Sammanfattning: Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvården har en utsatt position och löper en större risk att utsättas för våld. Våldsproblematiken är ett växande problem världen över och riskfaktorerna till att våldsincidenter uppstår är många. Sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvården befinner sig i ett komplext beslutsfattande position där risken av att utsättas för våld är större. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur våld inom akutsjukvården påverkar sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsarbete. Metod: Litteraturstudien är baserad på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ karaktär som är publicerade mellan 2009 – 2020. Artiklar söktes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. En induktiv ansats har använts och analysering gjordes utefter Fribergs femstegsanalys. Resultat: Fynden som har identifierats har grupperats och genererat fyra subkategorier; ”att drabbas av fysiska begränsningar”, ”att uppleva emotionella konsekvenser”, ”att uppleva konsekvenser i det patientnära arbetet” samt ”att uppleva bristande teamsamverkan”. Subkategorierna har bildat två kategorier; ”Sjuksköterskans hälsa” och ”Sjuksköterskans arbete”. Slutsats: Litteraturstudien resulterade i att våldet inom akutsjukvården skapade både yrkesmässiga och privata konsekvenser hos sjuksköterskorna som på olika sätt påverkade arbetskvalité och patientsäkerhet och som även skapade sämre förutsättningar för ett personcentrerat arbete.  Nyckelord: Våld, konsekvenser, omvårdnad, akutmottagning, kvalitativ

To date, environmental protection in the context of air transportation has referred solely to noise and emissions. As air traffic continues its remarkable growth over the next years, despite all increasing security and safety burdens, third-party accident risk assessment will become a further area of societal concern. This paper presents a mature risk assessment technique to determine individual and societal risk values around airports. Furthermore, it initiates discussion of the economic impacts of the public safety zones which could be considered for implementation, once target risk levels have been defined by the regulating authorities. / Bisher wurde die umweltbezogene Belastung durch Flugbetrieb in der Umgebung von Verkehrsflughäfen ausschließlich anhand gegebener Lärmund Schadstoffbelastungen bewertet. Aufgrund des weiter zunehmenden Luftverkehrs und eines gesellschaftlich deutlich gestiegenen Sicherheitsbedürfnisses stehen in Genehmigungsfragen von Flughafenausbauten nun auch die durch den Flugbetrieb induzierten Risiken für die Bevölkerung im Fokus. Vorgestellt wird ein diesem Bedürfnis Rechnung tragendes, transparentes Berechnungsverfahren für so genannte Einzelund Gruppenrisikowerte, d. h. jene örtliche Wahrscheinlichkeit, mit der ein einzelner Mensch bzw. eine Personengruppe durch einen Flugunfall zu Tode kommen kann. Weiterhin erfolgt eine Diskussion über mögliche wirtschaftliche Konsequenzen, die sich aus den resultierenden Nutzungsbeschränkungen um den jeweiligen Flughafen bei Einführung von entsprechenden Grenzwerten ergeben können.

Despite the global figures on male HIV infection rates, and the vulnerability of men to HIV as a result of social constructions of masculinity, not enough attention has been paid to the seriousness of the problem of HIV in heterosexual men. Most research has concentrated on either homosexual or bisexual men, neglecting the experiences of heterosexual men diagnosed as HIV positive, and the implications thereof. This study aims to explore the lived experiences (emotional, cognitive and social) of black heterosexual males who are living with HIV. The focus of this study was thus on the subjective experiences and circumstances of these men, to enhance understanding of how they managed to adapt to the stress of being HIV positive. Health professionals, such as nurses, psychologists and doctors at Tshwane District Hospital, can use the results of the study to assist men when they are diagnosed, and to help them cope effectively with their subsequent challenges. The study used the phenomenological theoretical framework. It explored the lived experiences of being HIV positive through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, which were audio-recorded and transcribed . Non-probability sampling was used to identify the 5 participants in this study. Data was analysed in terms of thematic analysis and 15 themes were derived from the analysis and described using quotations from the raw data. These themes were then contextualised and explored with relevant literature. The research found that these men initially struggled to adapt to their HIV-positive status and exhibited denial, fear and loss, complicated by the sense that their masculinity was compromised. While there was some evidence of limited internal and external stigma, the men were able to find support from partners, family and friends, and were able to rise to the challenge of 'living positively'. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Psychology / unrestricted

