Stölder och inbrott på svenska byggarbetsplatser är idag ett vanligt problem som uppstår under produktionen. Brotten som uppstår är inte begränsade till något område utan sker i hela landet, men områdena kring storstäderna och större riks- och europavägar är de som drabbas mest. Många företag är inte förberedda på de kostnaderna som uppstår vid en stöld eller ett inbrott och man har inte tydliga rutiner för hur man ska hantera situationen. Stölder och inbrott är ett slöseri i produktionen som man bör jobba hårdare på att ta bort eller i alla fall att minska. Slöseriet är så pass stort att det varje år anmäls ca 7000 inbrott och stölder från svenska arbetsplatser. Enligt andra studier så renderar dessa 7000 inbrott en kostnad på 1,4 miljarder årligen för den svenska byggindustrin. Detta arbete är utfört och med hjälp av NCC Sverige AB avd. Värmland. Det huvudsakliga syftet och målet med detta arbete är att NCC:s arbetsplatser ska bli säkrare och mer effektiva genom att man minskar risken för att drabbas av en stöld eller ett inbrott. Syftet är också att ge en ökad förståelse för vad det innebär och vad som händer i produktionen vid stölder och inbrott på byggarbetsplatser. Metoden som har använts för att få fram rätt information är i första hand intervju- och enkätundersökningar men det har även förts diskussioner med flertalet arbetsledare, platschefer med flera under arbetets gång. Vidare har det även utförts platsbesök på arbetsplatser där det har undersökts rutiner, placering av containrar och bodar samt förebyggande åtgärder och vilka risker som finns. Ämnet är ganska outforskat men det finns en del studier som har gjorts under åren. Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond, SBUF, har gjort flera informationsskrifter och genomfört ett antal projekt som handlar om stölder och inbrott på svenska byggarbetsplatser. En annan stor studie som har genomförts är ”Stölder och inbrott på byggarbetsplatser – omfattning, skadeverkan och risk”, som är en studie gjord på Malmö högskola på uppdrag av FoU väst. De här studierna ligger till grund för mitt arbete och det är där kunskap och information om ämnet har hämtats. Resultatet av denna studie visar att en arbetsplats som ligger nära stora vägar och som ligger placerade på ett sätt som gör att tjuvarna kan arbeta ostört, löper störst risk för att drabbas av stölder och inbrott. Vidare så visar resultatet på att dålig belysning, dåligt skyltat om larm och en arbetsplats som inte är skyddad ordentligt i form av ordentliga stängsel och lås ligger i högriskzon för att råka ut för en stöld. Det finns mycket att jobba på hos företagen när det gäller rutiner och förebyggande åtgärder då det idag inte läggs så mycket tid på detta som det kanske borde. Exempelvis så skulle man kunna investera i mycket mer inbrottssäkra stängsel vilket skulle försvåra arbetet avsevärt för eventuella tjuvar. Med tanke på det trycket som är på att bygga bostäder och andra byggnader i Sverige idag, så kommer risken för stölder och inbrott att öka på byggarbetsplatsen. Detta är en viktig faktor som gör att ämnet borde vara intressant för företagen i branschen så att man kommer väl förberedda till varje bygge i form av förebyggande åtgärder. / Theft and brake-ins at Swedish construction sites is a very common problem that mainly occurs during the production phase of building. The fractures that occur are not limited to a specific area but they also occur throughout the entire country. However, the areas around the major cities and larger national and European roads are most affected. Many companies are not prepared for the costs of a theft or burglary and there are no clear procedures for dealing with the situation that occurs. Stolen gods and burglaries is a waste of production that the companies should work harder to remove or at least reduce. The waste is so big that about 7000 burglaries and robberies from Swedish workplaces are reported annually. According to other studies, these 7000 burglars render a cost of 1.4 billion SEK annually for the Swedish construction industry. The work has been carried out and with the help of NCC Sverige AB section Värmland. The main purpose and goal of this work is to make NCC workplaces safer and more efficient by reducing the risk of a theft or burglary. The goal is also to give an increased understanding of what it means and what happens in the production phase after thefts and burglaries at construction sites. The method used to obtain the right information is primarily interviews and questionnaire surveys, but discussions have also been held with most supervisors, site managers and several other workers. In addition, site visits have been carried out at construction sites where routines have been investigated, placement