules to produce cultural consequences. The ratio schedules to each interlocking contingency were different depending on the condition (conc FR1 FR1, FR1 FR2, FR1 FR3, FR2 FR2 and FR2 FR3). Both relevant interlocks for the production of cultural consequences were described in the instructions in order to reduce variability. 12 college students participated, divided into four triads. The experimental task consisted of row choices in a matrix comprising ten rows and ten columns, the rows being composed of five different colors, so that each color was present in an even and in an odd row. Individual consequences (earn of coins interchangeable for money) were contingent to the choice of odd rows. Cultural consequences (school supplies to be donated) were contingent to specific sequences of colors that corresponded to the combined row choices of the three participants. The results showed that Triads I and II leaned towards IBC stereotypy associated to the low ratio schedule at the end of the conditions, which did not occur for Triads III and IV. Triads I and II showed that variations tended to occur after experimental condition changes in which there were increased of the ratio schedule to cultural consequences associated to the more frequent IBC. Also, for Triads I and II, verbalizations about the procedure were more frequent when variations between the two IBCs were higher. For Triads III and IV, for most of the study there was no difference in frequency of the two relevant IBCs, although there was difference between the two relevant IBCs in relation to others

A Análise do Comportamento apresenta suas raízes nas Ciências Naturais, em especial, na Biologia. Estas raízes ofereceram uma transposição de modelos metodológicos e conceitos teóricos que foram incorporados na Análise do Comportamento. Dentre estes, encontra-se o modelo de Seleção por Consequências, proposto por B. F. Skinner. Tal modelo é baseado na teoria da Seleção Natural de Darwin. Com isto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivos analisar 1) as características da Seleção Natural e da Seleção por Consequências; 2) as aproximações e diferenças presentes na transposição proposta por Skinner; e 3) a apresentação de outros processos evolutivos concomitantes à Seleção Natural e a discussão da possibilidade e necessidade da incorporação destes. Assim, o Capítulo 1 apresenta a formulação da ideia selecionista, utilizando autores clássicos do pensamento evolutivo (Darwin e Wallace). O Capítulo 2 apresenta as características particulares do modelo de Seleção por Consequências de Skinner. Por fim, o Capítulo 3 apresenta as críticas gerais ao modelo selecionista e enuncia outros modelos evolutivos que podem ser passiveis de serem transpostos à Análise do Comportamento. Observa-se a partir das análises textuais a presença de convergências e divergências entre o modelo de Skinner e a teoria evolutiva. Ambos apresentam o ambiente como força motriz das mudanças comportamentais e evolutivas, colocando a pressão deste ambiente como consequência selecionadora das características variantes nos indivíduos. Entretanto, o modelo de Skinner apresenta disparidades e problemáticas: a) aproxima-se mais de autores como Wallace em relação à Darwin; e b) não apresenta uma atualização dos modelos disponíveis, negligenciando processos evolutivos que podem ser transpostos ao fenômeno comportamental. Ainda se discute a viabilidade da transposição, como o status teleológico do selecionismo, o caráter inédito da proposta de Skinner, e a natureza metafórica da analogia em si. Discute-se uma atualização dos conceitos por parte da Análise do Comportamento assim como a incorporação de modelos acessórios à Seleção Natural, com o objetivo de diminuir as fronteiras entre as ciências e aumentar o poder explicativo dos modelos propostos / The Behavior Analysis has its roots in the Natural Sciences, in particular in Biology. These roots offered a transposition of methodological models and theoretical concepts that have been incorporated in Behavior Analysis. Among these, there is the model of Selection by Consequences, proposed by BF Skinner. This model is based on Darwins theory of Natural Selection. Therewith, the present study aims to analyze 