There have been many studies on teaching behavior analytic skills to parents for addressing problem behavior exhibited by their children. However, very few studies have addressed the issue of teaching parents to conduct a functional assessment and design a treatment for the problem behavior. The present study utilized behavioral skills training to teach parents how to conduct ABC recording, write a summary statement based on the data collected, and determine the proper treatment choices. The 8 participants participated in one 3 hour class in which a trainer used instructions, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback to teach these three skill sets. Prior to class, during class, directly after class training, and 1 to 2 weeks following class, the participants viewed at least four videos with each showing a problem behavior serving a different function in the context of a parent child interaction. The percentage of correct responding for each dependent variable (ABC recording, summary statement, and treatment choices) was calculated and baseline and post-treatment scores were compared via a multiple baseline across participants design. The results showed an increase in the percentage correct for most skills for most participants. These results show that it is possible to teach parents to conduct a functional assessment and chose proper treatment strategies. Future implications in parent training are discussed.

Globalisation is increasing, reason for people working more and more cross-culturally and with the use of computer-mediated tools. The field of research on both of these individual topics is existent and has thoroughly been discussed. Nevertheless, the integration of these topics in the field of research is still scarce and relatively unknown. The purpose of this study is therefore to understand the communication issues that arise between people from different cultures when interacting through textual computer-mediated communication tools, and how these issues are dealt with. These communication issues and their consequences will therefore be identified and investigated, in order to get a better understanding of what this entails. A qualitative study has been done to fulfil this purpose. Data has been collected through nine semi-structured interviews with people from different locations around the world. With this way of data collection, the focus lied on extracting the perspectives of the individuals on these topics. Thereafter the data has been analysed according to seven steps for a grounded analysis, in order to create a theory. The results of this study have shown that there are mainly three communication issues arising from the use of textual computer-mediated communication tools across cultures. These issues are named as linguistic barriers, cultural differences in communication, and the absence of nonverbal communication. It has shown that these issues have a significant impact on this type of communication, causing several consequences. The direct, negative consequences coming from these issues are the deterioration of professional relationships and a decrease in productivity. Next to these consequences, the study has shown that people also tend to develop certain counterstrategies against these issues. That is so to say, ways of minimising the negative impact that the issues have on the communication.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / While evidence suggests that the mental health consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can persist for several months following infection, little is known about the longer-term mental health consequences and whether certain sociodemographic groups may be particularly impacted. The study objectives were to characterize the longer-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 infection and examine whether such consequences are more pronounced in Black people and people with lower socioeconomic status. 277 Black and White adults (age ≥ 30 years) with a history of COVID-19 (cases; tested positive ≥ 6 months prior to participation) or no history of COVID-19 infection (controls) completed a 45-minute online questionnaire battery. Unadjusted t-tests revealed that cases had greater depressive (d = 0.24), anxiety (d = 0.34), PTSD (d = 0.32), and insomnia (d = 0.31) symptoms than controls. These differences remained significant for symptoms of anxiety, PTSD, and insomnia after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, income, and smoking status. No case-control differences were detected for perceived stress and general psychopathology. Cases had more than double the odds of clinically significant symptoms of anxiety (OR = 2.22) and PTSD (OR = 2.40). Case-control status was more strongly and positively associated with depressive, anxiety, PTSD, perceived stress, and general psychopathology symptoms at lower education levels. Race and income were not moderators of the relationships. The mental health consequences of COVID-19 may be significant, widespread, and persist for at least 6 months after infection, and people with lower education levels may face a greater burden of these consequences.

