Work and family constitutes the dominant life roles for most adults in contemporary society. In that, work may be interrupted by family and family may be interrupted by work. Work often generates ambivalent feelings; it can create both positive feelings (e.g. gives energy, enables development) and negative feelings (e.g. lack of freedom). Therefore, most people accept the overall life experiences including the various dimensions or domains that play a role in work-personal life interaction, such as, time spent on one domain, pressures experienced, responsibilities carried, sense of loyalty with work and family, as common and conflicting aspects. Recent developments in boundary theory highlighted the fact that integrating, or rather interaction means bordering between the two domains of work and personal life is permeable. The main objective of this study was to investigate work-personal life interaction (WPLI) experiences of Setswana speaking police officials. This study also concentrated on the existence of work-personal life interaction, aspects involved, consequences thereof and coping mechanisms employed by the police officers. A non-probability purposive voluntary sample (n = 12) was taken of Setswana speaking police officials from the Mafikeng area in the North West Province. Data collection was done through a phenomenological method of semi-structured in-depth interviews. Content analysis was used to analyse, quantify and interpret the research data systematically and objectively. Results from the content analysis based on the experiences were recorded as reported. The results indicated that there was a definite interaction between work and personal life. However, some police officials experienced interaction more than others. Furthermore, they also experienced the interaction to be more negative than positive due to organisational stressors and the management style of the organisation. Consequently the participants experienced high levels of strain and difficulty when managing their time and dealing with the interaction between their work and personal lives. The time and strain difficulties induced a lot of conflict in their homes as well as their social lives. However, there were some police officials who experienced positive aspects in their lives regardless of the difficulties of being a police official. In addition, it was identified that they made use of coping mechanisms that acted as a buffer against negative experiences of WPLI. Recommendations were made for both the organisation and for future practice. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Till stor del bygger samhällsplanering på förändring och utveckling av den fysiska miljön, vilket närboende kan ha olika synpunkter på. För att uppnå acceptans vid en förändring är det viktigt att berörda känner delaktighet i processen samt att informationen är tydlig och begriplig även för den som inte är kunnig inom området. Vid framtagande av en detaljplan ska planbeskrivningen ange de organisatoriska, tekniska, ekonomiska och fastighetsrättsliga åtgärder som krävs för dess tänkta genomförande. För att de berörda fastighetsägarna ska kunna läsa och förstå hur de påverkas av en detaljplan måste planbeskrivningen tydligt och begripligt redovisa det tänkta genomförandets konsekvenser. Syftet med studien är att få svar på i vilken omfattning konsekvensredovisning av genomförandefrågor förekommer och om kraven i 2011 års Plan- och bygglag (PBL) kan anses vara uppfyllda. PBL-kommittén konstaterar år 2005 att beskrivningarna av genomförandet av detaljplaner många gånger är bristfälliga eller saknas helt. Införandet av en ny PBL den 2 maj år 2011 syftade bland annat till att stärka genomförandefrågornas status. I studien undersöktes omfattningen av redovisningen med avseende på organisatoriska, tekniska, ekonomiska och fastighetsrättsliga frågor samt om redovisningen sker summariskt eller fastighetsvis. Studien omfattar 84 detaljplaner från Västra Götalands och Stockholms län som var i granskningsskedet under vecka 14 och 15, år 2014. För att få en bild av tillämpningen av 2011 års PBL 4:33 § skapades 19 frågor. Till dessa frågor togs ett antal kategorier/svarsalternativ fram som användes för att klassificera innehållet i planbeskrivningarna. Resultatet visar att det förekommer en stor variation på omfattningen av konsekvensredovisning i planbeskrivningen. Ett genomsnittligt värde på hur vanligt det är med bristfällig konsekvensredovisning (i de applicerbara fallen) i respektive huvudgrupp ger följande resultat:  Organisatoriska frågor: 49 %  Tekniska frågor: 30 %  Ekonomiska frågor: 68 %  Fastighetsrättsliga frågor: 13 % Studien visar också att fastighetsvis redovisning förekommer i mycket begränsad omfattning. Med ovanstående resultat är det tveksamt om ett flertal av detaljplanerna uppfyller lagens krav på redovisning och skulle klara en prövning i domstol / Community planning is often based on changes and development of the physical environment which local residents may have different opinions on. To achieve acceptance of a change it is important that concerned feel involved in the process and that the information is clear and understandable even for those who are not proficient in the area. Within the process of developing a detail plan a description shall specify the organizational, technical, financial and real estate law actions necessary for its intended implementation. To make it possible for concerned property owners to be able to read and understand how they are affected by a detail plan the description must be clear and comprehensible explain the intended implementation consequences. The purpose of this study is to find out the extent to which impact description of implementation issues exist and if the requirements of Swedish planning and building act (PBL) from 2011 can be considered fulfilled. The PBL Committee noted in 2005 that the description of the implementation of detail plans is often weak or lacking. The introduction of a new PBL May 2, 2011 aimed to strengthen the status of the implementation issues. In the study the extent of the descriptions was examined with respect to organizational, technical, financial and real estate law issues as well as if the description is done summarily or per property. The study includes 84 detail plans from Västra Götaland and Stockholm County who were in the examination phase during weeks 14 and 15, 2014. There were 19 questions created to provide a picture of the application of PBL 4:33 §. A number of categories were created for these questions to classify the content of the plan descriptions. The result shows a large variation in the extent of the content in the plan descriptions. An average value of how common it is with insufficient content of description (in applicable cases) in each division gives the following result:  Organizational issues: 49 %  Technical issues: 30 %  Economic issues: 68 %  Real estate law issues: 13 % The study also shows that "per property" reporting occurs in a very limited extent. With the above results, it is doubtful if many of the detail plans meet the legal requirements of description and could withstand a judicial review