1) the characteristics of Natural Selection and Selection by Consequences; 2) the similarities and differences present in this transposition proposed by Skinner; and 3) the presentation of other concomitant evolutionary processes of Natural Selection and the discussion of the possibility and need to incorporate these. Thus, Chapter 1 presents the formulation of selectionist idea, using evolutionary classical authors (Darwin and Wallace). Chapter 2 presents the particular characteristics of Skinners Selection by Consequences model. Finally, Chapter 3 presents the general criticism of the selectionist model and sets out other evolutionary models that may be able to be translated at the Behavior Analysis. It is observed from the textual analyzes the presence of convergence and divergence between the model of Skinner and evolutionary theory. Both feature the environment as the driving force of the behavioral and evolutionary changes, placing the environmental pressure as the consequence that selects the characterizing variants of individuals. However, the model of Skinner presents disparities and problems: a) approaches over other authors, like Wallace, in relation to Darwin; b) does not present an update of the available models, neglecting evolutionary processes that can be transposed to the behavioral phenomenon. It has also been discussed the feasibility of implementation, as the teleological status of selectionism, the unprecedented character of Skinner\'s proposal, and the metaphorical nature of the analogy itself. It discusses need for an update of biological concepts by the Behavior Analysis field as well as the incorporation of accessories models to Natural Selection, in order to reduce the boundaries between sciences and increase the explanatory power of the proposed models

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-19T14:08:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Josias Limeira da Silva Sobrinho.pdf: 2492159 bytes, checksum: 96c586fd3cecc7f1bb9414ae01788024 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-19T14:08:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Josias Limeira da Silva Sobrinho.pdf: 2492159 bytes, checksum: 96c586fd3cecc7f1bb9414ae01788024 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / The dropout problem as the Brazilian education has been extended to all levels of education, including technical courses in agronomy. The reasons are varied and consequential. Even if the settings of the courses of technical education institutions may suffer considerable changes, especially in provision of Law No. 11. 741 (2008). In this meaning, there is the importance of knowing the possible barriers traveled by students invested in this course and its dropouts them. Enabling new endowments in avoiding these outputs in order to search the interaction school community and technical student, stating that each member in their functions, have their responsibilities with this student body, their job prospects and even the contribution of the environment of pedagogical actions in Resolution of the problem avoidance. Postulating on the objectification of check truancy as a major challenge put to Codai in terms of access and permanence in Agricultural Technician course students, so that, to achieve this objectification leaned in targeted theoretical knowledge the topic and arranged in books, scientific articles, and electronic search, above all, support in the annotated in laws, decrees and resolutions that address the permeate of Brazilian education. Theoretical support that was the basis for general observations from the perspective of a documentary research on dropout cases occurring between 2010 and 2014, the technical agronomy course offered by the Agricultural College Dom Augustine Ikas - Codai / UFRPE. Located in the municipality of S?o Louren?o da Mata - PE. In addition to field research involving managers, teachers and alumni (escaped) this educational institution. So that the results may contribute to the existing research on the subject involved, but also be supportive knowledge of school life and the barriers faced as the causes of evasion, to take certifications as the school context and the challenges of young people