Background: With great developments within technology and internet provision, subscription video on demand (SVoD) has made a remarkable entrance with a competitiveness which has resulted in a shift in the television industry (Noh, 2020). The user pays a monthly fee and gets access to a platform which offers a library of content. The escalated competition among SVoD services (Pennington, 2020) has resulted in businesses to re-evaluate how users and potential users' perceived value of the service and the resulting effects may have on their business. Problem Discussion: Perceived value is seen to be the most critical determinant of willingness-to-pay and whether an individual makes the decision to purchase (Chang, Wang & Yang, 2009; Ulaga & Chacour, 2001). Empirical studies that focus on the role of perceived values in the purchase decision in a digital context have been conducted in various fields, such as, freemium services (Hamari, Hanner & Koivisto, 2020) and music streaming (Guerra & Fernandes, 2019) or mixing various streaming apps together (Oyedele & Simpson, 2018). While previous research has studied perceived values’ role in the decision-making process in streaming segments, almost none of them has explored its role specifically in SVoD services. Furthermore, no previous studies have explored the temporal dimension of value, which has shown to be of great importance in technology-based self-services (Heinonen, 2004).   Purpose: This study explores the elements that mostly influence users’ perceived values when making the decision to subscribe to a SVoD service. The purpose is to investigate the market of subscription video on demand services and better understand what users perceive as valuable, as well as how and why these influence their purchasing decision. Building on this understanding, we develop a framework that illuminates the user's decision-making process when subscribing to a SVoD service.  Method: An inductive qualitative case study methodology was adopted, building on semi-structured in-depth interviews with ten SVoD service users. The interviewed users were between the ages of 25-32.  Conclusion: The researchers concluded that users of SVoD services emphasize four perceived values when subscribing, these are: emotional, social, convenience and epistemic. These values were thereafter categorized into perceived immediate and future values of subscription. When an individual is in the process of subscribing, the person weighs the temporal dimensions of perceived immediate and future values towards the price of subscription, which equates in the perceived value. The user will select the service which offers the highest perceived value.

Bakgrund: Hot och våld är något som blir mer vanligt i samhället och så även i ambulanssjukvården. Arbetsrelaterat våld innefattar att utsättas för ohövligheter, mobbning, verbala och fysiska aggressioner, hotfulla ord eller aktioner, sexuella trakasserier och fysisk misshandel under sin arbetstid. Ambulanspersonalen har i tidigare forskning visat sig vara en utsatt personalkategori då de väldigt ofta arbetar ensamma i främmande miljöer med patienter med stor variation av sjukdomstillstånd. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva ambulanspersonalens utsatthet för arbetsrelaterat våld och hur omvårdnaden kan påverkas. Metod: Studien utfördes som en litteraturstudie genom systematisk ansats och med en integrerad analys av 14 artiklar med kvalitativ, kvantitativ och mixad metod. Resultat: Mellan 66 och 75 procent av ambulanspersonalen hade utsatts för någon typ av hot eller våld i sin yrkesutövning. Verbala hotfulla yttranden var vanligast. Att utsättas för hot eller våld i sitt arbete ger psykiska och fysiska konsekvenser inte bara i mötet med patienter och i yrkesutövningen, på kort eller längre sikt, utan även på privatlivet och i integrationen med andra människor. Rädsla, uppgivenhet, frustration och ilska är vanligt förekommande hos ambulanspersonalen som blivit utsatt. Detta kan påverka vårdandet av patienten då ambulanspersonalen blir mer vaksam för att skydda sig själv och sin kollega men även en minskad empati och tålamod. Slutsats: Arbetsrelaterat våld inom akutsjukvården är vanligt förekommande och ambulanssjukvården är inget undantag. Det arbetsrelaterade våldet påverkar inte bara personalens hälsa och välbefinnande utan även omvårdnaden av patienten genom att vårdrelationen riskerar att försämras. Då studier tyder på att det arbetsrelaterade våldet har en tendens att öka så behövs förebyggande arbete, utbildning och uppföljande samtal för att på så sätt bibehålla en god omvårdnad och ambulanspersonalens välbefinnande. / Background: Threats and violence are something that is becoming more common in society and so also in ambulance care. Ambulance personnel are a vulnerable category of personnel as they very often work alone in foreign environments. Increased resources are needed to protect staff and also the patient. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the ambulance staff's exposure to work-related violence and how nursing can be affected. Method: The study was conducted as a literature study through a systematic approach and with an integrated analysis of 14 articles with qualitative, quantitative and mixed method. Results: Between 66 and 75 percent of the ambulance staff had been exposed to some type of threat or violence in their professional practice. Verbal threatening statements were most common. Being exposed to threats or violence in their work has psychological and physical consequences not only in the meeting with patients and in the professional practice, in the short or long term, but also in private life and in the integration with other people. Fear, despair, frustration and anger are common among ambulance personnel who have been exposed. This can affect the care of the patient as the ambulance staff becomes more vigilant to protect themselves and their colleague but also a reduced empathy and patience. Conclusion: Work-related violence in emergency care is common and ambulance care is no exception. Work-related violence affects not only the health and well-being of staff but also the care of the patient as the care relationship risks deteriorating. As studies indicate that work-related violence has a tendency to increase, preventive work, education and follow-up conversations are needed in order to maintain good nursing and the well-being of ambulance staff.

