This is a literature study, and it was done with the purpose of analyzing the consequences of loneliness among the elderly people. This study’s focus is on the consequences of loneliness among the elderly on an individual level and examining elderly’s position in society. Key terms in this study have been elderly and lioness. Loneliness is a hard defined term due to its complexity being a feeling, and therefore experienced differently from individual to individual. In our study we have used various articles and reports to answer our question of issue. There were studies that indicated that loneliness had a negative effect on the elderly. It was mainly mental illness in the form of depression but also physical health problems. However, there are studies that indicate that it is not possible to conclude that loneliness can cause health problems. In our study, various risk factors have been identified that may explain why older people tend to experience the feeling of loneliness. Example of risk factors that have been identified in our studies are the status of a partnership, economic factors, gender, family etcetera. Besides these factors another factor that is mentioned as a reason why the elderly tends to live in loneliness is discrimination that takes place in society. Based on the theory of ageism, we concluded that the elderly has a lower status in society and discrimination is a contributing factor.

Bakgrund: Tre miljoner människor dör årligen som en konsekvens av deras alkoholkonsumtion. Alkoholberoende är en av de främsta globala orsakerna till förtida död. Alkoholkonsumtion kan härledas till ungefär 200 olika skador och sjukdomar och innebär sociala konsekvenser. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva vuxna personers erfarenheter av att leva med ett alkoholberoende. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie utfördes för att besvara studiens syfte. Databaserna CINAHL och PsycInfo användes för att hitta de åtta kvalitativa artiklarna som inkluderades i litteraturstudien. Materialet granskades enligt Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Resultatet ledde fram till det övergripande temat Olika former av lidande med fem underliggande huvudkategorier: Bakomliggande orsaker till alkoholberoende, Fast i alkoholkonsumtionens makt, Konsekvenser av alkoholkonsumtionen, Vändpunkter i alkoholberoendet och Utmaningar med att leva ett nyktert liv. Konklusion: Alkoholberoende personer upplever ett socialt, fysiskt och psykiskt lidande. Utmaningar i livet kvarstår även om personen blivit nykter. Alkoholberoende personer står inför en omfattande stigmatisering av samhället och hälso- och sjukvården. Sjuksköterskan behöver visa medmänsklighet i omvårdnaden och erhålla förbättrad kunskap och insikt i alkoholberoende personers erfarenheter för att kunna understödja deras hälsa och välmående. / Background: Every year, three million people die as a consequence of alcohol consumption and it ́s one of the main causes of global premature death. Consumption of alcohol is known to cause 200 different kinds of injuries and diseases and contributes to negative social consequences. Aim: The purpose of this literature study was to describe adults lived experiences of alcohol dependency. Methods: To answer the purpose a qualitative literature study was conducted. The study constituted of eight qualitative articles found in databases CINAHL and PsycInfo. The research data was analyzed using Fribergs five-step model. Results: The analyze revealed one theme, Various forms of suffering and that it consisted of five main categories: Underlying causes, The grip of alcohol, Consequences, Turning points and Challenges of living sober. Conclusion: Adults with an alcohol dependency experience suffering of social, physical and psychic nature. They experience challenges even if they are living in sobriety and a widespread stigma from society and the health care system. Nurses need to display compassion and improve their knowledge and understanding of lived experiences to better support health and well-being.

No description available.