are confronted in their professional preparation and factors such as economic issue; work and help the family; lack of motivation; the unsuitability for the course; lack of reconciliation between work and progress; Course expectations do not reach the expected, among others. Above all, the recognition that evasion back losses to the students, society and the public coffers / A evas?o como problem?tica do ensino brasileiro, vem se estendendo em todos os n?veis educacionais, inclusive em cursos t?cnicos em Agropecu?ria. Os motivos s?o variados e consequentes. Mesmo que as configura??es dos cursos das institui??es de Ensino T?cnico venham sofrer transforma??es consider?veis, em disposi??o principalmente da lei n? 11. 741 (2008). Nessa significa??o, verifica-se a import?ncia de se conhecer as poss?veis barreiras percorridas pelos alunos investidos nesse curso e suas desist?ncias dos mesmos. Possibilitando novas investiduras no evitar dessas sa?das com vista ? busca ? intera??o comunidade escolar e o estudante t?cnico, afirmando que cada membro, em suas fun??es, possui suas responsabilidades com esse alunado, suas perspectivas profissionais e at? mesmo a contribui??o da conjuntura de a??es pedag?gicas na resolu??o do problema evas?o. Postulando-se na objetiva??o de verificar a evas?o escolar como um dos grandes desafios posto ao Codai, em respeito ao acesso e perman?ncia de alunos do curso de T?cnico em Agropecu?ria, de forma que, para o alcance dessa objetiva??o debru?ou-se em conhecimentos te?ricos direcionados ao tema e dispostos em livros, artigos cient?ficos, e pesquisa eletr?nica, sobretudo, com apoio nos averbados em leis, decretos e resolu??es que contemplam o perpassar da educa??o brasileira. Suporte te?rico que foi a base para considera??es gerais sob a ?tica de uma pesquisa documental sobre casos de evas?o ocorridos entre os 2010 e 2014, no curso t?cnico de agropecu?ria oferecido pelo Col?gio Agr?cola Dom Agostinho Ikas ? Codai/ UFRPE. Situado no Munic?pio de s?o Louren?o da Mata ? PE. Somado-se a uma pesquisa de campo envolvendo gestor, professores e ex-alunos (evadidos) dessa institui??o de ensino. De forma que, os resultados obtidos venham contribuir com as pesquisas j? existentes quanto ? tem?tica envolvida, mas tamb?m ser suporte de conhecimentos da viv?ncia escolar e as barreiras enfrentadas como as causas da evas?o, no sentido de levar certifica??es quanto o contexto escolar e os desafios de jovens em defrontarem-se em sua prepara??o profissional e fatores como: quest?o econ?mica; trabalhar e ajudar a fam?lia; falta de motiva??o; a n?o adequa??o ao curso; falta de concilia??o entre trabalho e curso; expectativas do curso n?o alcan?am o esperado, entre outros. Sobretudo, o reconhecimento de que a evas?o tr?s preju?zos aos pr?prios alunos, a sociedade e aos cofres p?blicos

The purpose of this study was to identify the psychological and social consequences experienced by homosexual men who learn that they have positive results on the HTLV-III antibody test, but who have not yet developed AIDS or ARC. Employing a census survey of the membership of three California homophile organizations (n=1905), 30 HTLV-III positives and 55 negatives completed a biographical questionnaire, the IPAT Anxiety Scale Questionnaire, the IPAT Depression Scale, and the Coping Strategies Inventory. Results indicate that HTLV-III positives show considerable disorganization after hearing test results, have clinically high levels of anxiety (n=10), and clinically high levels of depression (n=14). Positives were also quite guarded about sharing the results of their testing, and experienced negative effects in social (n=15) and occupational functioning (n=10), and reported pervasive changes in their sexual activity (n=30). Twelve subjects reported suicidal ideation after they heard the results of their testing, but only one subject reported a suicide attempt. The methodological imitations of the study were examined, with an emphasis on the limitations of survey method and difficulties with the follow-up procedures. Speculations to account for the reported behaviors, implications for counseling HTLV-III positives, and suggestions for future research with this population were also discussed.