The childhood obesity epidemic has become a serious global public health problem. Children are different from adults and need special attention and effort in helping them to maintain healthy lifestyle and optimal body weight. Childhood and adolescence are two critical periods for developing lifelong healthy habits. This article discusses childhood obesity-related issues in five sections: (1) classification of childhood obesity; (2) worldwide childhood obesity epidemic; (3) risk factors (predictors) of childhood obesity; (4) health consequences of childhood obesity; and (5) prevention of childhood obesity.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka upplevelserna av etnisk diskriminering på arbetsmarknaden som resulterat i ett namnbyte från ett utländskt namn till ett mer svenskklingande bland personer med utländsk bakgrund. Vidare kommer studien undersöka ifall namnbytet gett upphov till några sociala konsekvenser som påverkar vardagen och personens identitet. I studien används en kvalitativ metod och det empiriska materialet består av fyra intervjuer med personer som genomgått ett namnbyte för att förbättra deras situation på arbetsmarknaden i Malmö. Den teoretiska ansatsen strävar efter att förklara orsakerna bakom etnisk diskriminering samt visa hur ett namnbyte kan påverka individens identitet. Studiens slutsats är att ett namnbyte kan leda till stora sociala konsekvenser som problem med familj och vänner samt svårigheter med att identifiera sig med det nya namnet vilket leder till en negativ inverkan på identiteten och självbilden. / The essay will illustrate the experiences of ethnic discrimination on the labour market, which resulted in a name change from a foreign name to a more Swedish-like among people with a foreign background. Additionally this study will investigate if the name change has lead to any social consequences that affect the everyday life and the person’s identity. The method in this study is a qualitative approach and the empirical material consists of four interviews with people who changed their name in hope of improving their situation on the labour market in Malmö. The theoretical approach strives to provide an explanation for the reasons behind the ethnic discrimination and to illustrate how the name change affects a person’s identity. The conclusion of this study is that a name change can result in substantial social consequenses like problems among family and friends and can lead to serious difficulty with connecting to and identifying with the new name.

This thesis investigates the supply chain of Vancomycin and Piperacillin/Tazobactam in order to understand why the two antibiotics have been exposed to back orders during recent years in Sweden. The health economical consequences due to these back orders of the two antibiotics was also examined. The used methods were literature search and elementary calculation methods. The supply chains for the two antibiotics consists of multiple manufacturing actors, both primary and secondary. The manufacturing actors are mostly located in low and middle income countries, which increases risks for the supply chains. The Swedish market is unattractive due to its small size and ineffective purchasing system, which also increases risks of shortages. The unattractive market is a probable cause of the lower amount of market authorisation holders which sell the antibiotics in Sweden. Furthermore, a financial model was created to assess the health economic impacts of shortages. The costs were calculated as the sum of the additional labor required to deal with shortages along with the costs of the alternative medicines. It was estimated that a shortage of Vancomycin can cost up to SEK 1 600 000 in fixed costs followed by up to SEK 202 997 per additional day of shortage and that a shortage of Pipetazo can cost up to SEK 1 600 000 in fixed costs followed by up to SEK 923 650 per day. There are also other negative aspects of these consequences, such as worsening of patient health and contributions to increased AMR.

Children may become overweight or obese for different reasons, and childhood obesity may have health consequences such as Type 2 diabetes and asthma. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to describe the perceptions of African American parents of elementary-age children with obesity living in Broward County, Florida about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity. The health belief model (HBM) guided this study. Interview data were gathered from 9 participants who met the criteria of being African American parents of elementary-age children with obesity living in Broward County, Florida. Moustakas- steps to analyze the data collected led to the following themes: how parents became aware of the disease, parents- reaction to the diagnosis, whether the condition was related to genetics or lifestyle behavior, what the obese children eat daily, the importance of regular workout, consequences of obesity, actions taken, and type of help needed. Results demonstrated that most of the participants perceived childhood obesity as having 2 primary causes: food consumption and insufficient physical activities. Data also showed that many of the participants regarded childhood obesity as having negative consequences, not only for the children but also for their parents and other stakeholders. Positive social change can be achieved by parental acknowledgment that obesity has adverse health consequences to be considered seriously. Denial may have severe consequences and the commitment of policymakers and others who can affect lives of the overweight or obese children is needed.