Although it is well-known that motor neuron disease (MND) primarily affects motor neurons, the involvement of sensory pathways in the disease is currently receiving more attention. There is a dearth of information regarding the atypical effects of MND, resulting in limited understanding of the vulnerability of for example the auditory system. The presence of hearing loss negatively impacts on participation across all communicative contexts, stripping individuals of autonomy and self-worth, ultimately resulting in withdrawal and isolation. These factors form the foundation for individual desire to pursue life-prolonging measures. Hearing loss, combined with dysarthria and the use of augmentative and alternative communicative strategies, implies that individuals with MND require additional support to meet their daily communicative needs. This descriptive, exploratory study aimed to identify the prevalence of hearing loss in eight individuals with adult onset MND. In addition, perceptions relating to the implications of auditory impairment and value of auditory diagnosis were explored. An evaluation of auditory function was performed on eight individuals with a neurologist confirmed diagnosis of MND. Auditory function was assessed using a comprehensive audiological test battery including both objective and subjective measures. Perceptions related to auditory impairment were determined using the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA) and the Hearing Experience Questionnaire. Both individuals with MND and their primary caregivers completed the Hearing Experience Questionnaire. The results of the study indicate that a high frequency sensorineural hearing loss was identified in six participants. Auditory handicap, as measured by the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults, was reported in four participants, with social handicaps reported more than emotional handicaps. Individuals with MND and their caregivers identified communication as the most important functional skill. Interestingly, the caregivers related more to the threats auditory impairment than individuals with MND. The nature of hearing loss identified in this study mimics the pattern of a presbycustic (age-related) hearing loss. It is postulated that hearing loss may arise during disease course. Participants‘ limited understanding of the devastating consequences of hearing loss on quality of life highlights the need for inclusion of an audiologist as part of the multidisciplinary management team in MND. Audiological assessment, management, counseling and education will serve to guide the process of sensory regulation and limit psychosocial threats posed by MND. This will in turn promote enhanced quality of life and maintenance of individual autonomy.

This thesis will explore three related concerns. First (Chapter 1), I discern some of the basic philosophical strategies at work in the Phenomenology of Perception. I will specifically discuss the teleological/ archaeological structure of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology and his notion of "primordial unity". Second (Chapter 2), I will show how these strategies are manifest in his discussion of the other. And third (Chapter 3), I will consider some of the consequences of Merleau-Ponty's treatment of the other. In particular, I will examine his understanding of difference and plurality. A comparison with Hegel's master/slave dialectic will highlight some possible limitations of Merleau-Ponty's argument. In short, I will answer the following questions: How is the other known, according to Merleau-Ponty, and just how other is this other? / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Handen har en väldigt stor betydelse i människans liv. Med handen utför vi många olika slags viktiga sysslor. Vi äter, duschar och klär på oss med hjälp av handen. Vi skriver, sportar och utför arbete med handen. Vi hälsar på andra och kramar de som står oss nära med hjälp av handen. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser en handskada har i en persons liv. Metoden är en litteraturstudie av vetenskapliga artiklar som berör ämnet. Resultatet visar att smärta är den vanligaste konsekvensen efter en handskada. Fysiska begränsningar i vardagen såsom påverkan på aktiviteter i dagligt liv (ADL), hobby och hushållsarbete var ytterligare konsekvenser för en person efter en handskada. Resultatet visar också att psykiska påfrestningar, begränsningar inom arbetsliv och begränsningar i relation med andra i omgivningen är ytterligare problem som kan drabba handskadade. / The hand has a very large importance in the lives of humans. We perform many kinds of doings with the hand. We eat, shower and get dressed with help of the hand. We write, perform sports and work with the hand. We greet others and embrace the people who are close to us with help of the hand. The aim of this study is to investigate which consequences a hand injury has on a person’s life. The method is a literature study of scientific articles concerning the subject. The result reveals that pain is the most common consequence after a hand injury. Physical limitations in everyday life such as effect of activities in daily life (ADL), hobbies and household work were further consequences for a person with a hand injury. The result also shows that psychological strains and limits within work and in relation with others are further problems that can affect a person with a hand injury.