This formative research examines the effects of health promotion on girls' and young women's health behaviours. Health promotion campaigns targeting women have previously had variable success. Some have been criticised for containing unhelpful values and messages, for example, those that were seen to cause harm to women outside the target population or use of stereotypical symbolism to support the message. Within this study these are called 'unintended consequences'. The Young Women and Health Promotion (YW&HP) study examines the potential for unintended consequences (both negative and positive) of health promotion in general. The focus is then narrowed to examine in more detail whether the use of specific methodologies (such as social marketing), contribute to unintended consequences when promoting physical activity, nutrition and non- smoking messages to girls' and young women. These health behaviours were specifically targeted as they are known to be the major modifiable risk factors for women in the prevention of many chronic illnesses. / This formative research involved the collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from 132 girls and young women across three age categories. These were Year 7 girls (Children - 11-12 years), Year 10 girls (Adolescents - 14-15 years) and young adults (18-25 years). Eighteen focus groups and 15 in-depth interviews were conducted to elicit responses to examine the effects of health promotion on girls' and young women's health behaviours, with particular focus on unintended effects. Current and past health promotion materials, plus a selection of commercial campaigns were utilized to prompt discussion within the groups. The discussion allowed the exploration of girls' and young women's motivators (enabling and reinforcing factors) for personal health behaviours, attitudes and responses to health promotion materials, and the longer-term impacts of health promotion campaigns. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed at the commencement of each focus group, which provided additional information and was later triangulated with the qualitative data. Limitations due to the cross-sectional nature and sampling process of the study mean the results cannot be generalized beyond the study population. However the findings demonstrated that young women are motivated by a complex set of factors. The most common factors influencing the study groups were body image, self-esteem, media and role models. / In addition young women of all age groups had a high awareness of the available messages in the areas studied. All groups discussed the increasing volume of health information available that is targeted at women. Participants noted much of the information originated from commercial sources. This in addition to public health initiatives resulted in increased 'health noise' to which they 'switched off. Furthermore the YW&HP study revealed the importance of written media for women. The young women in this study appreciated the need for mass media advertising, however, preferred to have take-home advice to process at their own time. Discussion of how women process information revealed these young women to be a critical and analytical audience that are often skeptical of health information. Prior to making a decision, therefore, most of the women underwent a process of internal and external validation which included cross referencing information with peers, friends, family and health professionals to establish its accuracy, credibility and validity. Hence the findings of this study would support the need for further exploration of media such as women's magazines to promote health to young women which may in turn prompt discussion with peers and therefore expedite the validation process. / Due to study limitations, results from this formative research need to be interpreted with caution. The results, however, would indicate the area of health promotion and how it communicates health information to young women would benefit from further investigation. The findings suggest many types of media currently being used to communicate health information to young women were useful and appropriate, specifically the use of social marketing media, which, was seen as a worthwhile and necessary strategy for this target group. Methods routinely used by commercial companies were also viewed as effective especially the use of women's magazines. As part of a comprehensive health promotion approach, this is a strategy, which may be an equally useful vehicle for public health messages. In conclusion, discussion with participants revealed a number of negative and positive unintended consequences. This would, therefore, support the need for further research in this area. Furthermore, the research has highlighted the importance of a comprehensive approach to the delivery of health information to young women. Best practice suggests this approach should adhere to ethical communication principles, which would enhance the intended outcomes of the communications whilst also assisting to maximize positive unintended consequences and minimize negative unintended consequences.

<p>Yrket som sjuksköterska innebär ett stort ansvar för såväl patienternas omvårdnad som stöd till anhöriga. Arbetet kräver ofta full uppmärksamhet och engagemang. Syftet med studien var att undersöka orsaker till och konsekvenser av yrkesrelaterad fatigue hos sjuksköterskan. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där metoden bestod av granskning och analys av 19 vetenskapliga artiklar. Orsaker till och konsekvenser av fatigue som redovisades i artiklarna delades in i kategorier. Resultatet visade att den stora emotionella tyngden arbetet innebar var den främsta orsaken till sjuksköterskans yrkesrelaterade fatigue. Det framkom också att ett arbetsklimat med bristande stöd och förståelse från arbetskollegor och avdelningschef var starkt bidragande orsaker. Även skiftarbete visades bidra till fatigue. Både patienternas säkerhet och sjuksköterskans egen hälsa äventyrades när sjuksköterskans fatigue blev för uttalad. Vidare forskning behövs inom området för att få bättre kunskaper om hur orsakerna och konsekvenserna ska hanteras och motverkas. Forskning kan leda till utvecklandet av en handlingsplan för att förebygga yrkesrelaterad fatigue och därmed bidra till en säkrare sjukvård för patienter och sjuksköterskor.</p>