Studien handlar om unga vuxnas skuldsättning. Med unga vuxna menas individer mellan 20 – 30 år. Syftet har varit att undersöka myndighets- och verksamhetshandläggares upplevelser av skuldsatta unga vuxnas inställning till sin ekonomi samt hur dessa verksamheter arbetar för att hjälpa dem. Studiens empiri bygger på data från sex semistrukurerade intervjuer som har analyserats och tolkats med hjälp av tematisk analys. De teoretiska ansatserna är Bourdieus klassteori och Julian Rotters teori om locus of control. Resultatet visar att unga vuxna hamnar i skuldsättning på grund av att de saknar förmåga och kunskap om ekonomi. Unga behöver mer kunskap om ekonomi för att förstå konsekvenserna. Konsekvenserna som kan uppstå vid skuldsättning är att de hamnar i Kronofogdens register och det finns en risk att Kronofogden tar kontrollen över den unga vuxnas ekonomi. Det visar sig även att handläggarna arbetar för att motivera och förebygga problemen med skuldsättning. Handläggarnas arbete är således viktigt för de unga vuxnas väg tillbaka mot ett skuldfritt liv. Ämnet bör uppmärksammas i det sociala arbetet eftersom konsumtionen ökar och skuldsättning upptäcks oftast när det redan är för sent. / The study is about young adults in deep debt. With young adults the study refers to individuals between 20-30 years. The aim has been to investigate officials experiences of young adults in debt’s attitude towards their finances and how the officials work to help them. The study is based on empirical data from six semi-structured interviews that have been analyzed and interpreted using thematic analysis. The theoretical approaches are Bourdieu's class theory and Julian Rotters theory of locus of control. The results show that young adults often lack ability and knowledge of the economy and thus end up in debt. The consequences that may occur when the person finds him/herself in debt is that they end up in the Enforcement Authority's records for the rest of their lives, and the risk that the task handler takes control of the young adults' finances. It also shows that the officials are working to motivate and prevent problems of debt. The officials work is also important for young adults heading back towards a debt-free life. The subject should be considered as consumption increases and debt mostly noticed when it is already too late.

Across the world, job insecurity plays a critical role in organisations. This insecurity affects not only the individual, but also the organisation. In South Africa, the Employment Equity Act (No. 55 of 1998), and the Broad-Based Socio-Economic Empowerment Charter for the South African Mining Industry (Mining Charter), brought changes to the mining industry policies and decision-making process in terms of selection and recruitment, which could in turn lead to feelings of job insecurity. Other factors such as the availability of gold left to be mined, restructuring and strikes increase work-related stress. The objectives of this study were to investigate the role of job insecurity in predicting health related behaviours, and to determine whether coping moderates the effect of job insecurity on health behaviours for a group of managers in a South African gold mining company. A cross-sectional design was used. The study population (n = 206) consisted of managers in a gold mining company in South Africa The Job Insecurity Scale, Cybernetic Coping Scale and Health Complaints Questionnaire were used as measuring instruments. Descriptive statistics (e.g. means, standard deviations and kurtosis) were used to analyse the data. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to test for the hypothesized moderating effect of coping on the relation between job insecurity and health-related behaviours. The results of the regression analyses showed that qualitative job insecurity was a significant predictor of health complaints. Qualitative job insecurity was also a significant predictor of health complaints in employees who smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol, and exercised at least once a week. Quantitative job insecurity did not play a role in predicting health-related behaviour. Coping did not moderate the effects of job insecurity for employees with health complaints. Rather, it is suggested that using negative coping behaviours may actually contribute to health complaints. Recommendations for future research are made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