Denna uppsats byggs på de besparingar som sker inom lagen om stöd och service åt vissa funktionshindrade. Lagen antogs för att förbättra levnadsvillkoren för personer med funktionsnedsättning, men även för att ge en möjlighet till självbestämmande och goda levnadsvillkor. Uppsatsen syftar till att ta reda på hur enhetschefer upplever sitt handlingsutrymme vid en budget-läggning men också hur man som enhetschef hanterar de konsekvenser som uppstår i en budget som minskar. Syftet ska uppnås med kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar delade meningar i handlingsutrymmet men att man upplever att man som enhetschef upplever lite eller inget handlingsutrymme och att det är en stram budget som man har att arbeta efter. Nedskärningarna och konsekvenserna är att chefsstödet i många kommuner har blivit indraget, men man upplever också att arbetet blir påverkat. Detta eftersom man som chef inte har tid att utföra det kvalitetsarbete som skulle behövas och detta i sin tur leder till att brukaren inte får det denne har rätt till, såsom fritidsaktivitet. / This essay is based on the savings that take place within the law on support and service for certain disabled people. The law was adopted to improve the living conditions of people with disabilities, but also to provide an opportunity for self-determination and good living conditions. The essay aims to find out how middle managers experience their room for maneuver when setting a budget, but also how unit manager handles the consequences that arise in a budget that is reduced. The purpose is to be achieved with qualitative semi-structured interviews. The results show divided opinions in the room for maneuver, but that you experience that as a unit manager you experience little or no room for maneuver and that it is a tight budget that you have to work according to. The cuts and consequences are that managerial support in many municipalities has been withdrawn, but it is also felt that the work is affected. This is because you as a manager do not have time to perform the quality work that would be needed and this in turn leads to the user not getting what he is entitled to, such as leisure activities.

The present study looks into examining if an employee’s consideration of future consequences or cultural values better predict their procrastination at work. A total of 253 participants from various parts of the globe were examined via an online survey utilizing the Considerations of Future Consequences Scale (Strathman et al., 2013), Behavior Identification Form (Vallacher & Wegner, 1989), CVScale for cultural values (Yoo et al., 2011), and Irrational Procrastination Scale (Steel, 2010). Work procrastination was found to be negatively correlated to consideration of future consequences, where those with higher levels of consideration of future consequences were found to have lower levels of work procrastination. In addition, more abstract or high-level personal agency was found to be positively correlated to consideration of future consequences and negatively correlated to work procrastination. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between work procrastination and the cultural values of masculinity and power distance, where those with higher levels of these cultural values had higher levels of work procrastination. Lastly, consideration of future consequences was found to be a better predictor for work procrastination than cultural values. Possible explanations of the results are discussed, limitations of the study are mentioned, and recommendations for future studies are suggested.

Dementia has become to be named the ‘relative’s illness’ as a result of the physical and psychological effects that the relatives experience, due to the fact that the patient goes through many changes within the course of the disease. In addition, individuals suffering from dementia receive more help from their relatives compared to individuals suffering from other diseases or disabilities. Therefore, it is important to address to relative’s individual needs connecting to the caregiving role. The aim of this qualitative study was to examine how relatives to individuals suffering from dementia are affected by the role of caregiving. We conducted a thematic text analysis of our empirical material consisting of three autobiographies, written by relatives of those suffering from dementia. By reading the material and categorising the topics the authors wrote about, three main themes were identified: Relatives as caregivers, Health effects of caregiving and Emotional strain.  The results showed that the author’s experienced several different aspects of how they were affected as caregivers. For instance, all three author’s described how their role with their loved one changed. Another result shown was that the author’s experienced how their health deteriorated, both physically and psychologically, and it was repeatedly described how they felt lonely and forgotten. The authors also described how the caregiving role resulted in positive experiences such as personal development. Strongly prominent was the author’s experiences of how the dementia caused strong feelings of grief. In conclusion the findings highlight how important it is to shed light on the relative’s role and their wellbeing.

In 2020, COVID-19 spread worldwide, and a state of pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization. Female sex workers are in many ways dependant on the social conditions of society and have, throughout time, been considered as a highly victimized group. This study aims to gain insight into the changes and consequences the COVID-19 pandemic has had on female sex workers in Sweden by conducting semi-structured interviews with individuals who, through their employment, have connections to female sex workers. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results revealed four themes that describe the changes and consequences witnessed by the participants. The first theme entails the vulnerabilities and circumstances that female sex workers are conditioned by in society. The second theme demonstrates the economic consequences which the pandemic outbreak caused. Not only in relation to expenses and difficulties traveling but also in terms of an increased market due to unemployment and lockdowns in Central Europe. This theme also includes a subgroup of physical consequences as a result of the competition created by the increased market of female sex workers in Sweden. This has caused the women to have to take additional risks and abuse. The third theme includes the bureaucratic and social complications caused by the social restrictions enforced to hinder the spread of the COVID-19. The fourth and last theme presents the participants' post-pandemic predictions.