Bakgrund: I sjuksköterskans arbete ingår varierande arbetsuppgifter. Omvårdnad är ett omsorgsyrke där patientens olika behov ska tillgodoses samtidigt som de administrativa uppgifterna och den medicinska disciplinen ska skötas. Sjuksköterskan konfronteras med stressade situationer dagligen i sitt omvårdnadsarbete. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av stressrelaterade konsekvenser i omvårdnadsarbetet. Metod: En litteraturstudie gjordes som grundats på tolv vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Tre huvudteman av sjuksköterskans upplevelser hittades. Fysiska konsekvenser för sjuksköterskan, psykiska konsekvenser för sjuksköterskan och sjuksköterskans upplevelse av direkta konsekvenser för patientsäkerheten. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna upplevde att stress i omvårdnadsarbetet gav negativa konsekvenser. Patientsäkerheten minskar då sjuksköterskor stressar i sitt arbete och inte får tid att tillämpa individuell patientomvårdnad. Teoretisk kunskap om och hur arbetsrelaterad stress påverkar omvårdnadskvalitén bör inhämtas för att minska konsekvenserna för både sjuksköterskor och patienter. / Background: The nurse's work includes varied duties. Nursing is a caring profession where the patient's different needs should be met while the administrative data and the medical discipline must be maintained. Nurses are confronted with stressful situations in their daily nursing work. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the nurse's experience of stress-related consequences of nursing care. Method: A literature review was made, based on twelve scientific articles. Results: Three main themes of the nurses' experience was found. Psychological consequences for nurses, mental health consequences for nurses and nurses' experience of direct consequences for patient safety. Conclusion: The nurses felt that stress in nursing gave negative consequences. Patient safety is reduced when nurses stress in their work and when they don´t have the time to apply individual patient care. Theoretical knowledge and how work-related stress affects the quality of care should be obtained to reduce the consequences for both nurses and patients.

Män har under lång tid inte ansetts kunna lida av ätstörningar eller kroppsuppfattningsstörningar då forskning negligerat dem. Detta har lett till att det råder brist på kunskaper om ätstörningar och kroppsuppfattningsstörningar bland män. En av de vanligaste kroppsuppfattningsstörningar bland män har visat sig vara muskeldysmorfi. Det finns begränsade kunskaper kring det och syftet med denna studie har varit att få en ökad kunskap om och beskriva vad det är samt hur det kan påverka de män som lider av problematiken. Studien är en litteraturstudie med en kvalitativ forskningsansats där både artiklar och böcker använts som underlag. Resultatet visade att muskeldysmorfi är en störning där personen blir besatt kring den egna kroppens muskulatur och som främst drabbar unga män som bodybuildar. Man vet ännu inte huruvida den ska klassas som ätstörning, dysmorfofobi eller tvångssyndrom då forskning saknas och den anses ha samband med alla dessa. Orsaker till utvecklande av muskeldysmorfi anses vara en kombination av samhällets och medias påverkan och genetiska och psykologiska faktorer. För behandling anses i dagsläget kognitiv beteendeterapi vara det mest verksamma. Konsekvenser av muskeldysmorfi kan vara skamkänslor över den egna kroppen och tvångsbeteenden och tvångstankar. Intima - och vänskapsrelationer samt den egna ekonomin och arbetslivet kan påverkas negativt och i en del fall kan muskeldysmorfi det leda till att personer börjar använda anabola steroider eller andra farliga preparat för att kunna öka i muskelmassa.

No description available.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine how the Swedish policy of neutrality has changed between the years 1990-2008. The research method used for this essay has been comparative case study, which strives to answer four research questions. Two of these questions are: Which specific occurrences have been fundamental in changing the Swedish policy of neutrality? How have the Swedish policy of neutrality and the policy of non-alignment changed between the years 1990-2008? The theoretical frame work of this study consists of Europeanization as a comprehensive theoretical perspective. In order to explain the Swedish act regarding the policy of neutrality, Logic of Consequences and Logic of appropriateness are used. The conclusion of the study points out that Sweden has become much more flexible in terms of policy of neutrality and policy of security. The years between 1990-2008 are distinguished due to the fact that the international cooperation has become much more important in the Swedish act of security. Sweden still has the policy of non-alignment, but cooperation between the states is more and more prioritized to secure peace around the world.

No description available.

<p>Bakgrund: Hälso- och sjukvården är utsatt för hög belastning vilket ökar kraven på personalen. Misstag som sker i vården beror många gånger på att sjuksköterskan upplever stress i arbetet. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av stress och vilka konsekvenser det får för omvårdnaden. Metod: För att uppnå studiens syfte valdes en litteraturöversikt som metod som är baserad på vetenskapliga och kritiskt granskade artiklar. Följande frågeställningar un¬dersöks: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av stress i arbetet och vilka konsekvenser får det för vårdandet. Resultat: Analysen av de valda artiklarna resulterade i att följande teman identifierades: arbetets värde, brist på tid skapar sämre vård, arbete utan delaktighet och arbete med otydligt mål. Studien visade att många sjuksköterskor upplevde sitt arbete som mer stressfullt än stimulerande. De upplevde det svårt att få tiden att räcka till för patienterna, vilket bl.a. orsakades av de ökade kraven, den höga arbetsbelastningen och tidsbristen.</p> / <p>Background: The medical service is under growing workload which increases the demands on the medical staff. Mistakes that occur in the health care sector are often depending on that the nurse experience stress and high workload. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine nurse´s experience of stress and its consequences of nursing. Method: The method was a litterature review; which is based on scientific and critically reviewed articles. Following research questions are: Nurse’s experiences of stress at work and what consequences it has for nursing. Results: The analysis resulted in following themes: value of work, lack of time makes the care worse, work without participation and work with indistinct goal. The result of our study revealed that many nurses´ experiences their work as more stressful than stimulating. They experienced it was difficult to get enough time to take care of their patients. Work pressure, work overload and time pressure are some of the reasons why nurses´ don’t have time for nursing.</p>