of containers and security in and around the site offices as well as preventive measures and the risks involved on the site. The subject is quite unexplored, but there are some studies that have been done over the years. Svenska Byggbranschens Utveklingsfond, SBUF, has done several information papers and implemented a number of projects that deal with theft and burglaries on Swedish construction sites. Another major study that has been carried out is "Stölder och inbrott på byggarbetsplatser – omfattning, skadeverkan och risk", a study conducted at Malmö University on behalf of FoU Väst. These studies form the basis of my work and this is where knowledge and information about the subject has been retrieved. The investigations showed that a workplace that is close to major roads or which is located in a way that makes the insight poor, is at the highest risk of being affected by burglaries. Furthermore, it is possible to say that bad lighting, badly marked alarm signs and a workplace that is not properly protected in the form of proper fences and locks lies in a high-risk zone in case of a theft. There is a lot to work to do with the companies when it comes to routines and preventive measures. For example, one would be able to invest in a much more burglary fence which would make work difficult for any thieves. Given the pressure on building homes and other buildings in Sweden today, the risks will increase to be exposed by a burglary or a theft. This is an important factor that makes the topic interesting for companies in the industry so that they can get well prepared for each construction site in terms of prevention measures.

Abstract The present paper discusses mental violence on the basis of empirical narrations submitted by health-care employees and students. The general belief is that people who work or study in the health care sector are aware of the nature of mental violence – guided by ethic principles, their education and the requirements of health care professions – and recognize its impact on people's lives and health, work and studying. However, surveys indicate that mental violence occurs in health care communities between the patient and the professional helper and between staff members. This investigation falls in a category between nursing science and feministic research and features a narrative approach. In the theory section, I will discuss terms closely connected with mental violence and earlier investigations on that particular topic. I will also define what is meant with mental violence in this paper. The research material was collected at two stages in 2002–2006. The material for the first stage consisted of 32 letters from health-care employees and students, while that for the second stage was collected through discussions with those narrators who had given their consent and contact details in their letters. Analysed letters and interviews produced a total of 482 pages of text. At first I analysed the original empirical narrations of mental violence by applying parts of Labov's (1982) structural analysis, which were orientation, method, evaluation and solution. In this way the narrations could be reduced to the level of core narrations specific to individual and community. The individual-specific core narrations comprised the Narration of vulnerability, Narration of enthusiasm, Narration of questioning routines, Narration of being a newcomer, Narration of leadership and Narration of awareness, and the community-specific core narrations the Narration of a fatigued work community and Narration of work community as the victim of mental violence. I then analysed the individual-specific and community-specific core narrations by means of the Categorical-Content method, drawing up a complete narration of mental violence. The analysis involved two stages, of which the first involved formulating four narrations from the core narrations by means of the Categorical-Content method. The names of the narrations are the Narration of the arousing of mental violence, Narration of the means of mental violence, Narration of the consequences of mental violence and Narration of recovery from mental violence. On the basis of the above narrations, I then compiled stories connected with their contents by means of the Categorical-Content analysis method. The core narrations, specific to individual and community, account for the narrations that the persons participating in the research considered to be of significance to themselves. The complete narration of mental violence that I formed using the Categorical-Content analysis method represents general knowledge of the empirical narrations of mental violence written or told by the participating health-care employees and students. According