This study aims to highlight the consequences on outposts in Afghanistan in the context of COIN and ISAF during 2003-2012. Previous research in this area is more oriented towards the perspective of COIN at the strategic and operational level and not at the tactical and local level. For example, previous research has written about how important military presence and adaptation are, but not what consequences the company that is deployed to an area and conducts the COIN operation receives. The study was designed with Kilcullen’s theory about COIN and his 28 articles as a basis, and the study was conducted with in-depth interviews as the main empirical material, with officers who served in the Swedish Armed Forces, and the British Army during 2005-2012 in Afghanistan. The study finds that one consequence at one of the outposts was from the terrain, which was that the local infrastructure couldn’t support heavy military vehicles that came to the outpost, which resulted in the roads and irrigation ditches being destroyed by the vehicles' weight. The study also found interesting patterns amongst the informants that had the same consequences, which was that the roads leading towards the outposts were often very few, which led to a predictability for the enemy to use against the units stationed at the outpost. Another interesting find in this study is that there was a difference in how open each outpost was. For example, the British Army’s outposts were more open to civilians than the Swedish outposts, although the British Army had more fighting in their area than their Swedish counterpart.

Bakgrund: I sitt arbete möter sjuksköterskan utmanade situationer där observationer om brister i patientsäkerheten förekommer. Enligt patientsäkerhetslagen är sjuksköterskor skyldiga att rapportera dessa brister och det kan innebära ett etiskt dilemma. Att rapportera kan ge sjuksköterskan negativa konsekvenser och att avstå att rapportera kan ge konsekvenser för patientsäkerheten och bidra till ökat lidande för patienter. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka sjuksköterskors eller sjuksköterskestudenters erfarenheter av möjliga konsekvenser efter visselblåsning inom hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där data sammanställdes genom en innehållsanalys. Resultatet: Analysen resulterade i två kategorier, negativa konsekvenser av visselblåsning och positiva konsekvenser av visselblåsning. Resultatet visade att visselblåsning sker i samband med allvarliga brister i patientsäkerheten. Detta blir till ett etiskt dilemma för sjuksköterskan som ställs inför att antingen vara lojal mot patienten eller arbetsgivaren/kollegier för att undgå negativa konsekvenser. Fåtal visselblåsare fick positiva konsekvenser i form av ett personligt tack. Konklusion: Att genomföra etikutbildning och diskutera begreppet visselblåsning i organisationen som en etisk fråga kan bidra till ett öppet klimat och stärka sjuksköterskorna i deras profession inför en visselblåsning. / Background: In nurse´s work they encounter challenging situations where observations of deficiencies in patient safety occur. According to the Patient Safety Act, nurses are obliged to report these shortcomings, and this can pose an ethical dilemma. Reporting can have negative consequences for the nurse and refraining from reporting can have consequences for patient safety and contribute to increased suffering for patients. The aim of the literature study was to examine nurses or nursing students experiences of possible consequences after whistleblowing in health care. Method: The study was conducted as a literature study where data were compiled through a content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in two categories, negative consequences of whistling and positive consequences of whistling. The results showed that whistling occurs in connection with serious deficiencies in patient safety. This becomes an ethical dilemma for the nurse who is faced with either being loyal to the patient or the employer/colleagues to avoid negative consequences. Few whistleblowers had positive consequences in the form of a personal thank you. Conclusion: Conducting ethics education and discussing the concept of whistleblowing in the organization as an ethical issue can contribute to an open climate and strengthen the nurses in their profession before a whistleblowing.

This article discusses risk factors for adults who have suffered early childhood trauma, specifically focusing on emotional abuse, and discusses the negative long-term consequences from childhood trauma such as depression, anxiety, stress, and neuroticism personality. This research study predicts that those who report emotional abuse will have higher sores for depression, anxiety, stress, and neuroticism personality compared to those who reported only physical, only sexual, or combined physical and sexual abuse. Using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, 748 college students participated in an on-line survey at a Southeastern university. As predicted, this study found those who reported emotional abuse had higher scores for depression, anxiety, stress, and neuroticism personality compared to those who reported only physical, only sexual, or combined physical and sexual abuse. Studies show emotional abuse may be the most damaging form of maltreatment causing adverse developmental consequences equivalent to, or more severe than, those of other forms of abuse (Hart et al. 1996). Therefore, this article discusses the need for public awareness campaigns to raise public and community awareness and evidenced based treatments that help with the psychological consequences resulting from emotional abuse.

No description available.