To date, environmental protection in the context of air transportation has referred solely to noise and emissions. As air traffic continues its remarkable growth over the next years, despite all increasing security and safety burdens, third-party accident risk assessment will become a further area of societal concern. This paper presents a mature risk assessment technique to determine individual and societal risk values around airports. Furthermore, it initiates discussion of the economic impacts of the public safety zones which could be considered for implementation, once target risk levels have been defined by the regulating authorities. / Bisher wurde die umweltbezogene Belastung durch Flugbetrieb in der Umgebung von Verkehrsflughäfen ausschließlich anhand gegebener Lärmund Schadstoffbelastungen bewertet. Aufgrund des weiter zunehmenden Luftverkehrs und eines gesellschaftlich deutlich gestiegenen Sicherheitsbedürfnisses stehen in Genehmigungsfragen von Flughafenausbauten nun auch die durch den Flugbetrieb induzierten Risiken für die Bevölkerung im Fokus. Vorgestellt wird ein diesem Bedürfnis Rechnung tragendes, transparentes Berechnungsverfahren für so genannte Einzelund Gruppenrisikowerte, d. h. jene örtliche Wahrscheinlichkeit, mit der ein einzelner Mensch bzw. eine Personengruppe durch einen Flugunfall zu Tode kommen kann. Weiterhin erfolgt eine Diskussion über mögliche wirtschaftliche Konsequenzen, die sich aus den resultierenden Nutzungsbeschränkungen um den jeweiligen Flughafen bei Einführung von entsprechenden Grenzwerten ergeben können.

<p>Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine how the Swedish policy of neutrality has changed between the years 1990-2008. The research method used for this essay has been comparative case study, which strives to answer four research questions. Two of these questions are: Which specific occurrences have been fundamental in changing the Swedish policy of neutrality? How have the Swedish policy of neutrality and the policy of non-alignment changed between the years 1990-2008? The theoretical frame work of this study consists of Europeanization as a comprehensive theoretical perspective. In order to explain the Swedish act regarding the policy of neutrality, Logic of Consequences and Logic of appropriateness are used. The conclusion of the study points out that Sweden has become much more flexible in terms of policy of neutrality and policy of security. The years between 1990-2008 are distinguished due to the fact that the international cooperation has become much more important in the Swedish act of security. Sweden still has the policy of non-alignment, but cooperation between the states is more and more prioritized to secure peace around the world.</p>

The present dissertation aims at analysing the effects of recent alcohol policy changes. The traditional strict policy in Sweden had focused on high pricing and limited availability to control levels of alcohol consumed and thus alcohol-related harms. However, increased travellers’ allowances meant larger availability of cheaper alcohol when importing from Denmark and Germany, which are the countries from which Swedes obtain most of their private imports; the tax decrease in Denmark further decreased the price. As the economic literature links demand to price of a commodity and the early (smaller) quota changes had resulted in higher consumption in southern Sweden, it was expected that these latest changes would mean higher consumption and more alcohol-related problems in this area in particular. Some groups were additionally expected to be more affected than others. The present compilation thesis comprises four related articles and an introductory chapter that ties them together. Article I focuses on private imports in relation to quota changes 2002 – 2004 and relate this to purchase at the alcohol monopoly stores. Self-reported consumption and alcohol-related problems are studied in Article II and IV. In Article III, register data on alcohol-related harms, i.e. hospitalizations and police-recorded crimes, are analysed. The results of the dissertation were puzzling, since there was no large increase in consumption or alcohol-related problems in the south, but increases in the north during the period. However, private imports and cases of hospitalization due to alcohol poisoning were found to have increased in the south. Thus, the results imply that these policy changes had an effect on private imports, but that this effect was not large enough to increase total consumption as well. Additionally, increased alcohol poisoning cases implied that there had been an impact among high consumers. The increases found in consumption and problems in the north may instead have other explanations. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted.</p>

The aims of the thesis were to study relationships between the effects of online gaming and gambling and negative social consequences and ill health among adolescents and to determine whether gaming and gambling activities occur together. The papers in this thesis used epidemiological methods to obtain self-report information from Swedish adolescents aged 13–18 years. Time spent in online gaming was associated with negative social consequences, and this relationship was explained by online gaming motives. Gaming for fun and social motives was associated with a reduced risk of negative social consequences, whereas gaming to escape problems, gain status, or meet demands from others was associated with an increased risk. Increased online gaming time on weekdays increased the probability of having depressive, musculoskeletal, or psychosomatic symptoms, and was related to online gaming motives. The probability of ill health was low in those who reported gaming for fun or social motives. Adolescents with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were more sensitive to gambling frequency and to developing a gambling problem. However, among those identified as susceptible, adolescents with ADHD were equally affected compared with other susceptible participants in terms of their gambling frequency. Boys had a higher probability than girls of participating in online gambling in association with online gaming. Having at least one parent born outside Scandinavia was associated with a higher probability of online gambling, especially among girls. The effect of alcohol use as a factor contributing to online gambling was greater among boys than among girls. The results of this thesis contribute new knowledge about sex differences in online gaming and gambling behaviours and add to the limited research on online gaming and online gambling behaviours among adolescent girls. Gaming motives may be helpful for identifying online gamers needing support to reduce their unhealthy gaming behaviour. Information about factors related to gaming and gambling problems may be of interest to clinicians in psychiatry, psychology and social work, as well as to policymakers, parents and teachers involved in adolescent health and development. Effect preventive strategies should consider the sex differences in gaming and gambling behaviour in adolescents.