to the complete narration, mental violence develops in communities where the conditions favouring mental violence are hierarchical structures, their negative bureaucratic operation and management methods, and economic recession and its consequences. Favourable conditions also include changes in community values. In conditions of this kind, the victims of mental violence, persons resorting to mental violence and those assisting in it make up a problematic system of interaction. Together they can exhaust the victim of mental violence and cause the feeling of complete fatigue and burnout, from which it is difficult yet possible to recover. For people fatigued by mental violence, recovery means efforts to reach a new beginning in life, regaining of life and loss of life. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessani kuvaan psyykkistä väkivaltaa terveydenhuollon työntekijöiden ja opiskelijoiden kokemuksellisten kertomusten avulla. Terveydenhuollon työ- ja opiskeluyhteisöissä toimivien ihmisten uskotaan eettisten periaatteiden ohjaamina, koulutuksensa ja terveydenhuollon ammattien harjoittamisessa edellytettävien vaatimusten perusteella olevan tietoisia psyykkisen väkivallan luonteesta ja sen merkityksestä ihmisen elämään ja terveyteen, työntekoon ja opiskeluun. Tutkimukset osoittavat kuitenkin, että terveydenhuollon yhteisöissä ilmenee psyykkistä väkivaltaa sekä potilaan ja ammattiauttajan välisessä että henkilökunnan keskinäisessä vuorovaikutuksessa. Tutkimus sijoittuu hoitotieteen ja naistutkimuksen välimaastoon ja sen lähestymistapa on narratiivinen. Tarkastelen teoriaosassa psyykkisen väkivallan lähikäsitteitä ja aikaisempia tutkimuksia siitä. Lisäksi määrittelen, mitä tarkoitan psyykkisellä väkivallalla tässä tutkimuksessa. Kokosin tutkimusaineiston kahdessa eri vaiheessa vuosina 2002–2006. Ensimmäisen vaiheen aineiston muodostivat terveydenhuollon työntekijöiden ja opiskelijoiden kirjeet, joita sain 32. Toisen vaiheen aineiston kokosin keskustelemalla niiden kertojien kanssa, jotka antoivat kirjeissään suostumuksensa ja yhteystietonsa. Litteroidut kirjeet ja keskusteluhaastattelut tuottivat aineistoksi 482 sivua tekstiä. Analysoin aluksi alkuperäiset psyykkisen väkivallan kokemukselliset kertomukset soveltaen Labovin (1982) rakenneanalyysin osia, joita olivat orientaatio, menetelmä, arviointi ja ratkaisu. Näin kertomukset pelkistyivät yksilö- ja yhteisökohtaisiksi ydinkertomuksiksi. Yksilökohtaisiksi ydinkertomuksiksi muodostuivat Kertomus haavoittuvuudesta, Kertomus innostuneisuudesta, Kertomus rutiinien kyseenalaistamisesta, Kertomus tulokkuudesta, Kertomus johtajuudesta ja Kertomus tiedostamisesta. Yhteisökohtaisiksi ydinkertomuksiksi muodostuivat Kertomus väsytetystä työyhteisöstä ja Kertomus työyhteisöstä psyykkisen väkivallan uhrina. Tämän jälkeen analysoin yksilö- ja yhteisökohtaiset ydinkertomukset Categorical-Content -analyysimenetelmällä muodostaen psyykkisen väkivallan kokonaiskertomuksen. Analysointi sisälsi kaksi vaihetta. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa muodostin ydinkertomuksista Categorical-Content -analyysimenetelmää käyttäen neljä kertomusta, joiden nimet ovat: Kertomus psyykkisen väkivallan kehittymisestä, Kertomus psyykkisen väkivallan menetelmistä, Kertomus psyykkisen väkivallan seurauksista ja Kertomus psyykkisestä väkivallasta toipumisesta. Edellä mainituista kertomuksista muodostin Categorical-Content -analyysimenetelmää käyttäen edelleen kertomusten sisältöihin liittyvät tarinat. Yksilö- ja yhteiskohtaiset ydinkertomukset kuvaavat niitä kertomuksia, joita tutkimukseen osallistujat ovat pitäneet merkityksellisinä itselleen. Categorical-Content -analyysimenetelmän avulla muodostamani psyykkisen väkivallan kokonaiskertomus edustaa yleistä tietoa tutkimukseen osallistuneiden terveydenhuollon työntekijöiden ja opiskelijoiden kirjoittamista ja kertomista psyykkisen väkivallan kokemuksellisista kertomuksista. Tämän kokonaiskertomuksen mukaan psyykkinen väkivalta kehittyy yhteisöissä, joissa psyykkiselle väkivallalle otollisia olosuhteita ovat yhteisöjen hierarkkiset rakenteet, niiden kielteiset byrokraattiset toiminta- ja johtamistavat sekä talouslama ja sen seuraukset. Otollisiin olosuhteisiin kuuluvat myös yhteisöjen muuttuneet arvot. Tällaisissa olosuhteissa psyykkisen väkivallan uhrit, psyykkisen väkivallan käyttäjät ja mukana toimijat muodostavat ongelmallisen vuorovaikutussysteemin. Nämä yhdessä voivat johtaa psyykkisen väkivallan uhrin uuvuttamiseen ja aiheuttaa hänelle kokonaisvaltaisen uupumisen ja loppuun kulumisen tunteen, josta toipuminen on vaikeaa mutta mahdollista. Psyykkisen väkivallan uuvuttamille ihmisille toipuminen merkitsee uuden alun tavoittelemista elämässä, elämän saavuttamista ja sen menettämistä.

