Single player games with branching narratives are often marketed as having meaningful choices, where the outcome of players’ choices affect the story. But when these games fail to deliver on their promise it allows for frustration and disappointment. To aid in avoiding this phenomenon, this study explores the ways different types of choices affect the narrative agency in non-linear, story-driven games by looking closer at one of them - Detroit: Become Human. By means of formal analysis, a framework is developed for identifying various definitions and prerequisites of different choice types. This framework is applied to the chapter Stormy Night to evaluate and measure gameplay data regarding choices. In addition to this method, an interview with the Lead Game Designer is conducted which gives valuable insight into the actual process behind designing the choices in Detroit: Become Human. The results show that the chapter’s choices are explicit in their design. Furthermore, there is noticeable ambiguity and subjectivity in how choices can be portrayed and perceived as meaningful. The interview suggests that different types of choices are better used at certain parts of a narrative. Noticeable from the interview, but not as detectable in the gameplay data, is that having diversity in choice types promotes meaningfulness. Implications of these findings suggest that the requirements for a game’s choices to be meaningful are choice type diversity and careful placement.

Moral concerns should be relevant to the choice of the best legal theory on both theoretical and moral grounds because social practices such as law can change due to the theorizing activity. Hart's concept of law provides grounds for claiming that rules of social morality can constrain law in more ways than he admits in his minimum content of natural law. The belief that social morality constrains valid law allows one to treat the question of civil disobedience as sensitively as a legal positivist and leads to neither anarchism nor passivism. At the other extreme, Dworkin's law as integrity interpretation, which claims law is concerned with political morality through and through, leads to morally regrettable consequences when adopted as a normative theory of adjudication. Theoretical difficulties also flow from Dworkin's identification of the role of judge and legal theorist: that a legal theorist must be a participant in any legal system she interprets does not mean she should adopt or exclusively focus on a judge's perspective on that system. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

”It´s this position in between that´s very tricky.” ­– A comparative case study of the Swedish University of internal communication with employees   The study aims to examine how three Swedish universities in Linköping, Lund and Umeå handle their internal communications with employees. The study intends to specifically examine communications concerning events surrounding the crime, ethics and morality, in gray scale in between crisis and everyday communication. The theoretical framework of the study was based on the organizational communication, crisis communication, the consequences of a lack of internal communication and preparatory actions. The empirical material that this study assumes consists of qualitative interviews with selected employees at the Universities of Linkoping, Lund and Umeå. A total of six interviews.   The study shows that all three universities have a crisis organization that is represented by the different functions of the University. They have a similar approach where emergency aid is sewn together, depending on the nature of the crisis. But as social media rampage and information society of rapid change, universities must work proactively and consciously, and at the same time be able to quickly adapt to change. Furthermore, it strengthens the credibility of the organization as they also have obligations to the public. It is still unclear whether there are procedures to write down every single case of a sensitive nature. Whether it is about an anonymous threat or an employee accused of misconduct or sexual harassment needed more concrete to the work as well as possible in the future. The best is of course to try to avoid these situations at all, but if not crisis communication or daily routine functions optimally at these sensitive cases are part of the problem. Hence the need for written procedures for the gray scale in between crisis and everyday communication. That, along with a proactive approach, support groups at local level and clear accountability lines are steps in the right direction.   Keynotes: Organizational communication, internal communication, crisis communication, consequences, crisis management

The present study deals with the predictive role of past and future self-continuity on procrastination at work. Self-continuity refers to how connected individuals feel to their past and future selves. Procrastination at work is a common issue with negative consequences for individuals and organizations. Previous research has shown a relationship between procrastination in the academic context and future self-continuity. Individuals with lower levels of future self-continuity are more likely to procrastinate because they perceive their future selves as strangers. The present study examines both past and future self-continuity in relation to procrastination in the workplace, rather than focusing on the academic domain. We collected quantitative data using an online questionnaire to answer the research questions. The results showed that both, past and future self-continuity, significantly predicted procrastination at work. Past self-continuity proved to be a stronger predictor than future self-continuity. Even after controlling for conscientiousness, past self-continuity robustly predicted procrastination at work. The mediation analysis did not show significant results for consideration of future consequences as a mediator. These findings emphasize the importance of considering individuals' connections to their past selves in understanding procrastination at work. They underscore the need for interventions that promote reflection on past experiences and goal setting to reduce procrastination tendencies. Our study provides new insights into self-continuity and procrastination in an organizational context and initiates future research and practical interventions.