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if there exists a superiority between developed and developing countries, which then in turn effects the negative consequences, for the local inhabitants of Thailand, that follow from mass tourism.</p><p>To be able to answer the questions that we have selected for this thesis, we chose to perform open interviews with six respondents which were all involved in the tourism industry in Thailand. Four of the interviews were carried out on location in Thailand. In order to deepen our understanding of the selected questions even further literary studies have been made as well. The theories we have chosen concern the topics of imperialism and figurations.</p><p>Our empirical material gave significant results. It showed that there is indeed an imbalance of power between the western world and Thailand. The relationship between the two exists due to an uneven distribution of economic resources, the majority of which can be found in the western world today. This means that tourists who possess these resources have the opportunity to travel to Thailand on their own terms, they get to dictate the journey to suit themselves. The desire to earn money is so great for the Thai people that there is hardly any concern for what consequences the tourism might cause. The relationship of power that exists between Thailand and the western world today is constantly reproduced. This leads to devastating consequences for Thailand and its inhabitants. Mass tourism generates consequences such as pollution of the environment, revenue leakage and prostitution.</p> / <p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om det existerar en överordning mellan utvecklade och utvecklingsländer vilken i så fall påverkar de negativa konsekvenser som uppstår, för lokalbefolkningen, till följd av massturismen i Thailand.</p><p>För att finna svar på våra frågeställningar har vi valt att utföra öppna intervjuer med sex stycken respondenter som alla är verksamma inom turistindustrin i Thailand. Fyra av intervjuerna genomfördes på plats i Thailand. För att ytterligare fördjupa förståelsen för våra valda problemställningar har litteraturstudier genomförts. De teorier vi har valt att utgå från behandlar ämnena imperialism och figurationer.</p><p>Det insamlade materialet var mycket talande och visade att det råder ett maktförhållande mellan västvärlden och Thailand. Maktförhållandet existerar på grund av den ojämna fördelningen av ekonomiska tillgångar som råder i världen, tillgångar som idag till stor del återfinns i västvärlden. Detta innebär att turister som innehar dessa resurser har möjlighet att resa till Thailand och diktera villkoren för hur de önskar att resan bör se ut. Önskan om att tjäna pengar är, för thailändarna, så pass stor att det knappt förekommer någon reflektion över vilka konsekvenser turismen för med sig. Maktförhållandet som idag råder mellan Thailand och västvärlden reproduceras ständigt. Detta leder till förödande konsekvenser för Thailand och dess befolkning. Massturismen ger konsekvenser såsom miljöförstöring, inkomstläckage och prostitution.</p>

<p>The increased attention to performance measurements is evident in both private and public sector organizations and among both academics and practitioners. Although there is a strong belief in the possibilities of using measurements for managing organizations, both academics and practitioners have questioned measurements potential. This thesis takes part in debating the potentiality of performance measurements by attending to the development, use and consequences of non-financial indicators that are considered a specific form of performance measurements.</p><p>When investigating the development of indicators, it became evident that several of the new indicators developed proved to be reformulations of non-financial measurements already used within the organizations before the development work. What had changed was primarily the meaning ascribed to the measurements. As a consequence of this ‘re-cycling’ of measurements, it is concluded that the meaning given to specific non-financial indicators change over time. The present investigation also reveals that three shifting rationales are informing the development of indicators. This finding contributes with insights into the construction of indicators and how the link between indicators and action are conceived and established in a development process.</p><p>A main finding of the investigation concerns how indicators are used. In contrast to previous studies, the results show that indicators can have a negative impact on performance unless the indicators are used in a sophisticated way. Based on these results it is argued that it is insufficient to attend solely to <i>if</i> indicators are used, i.e. greater attention needs to be paid to the question of <i>how</i> they are used. The investigation also presents evidence suggesting that the often used adage “what gets measured gets managed” needs to be revised. It is argued that measuring is not a means to activate the organization <i>per se</i>. Rather, measurements support those issues that are already mobilized within the organization.</p><p>In conclusion, this investigation suggests that the potentiality of indicators depends on the meaning ascribed to indicators, how indicators are assumed to link to action, how indicators are used and how indicators are related to other organizational activities.</p>