In an ever-changing world, work and personal life are the main areas in which most employed adults spend their time. Today the essence of the relationship between work- and personal life is that these two domains overlap and interact. Consequently, an increasing number of employed adults are confronted with bigger demands in both their work and personal lives, and many of their daily hassles stem from job responsibilities that are incompatible with responsibilities in their personal lives. Educators' work has also become more intricate and demanding and may be one of the professions in which individuals find it difficult to combine their work and personal lives. The objective of this study was to determine how Setswana-speaking educators experienced their work-personal life interaction (WPLI), and more specifically to determine the significant domains, antecedents, consequences and strategies associated with WPLI for the participants. A non-probability purposive voluntary sample (N = 10) was taken of Setswana-speaking secondary school educators from the Potchefstroom and Klerksdorp areas in the North West Province. Data collection was done through a phenomenological method of semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data was analysed by the use of content analysis The results indicated that educators experienced factors in both their work and personal lives to be demanding. In addition, work demands led to various time constraints and strain. However, factors were identified that made the demands less overwhelming and it was also found that educators valued certain things (family, friends, leisure time, church and personal time) in their personal lives. Educators nevertheless employed certain strategies to cope with this interaction, which in turn led to numerous positive outcomes. Lastly, an interesting finding relating to this study was that educators felt a responsibility towards the children. Recommendations were made for the organisation and for future practice. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

In the current South African context, job insecurity has become a phenomenon to be reckoned with. Although research on this phenomenon is still scarce, a growing interest in the perceived experience of job insecurity and its different underlying constructs is obvious from the increase of job insecurity research. A comprehensive summary of previous research studies and relevant outcomes is therefore relevant. Up to now, South African studies on job insecurity have accepted the assumptions and context of international research studies on job insecurity. It is now time to investigate the influence of the South Afncan context on this phenomenon and to include this background in future studies. The main objective of this study was to review, investigate, compare, evaluate and interpret existing research, conducted internationally and nationally, in order to set a research agenda through proposing a theoretical model for job insecurity in South Afncan organisations. The model will primarily serve as an academic tool to new research scholars to identify new research problems, existing sources of information, relevant measuring instruments, and contextual variables that may be of interest. The model will also be applicable as a management tool to understand and deal with job insecurity in South Ahcan organisations. A qualitative, descriptive research design was followed to perform content analysis and an extensive literature review. Results of the qualitative content analysis were enhanced with semi-structured interviews with managers from different organisations (N = 24). Results indicated gaps between international and South African research studies as well as the gaps indicated between theory and practice. This was indicated by a comparison between the South African research results and the results from the semi-structured interviews with selected managers. These results were integrated into a proposed model for job insecurity in order to serve as a guideline for future research. It also serves as a tool for managers to be aware of the presence of job insecurity, and to enable them to improve their management intervention. Conclusions and limitations of the study were discussed and recommendations for organisations and for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

In South Africa, the staff of higher education institutions experiences several stressors in their work and home domains. Therefore, it is important to understand how these two life domains are in interaction with each other. The general objective of this study was to investigate how higher education staff experienced work-personal life interaction (WPLI). A sample of 24 higher education staff that was willing to participate in the study was taken from different faculties and departments from a higher education institution in the Free State Province. For the purpose of this research, a qualitative design from a phenomenological approach was used. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the experiences, main dimensions, antecedents, consequences, and strategies in the lives of higher education staff. The results obtained indicated that Afrikaans and African women and men experienced time and strain-based conflict. Their work environment was characterised by a heavy workload, long working hours, resulting in work being taken home, and their home environment was characterised by a demanding family (spouses and children) and household duties. Men and women also thought about things in the family domain (e.g., when their children were sick) while they were at work. This caused a constant spill over, leaving employees tired and stressed. Strategies (e.g., prioritising, planning and time management) and support (e.g., spouses, division of family and household duties, friends and colleagues, as well as the flexible working hours) helped them to cope with this interaction. Recommendations were made for future research and the organisation. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Hardly any research has been done on work-life interaction (WLI) in the mining industry in South Africa. Mining is a high-risk profession and the custom of reducing the occurrence of morbidity and inhumanity in these industries must be gainfully considered. Many of the individuals who work in the mining industry are shift workers. Individuals who are working shifts often appear to have little time for non-work related commitments. Their families, personal health, socialising with friends, maintenance of their households and hobbies do not receive the necessary attention, which cause an imbalance of work and life. The general objective of this research was to study the experience of WLI of two cultural groups (Afrikaans and Setswana-speaking individuals) in the mining industry and more specifically, to determine certain antecedents, consequences and strategies used with regards to WLI. A non-probability purposive voluntary sample of 25 mineworkers was taken from the Northern Cape Province. Participants consisting of males and females were stratified in terms of language (Afrikaans and Setswana). Data collection for this research consisted of a pilot study, qualitative interviews and field notes, The data was transcribed verbatim and checked by independent researchers. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. It was found that Afrikaans males, Setswana males and Setswana females experienced pressure and stress at work, where the Afrikaans females did not have that same experience. Several antecedents (e.g., pressure at work, heavy workload, stress, and family obligations) that led to definite consequences (e.g., lack of quality time for self and family, physical and emotional strains, and low levels of productivity), as well as the strategies (e.g., prioritising, time management, communication and planning) which the different language groups use to cope with their work-life interaction were revealed during interviews. The results also confirmed that there were some major differences between Afrikaans and Setswana-speaking individuals in terms of their experiences of work-life interaction. Recommendations were made for the organisation and for future research. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