In response to public opposition to the insanity defense, the Guilty But Mentally Ill(GBMI) verdict was enacted with the intention of limiting the number of insanity acquittals and alleviating the public’s concerns. Prior research suggests, however, that many jurors are making verdict decisions with limited knowledge of the dispositional consequences of the GBMI and NGRI verdicts. Further, jurors may erroneously assume that the GBMI verdict is a compromise between a NGRI and guilty verdict, which mitigates punishment. In reality, the dispositional consequences of a GBMI verdict are equivalent to or more restrictive than a guilty verdict. The current study examined the impact of informing jurors of the dispositional consequences of the GBMI and NGRI verdicts. In addition, it explores whether mock jurors’ attitudes toward the insanity defense, individuals with mental illness, and perceptions of the defendant’s dangerousness strengthens or attenuates the impact of informing mock jurors of dispositional consequences. Participants (N = 488) read a case summary of an apparently mentally ill male defendant charged with first-degree murder. Half of the participants were informed of the dispositional consequences of GBMI and NGRI verdicts, while the other half of participants received no such information. Then, they were asked to choose individual verdicts and complete a questionnaire that assessed attitudes toward the insanity defense, attitudes toward individuals with mental illness, and perceptions of the defendant’s dangerousness. Results indicate that informing participants of dispositional consequences of the GBMI and NGRI verdicts increases the likelihood that the NGRI verdict is selected over the GBMI verdict. In addition, participants who had more favorable attitudes toward the insanity defense and perceived the defendant as less dangerous selected the NGRI verdict over the GBMI verdict at an even higher rate when they were informed of dispositional consequences. The implications for educating jurors in trials that include the GBMI verdict option are discussed.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / A large number of studies show that educators are exposed to workloads that result particularly in stress. According to Olivier and Venter (2003), stress is considered to be the main factor contributing to job-related illnesses, early retirement, job dissatisfaction and absenteeism. Teaching, has without a doubt become a more demanding and stressful job. The lack of discipline in schools, abolishment of corporal punishment, large pupilteacher ratios and a new curriculum approach all contribute to raising the stress levels of teachers (Ngidi amp; Sibaya, 2002). Stanton, Bachiochi, Robie, Perez and Smith (2002 cited in Brewer amp; McMahan-Landers, 2003) is of the view that job stress is an antecedent of job satisfaction but the two constructs have been treated as related, yet they are different. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between stress levels and job satisfaction amongst high school educators in De Aar as well as to  determine whether biographical variables (namely, gender, age, tenure, marital status and number of children) have an impact on job satisfaction and stress levels. The researcher hopes that the findings would give the Department of Education in the Northern Cape an idea of the stress levels and job satisfaction experienced by high school educators in De Aar so that interventions can be implemented to issues proactively. The sample consisted of 86 educators employed at four high schools in De Aar. A biographical questionnaire, the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) and Stress Diagnostic Survey (SDS) were administered to assess respondents stress and job satisfaction levels. Informed consent was obtained from the various participants and anonymity of participation was ensured. Statistical analyses included inferential (Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, Analysis of Variance T-Tests) as well as descriptive statistics. The results of the study indicate that there is a statistically significant, inverse relationship between stress levels and job satisfaction amongst high school educators in De Aar. Furthermore, the results indicate that there are statistically significant differences in stress levels as well as job satisfaction of high school educators on the basis of their biographical characteristics. The chapter concludes with presenting limitations of the study and putting forth recommendations for future research. / South Africa

The internal auditing profession has undergone considerable changes during the past few years. A new definition has been formulated in 1999 for the profession and the Professional Practices Framework, including the Standards, has had to be adapted to incorporate this new definition. An internal auditor, in addition to being a control specialist, must now also assist management in a consulting capacity with risk management and corporate governance. According to the new Standards, an internal auditor should assist his or her organisation in maintaining effective controls by evaluating its effectiveness and efficiency and by continuously promoting improvement. The basis for the control system is a control environment that provides an atmosphere in which people conduct their activities and this has a direct influence on the way activities are structured, objectives are established and risk is addressed. HIV/AIDS is a