The purpose of this study was to identify the psychological and social consequences experienced by homosexual men who learn that they have positive results on the HTLV-III antibody test, but who have not yet developed AIDS or ARC. Employing a census survey of the membership of three California homophile organizations (n=l905), 30 HTLV-III positives and 55 negatives completed a biographical questionnaire, the IPAT Anxiety Scale Questionnaire, the IPAT Depression Scale, and the Coping Strategies Inventory. Results indicate that HTLV-III positives show considerable disorganization after hearing test results, have clinically high levels of anxiety (n=lO), and clinically high levels of depression (n=l4). Positives were also quite guarded about sharing the results of their testing, and experienced negative effects in social (n=l5) and occupational functioning (n=lO), and reported pervasive changes in their sexual activity (n=30). Twelve subjects reported suicidal ideation after they heard the results of their testing, but only one subject reported a suicide attempt. The methodological limitations of the study were examined, with an emphasis on the limitations of the survey method and difficulties with the follow-up procedures. Speculations to account for the reported behaviors, implications for counseling HTLV-111 positives, and suggestions for future research with this population were also discussed.

Parks and protected areas are often created to protect important social, ecological, or cultural resources from impairment. In the United States, a large majority of these parks and protected areas are also public land where recreational activities such as hiking or scenic driving are allowed. Managers of many parks and protected areas must therefore try to protect resources while also allowing for recreation use that may put these resources at risk for damage. The field of recreation ecology is interested in understanding how recreation use in parks and protected areas can sometimes cause ecological impacts to vegetation, soil, wildlife, water, air, and soundscapes. This information is then used to help managers prevent undesirable ecological change. When visitors to parks and protected areas leave designated sites such as trails or roads, there is a greater chance that ecological impacts will occur. The studies presented here are designed to help managers better understand how visitor behavior off of designated trails may result in damage to plant communities. These studies examine data on both the social aspects of recreation use (such as visitor behavior and the number of visitors recreating) and the ecological aspects (specifically the plant communities found at popular recreation destinations). By looking at social and ecological data together, these studies can predict locations in parks or protected areas where ecological impact may occur as a result of recreation use. Managers can use these predictions to better allocate resources and time to managing recreation use at locations that are most at risk of impairment.

Causative factors and some consequences of dystocia were examined in 3923 parturitions among Hereford and Angus x Hereford crossbred two-year-old heifers. Fifty percent of the parturitions required some assistance. Minor assistance was required in 34.5% of the parturitions and major assistance involving use of a calf puller, in 15.1%. Caesarean section and foetotomy were rendered in 0.3% and .05% of the cases, respectively. Abnormal presentation at birth, which included leg back, head back, backwards, hiplock and breech, was observed in only 2.9% of the births and therefore is a minor contributor to dystocia. The major causes of dystocia were not specifically identified in this study. Sex of calf had a definite influence upon the degree of calving difficulty with male calves requiring more assistance in both minor and major assistance categories. Crossbred heifers had a higher percentage of unassisted births (62.4% vs 36.7%) than Hereford heifers. Ninety and eight-tenths percent of all calves born were alive at 30 days postpartum. Of the 9.2% that died, 6.2% died at birth or within 24 hours after birth. Losses were particularly heavy in this early period among those to whom major assistance had been given, with 71.5% of all deaths in this group being in this early period. Death loss rate was higher in this group throughout the 30 day postpartum interval with a total death loss of 38.6% as compared to a loss of 3.8% and 3.4% for the minor assisted and the unassisted groups, respectively. Among the kinds of abnormal presentations, death loss was greatest among breech presentations with a 66.7% loss. Backward presentation ranked next followed, in order, by head back, hiplock and leg back. Loss from leg back, 21% was relatively low. Increases in degree of severity of dystocia was accompanied by increases in time required to complete the birth process. Labor duration and sex of calf were correlated with male calves requiring a longer parturition than female calves, 104 minutes vs 88 minutes, respectively.

Dans « De l'essence et du concept de la φύσις », Heidegger appelle la Physique d'Aristote le livre caché de la philosophie occidentale. Le présent travail peut être lu comme une tentative de mettre au jour les efforts du phénoménologue tchèque Jan Patočka pour récupérer ce qui, de ce grand livre, a été oublié par l'histoire de la philosophie. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur un des résultats les plus aristotéliciens de Patočka, dont nous avons essayé de montrer la présence tant en filigrane (dans les effets qu'il a relativement à la conceptualité phénoménologique en général) qu'explicitement. On pourrait résumer ce résultat ainsi : le mouvement est phénoménologiquement et ontologiquement premier. C'est l'examen de la définition aristotélicienne du mouvement, dans sa reprise et dans les conséquences qu'en tire Patočka, qui nous a confirmé cette conclusion. Mais si le mouvement est premier, cela veut dire que les extases et les déterminations du mouvement ne sont, elles, que secondaires, c'est-à-dire phénoménologiquement et ontologiquement dérivées. La matière et la forme (du monde), l'acte et le possible, le temps et l'espace, l'hypokeimenon (le corps et le sujet) sont secondaires, car sédimentés, déposés par le mouvement, et ne s'éclairent donc fondamentalement que par leur reconduction au mouvement. C'est une telle reconduction que nous avons tâché d'accomplir à chaque étape de notre analyse. / We have explored in our work Jan Patočka's reception of Aristotle's definition of movement, and the phenomenological consequences it had throughout the last period of his reevaluation of Husserl and Heidegger.