Consequences of within population variation have recently attracted an increased interest in evolutionary ecology research. Theoretical models suggest important population-level consequences, but many of these predictions still remain to be tested. These issues are important for a deepened understanding of population performances and persistence, especially in a world characterized by rapid fragmentation of natural habitats and other environmental changes. I review theoretical models of consequences from intra population genetic and phenotypic variation. I find that more variable populations are predicted to be characterized by broader resource use, reduced intraspecific competition, reduced vulnerability to environmental changes, more stable population dynamics, higher invasive potential, enhanced colonization and establishment success, larger distribution ranges, higher evolvability, higher productivity, faster population growth rate, decreased extinction risk, and higher speciation rate, compared with less variable populations. To test some of these predictions I performed experiments and compared how different degree of colour polymorphism influences predation risk and establishment success in small groups. My comparisons of predation risk in mono- and polymorphic artificial prey populations showed that the risk of being eaten by birds does not only depend on the coloration of the individual prey item itself, but also on the coloration of the other members of the group. Two experiments on establishment success in small founder groups of Tetrix subulata pygmy grasshoppers with different degree of colour morph diversity show that establishment success increases with higher degree of diversity, both under controlled conditions in outdoor enclosures and in the wild. These findings may be important for re-stocking of declining populations or re-introductions of locally extinct populations in conservation biology projects. I report on remarkably rapid evolutionary shifts in colour morph frequencies in response to the changed environmental conditions in replicated natural populations of pygmy grasshoppers in fire ravaged areas. This finding 1 illustrates the high adaptive potential in a polymorphic species, and indicates the importance of preserved within-species diversity for evolutionary rescue. Finally, I review if theoretical predictions are supported by other published empirical tests and find strong support for the predictions that more variable groups benefit from reduced vulnerability to environmental changes, reduced population fluctuations and extinction risk, larger distribution ranges, and higher colonization or establishment success. In conclusion, my thesis illustrates how within-population variation influences ecological and evolutionary performances of populations both in the short and long term. As such, it emphasizes the need for conservation of biodiversity also within populations.

Work and family constitutes the dominant life roles for most adults in contemporary society. In that, work may be interrupted by family and family may be interrupted by work. Work often generates ambivalent feelings; it can create both positive feelings (e.g. gives energy, enables development) and negative feelings (e.g. lack of freedom). Therefore, most people accept the overall life experiences including the various dimensions or domains that play a role in work-personal life interaction, such as, time spent on one domain, pressures experienced, responsibilities carried, sense of loyalty with work and family, as common and conflicting aspects. Recent developments in boundary theory highlighted the fact that integrating, or rather interaction means bordering between the two domains of work and personal life is permeable. The main objective of this study was to investigate work-personal life interaction (WPLI) experiences of Setswana speaking police officials. This study also concentrated on the existence of work-personal life interaction, aspects involved, consequences thereof and coping mechanisms employed by the police officers. A non-probability purposive voluntary sample (n = 12) was taken of Setswana speaking police officials from the Mafikeng area in the North West Province. Data collection was done through a phenomenological method of semi-structured in-depth interviews. Content analysis was used to analyse, quantify and interpret the research data systematically and objectively. Results from the content analysis based on the experiences were recorded as reported. The results indicated that there was a definite interaction between work and personal life. However, some police officials experienced interaction more than others. Furthermore, they also experienced the interaction to be more negative than positive due to organisational stressors and the management style of the organisation. Consequently the participants experienced high levels of strain and difficulty when managing their time and dealing with the interaction between their work and personal lives. The time and strain difficulties induced a lot of conflict in their homes as well as their social lives. However, there were some police officials who experienced positive aspects in their lives regardless of the difficulties of being a police official. In addition, it was identified that they made use of coping mechanisms that acted as a buffer against negative experiences of WPLI. Recommendations were made for both the organisation and for future practice. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.