disease that threatens the world as a whole, global economies, individual countries, governments and also the business world, especially individual organisations. It is therefore vital that the consequences of this potential risk on an organisation are studied. Various studies done on this subject have indicated that managements are aware of the possible risk of HIV/AIDS to their organisations, but no study has at yet investigated the role that internal auditors can play or the effect of HIV/AIDS on the control environment. This study firstly investigated whether HIV/AIDS has an effect on the control environment of an organisation. Secondly, the knowledge of internal auditors regarding the potential risk of HIV/AIDS to the organisation and the role they should play in assisting management with this risk, including its effect on the control environment, was investigated. The research findings showed that HIV/AIDS does have an effect on certain elements of the control environment, namely the competence of the workforce, organisational structure and the human resources policies and practices. The study also concluded that internal auditing should treat the risk of HIV/AIDS like all other risks threatening the organisation. Thus they should assist management in managing the risk and giving assurance to all stakeholders that the risk is being adequately managed. It was also concluded that although internal auditors are aware of the risk of HIV/AIDS to their organisations, especially the control environment, only a few internal auditing departments were performing their responsibilities in full. The level of commitment to managing this risk varied from total ignorance of HIV/AIDS in a business environment, to internal auditors performing audits on certain aspects in the management of this risk. HIV/AIDS is not a normal business risk. Factors such as additional legislation, the disease being non-notifiable, the stigma associated with the illness, the fact that no cure is available, and many more make this a difficult risk to understand and to manage, thus complicating the responsibilities of internal auditors. Professional guidance is needed for the internal auditor on how to handle this risk. / Dissertation (MCom(Internal auditing))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Auditing / unrestricted

Bakgrund Ett flertal studier beskriver de svårigheter som är förenade med behandling av neuropatisk smärta. Få studier beskriver långvarig neuropatisk smärta ur patientens självupplevda perspektiv och strategier för att klara av vardagen. Mer kunskap behövs ur ett patientperspektiv avseende upplevelser av att leva med neuropatisk smärta. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att leva med neuropatisk smärta. Metod Studien är empirisk och deskriptiv med en kvalitativ ansats. Elva intervjuer genomfördes med män och kvinnor mellan 18- 67 år, som hade haft neuropatisk smärta i minst tre månader. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Resultat Neuropatisk smärta medför en rad olika konsekvenser. Sömnsvårigheter, trötthet dagtid och svårigheter att utföra vardagliga aktiviteter beskrevs. Även yrkesliv och det sociala livet påverkades av smärtan. Flera olika strategier för att hantera smärtan beskrevs. Vissa strategier användes medvetet men informanterna verkade också använda sig av strategier utan att själva vara medvetna om det. Vikten av att bli bemött med respekt och tillit framhölls och informanterna menade att de inte hade blivit bemötta på ett förtroendeingivande sätt förrän de kom i kontakt med en smärtklinik. Slutsats och klinisk betydelse Neuropatisk smärta påverkar både yrkesliv, vardagliga aktiviteter och det sociala livet. Olika strategier användes för att klara av smärtan och olika aktiviteter men medvetenheten om strategierna verkade variera. Vidare studier behövs för att klargöra dessa skillnader. / Background There are many studies about the difficulties associated with treating neuropathic pain, and some about pain as an ongoing process and strategies to manage the everyday life. However, more knowledge is needed about experiences of living with neuropathic pain from the patients´ point of view. Aim To describe experiences of living with neuropathic pain. Method Empiric and descriptive. Interviews were conducted with eleven participants, 18- 67 years old, who had had a period of more than three months of neuropathic pain. Participants were asked to describe their experiences of living with neuropathic pain. Transcribed interviews were analysed with content analysis. Findings Living with neuropathic pain brings a lot of consequences. Sleeping difficulties, daytime tiredness and difficulties in performing everyday life activities were described. Working life was also affected by the pain. Many different strategies were described to handle these consequences. Some strategies were consciously used but the participants also seemed to use strategies without being aware of it. The great importance of being treated with trust and respect was emphasized and some participants pointed out that they hadn´t been met with respect and in a way that creates trust until they got in contact with a pain clinic. Conclusion and relevance for clinical practice Living with neuropathic pain affects work, every day´s activities and social life. Strategies were used to manage the pain and activities, but the awareness of it varied. For further directions more studies are needed to clarify the differences of awareness.

Much has been written in the media about the plight of children in child-headed households. However, little is known about the psychological experiences of children carrying responsibility for households as a result of parental death due to HIV/AIDS. Most of the research that has been done has utilised quantitative approaches to investigate the social and economic challenges confronted by children affected by HIV/AIDS. The aim of the present study was to explore, using a qualitative approach, the challenges, psychological experiences and perceptions of children carrying responsibility for child-headed households as a result of parental death due to HIV/AIDS. A total of fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with children carrying responsibility for households in Gauteng and Kwa Zulu Natal provinces of South Africa. The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach was used to guide the data analysis process (Smith&Osborn, 2003). The findings from the study highlight the devastating consequences of living and coping with parental illness, bereavement as well as carrying the responsibility for a household. Illness and bereavement-related themes that emerged from the study include reversal of roles, living with parental illness, denial and fear of the impending reality, grief and sense of loss, and the apportioning of blame. The dominant post-bereavement experiences were: lost childhood and self; sense of obligation to family, abandonment and neglect; concern over basic survival needs, grappling with conflicting demands, and feelings of helplessness, vulnerability and uncertainty. Significantly, the study found that experiences in the community as well as personal dispositional factors both mediated and aggravated psychological adjustment. Although the children interviewed in this study are faced with very difficult challenges they, nevertheless, appear to be quite resilient. The study highlights the importance of providing care and support to these children before, during and after the death of a parent or parents. Implications and limitations of the study are also critically discussed. / Dissertation (MA (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / MA / unrestricted

The structural topic of the thesis is the monetary reform carried out in 1953 in Czechoslovakia. The central focus is the reform itself, whose main task was to cope with relics of the previous non-socialistic regimes, yet at the same time to solve economic problems of the Czechoslovakia at the beginning of the 1950s. The work then analyses the causes of the monetary reform, preparation phase and its organization. Subsequent part is dedicated to the process of the reform as well as its impact on social, economic, monetary and international domain. The thesis was prepared using archives, contemporary documents, sources of the institutional provenance, professional literature and journalistic sources.

This thesis is focused on the issue of occupational injuries, especially dealing with their consequences through insurance. The introduction deals with the issue of occupational injuries and occupational diseases and health and safety at work. The main part is dedicated to the current approach in dealing with the consequences of accidents at work by statutory liability insurance, it also outlines the historical development, characteristics of the system, including its pros and cons. Furthermore, I analyze the situation around the accident insurance, which should replace the existing system. In the final part I deal with other possible approaches of compensation for work injuries, especially compulsory liability insurance.

Protesting is a common tactic used by social movements and the outcomes are widely researched in social movement studies. This thesis examines the biographical consequences of protest participation on individuals’ life-course patterns from a gendered and intergenerational perspective. The study employs regression analysis and a longitudinal dataset collected from the Swedish Level of Living Survey, which includes six panel waves in total stretching from 1968 to 2010. It consists of a nationally representative sample of the Swedish population between the ages of 15–75, in which the last two panel waves include the respondents’ children in the ages of 10–18. The results show that protest participants are likely to become more educated than non- participants and that they continue to remain active in political and union activities. Further, there is evidence of gender-based differences between protesters as women do not continue to uphold the same level of involvement in political organisations in comparison to men. No support is given to the expectation that protesting will have intergenerational effects. The results show that participating in protests may have long-lasting consequences for individuals and that there seems to be gender-based differences between protesters, which might have implications for individuals’ further involvement in political activities.