Bakgrund: Sexuella handlingar som saknar uttalat och frivilligt deltagande är ett övergrepp samt ett brott mot mänskliga rättigheter, ett problem som förekommer över hela världen. Traumat som drabbar den utsatta individen kan orsaka både akuta och långvariga stressreaktioner vilket kan medföra såväl kroppsliga som känslomässiga konsekvenser. Sjuksköterskans bemötande kan bli avgörande i huruvida patienten väljer att berätta om sin utsatthet. Det är av stor vikt att sjuksköterskan har kunskap om våldstecken samt är lyhörd, visar respekt och empati i mötet med individen. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka hälsokonsekvenser för individer som utsatts för sexuella övergrepp. Metod: Metoden som användes var en allmän litteraturstudie baserad på analys av tio vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet identifierade fyra huvudkategorier: psykologisk, fysiologisk, social samt känslomässig påverkan. Konklusion/implikation: Erfarenhet av sexuella övergrepp kan yttra sig i fysiska, psykiska, sociala och känslomässiga konsekvenser. Individer som utsatts för övergrepp påvisar mer frekvent kontakt med hälso- och sjukvård men de kan ha svårt att se samband mellan händelse av övergrepp och sina upplevda besvär av ohälsa. Sjuksköterskan behöver kunskap om våld, övergrepp och dess konsekvenser för att kunna säkerställa god vård och beredskapen förutsätter att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal fortlöpande utbildas. / Background: Sexual acts without explicit and voluntary participation is an assault and a violation of the human rights, a problem that occurs worldwide. The trauma that affects the victim can cause both acute and long-term stress reactions, which can lead to both physical and emotional consequences. The nurse's treatment can be decisive in whether the patient chooses to tell about their vulnerability. It is of great importance that the nurse has knowledge of the signs of violence and is responsive, shows respect and empathy in the meeting with the individual. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to investigate the health consequences for patients/individuals who have been subjected to sexual abuse. Method: The method used was a general literature review based on the analysis of ten scientific articles. Results: The results identified four main categories: psychological, physiological, social and emotional impact. Conclusion/implication: The experience of sexual assault can be manifested as physical, psychological, social and emotional consequences. Individuals who have been subjected to abuse demonstrate more frequent contact with health care, but they may find it difficult to see the connection between the event of abuse and their perceived symptoms of ill health. Nurses need knowledge about violence, assault and its consequences to ensure good care and readiness requires continuous training of health care professionals.

Bakgrund: Hot och våld är ett globalt problem inom akutsjukvården. Det antas bero på att den pågår dygnet runt, är öppen för allmänheten samt ofta är överbelastad med långa väntetider som följd. Faktorer hos patienter och anhöriga som påverkar är substanspåverkan, psykisk ohälsa, kognitiv sjukdom samt olika fysiska sjukdomstillstånd. Faktorer hos hälso- och sjukvårdpersonalen som påverkar är deras förhållningssätt, empati och kommunikation.  Syfte: Att beskriva hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens erfarenheter av hur hot och våld påverkar akutsjukvården. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt med sökningar i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PsycInfo. Huvudsakliga sökord var MeSH-termerna “Emergency service, hospital”, “violence”, “workplace violence” och “nursing care” samt ord i fritext så som “experience”, “perspective” och “perception”. Efter kvalitetsgranskning inkluderades 17 artiklar till resultatet. En innehållsanalys i tre steg genomfördes. Meningsbärande enheter som svarade mot syftet plockades ut, dessa sammanfattades och grupperades slutligen i kategorier.  Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier framkom: 1) Påverkan på vårdpersonal som berör fysiska och psykiska skador hos vårdpersonalen, att deras fritid påverkades samt att de kände rädsla på arbetsplatsen. 2) Påverkan på vårdkvaliteten som beskriver ett förändrat förhållningssätt hos vårdpersonalen och en påverkan på medicinska- och omvårdnadsmässiga beslut. 3) Strategier för att hantera hot och våld som beskriver en normalisering samt att sjukvårdspersonal ville sluta arbeta inom akutsjukvård.  Slutsats: Hot och våld är underrapporterat och sjukvårdspersonal upplever att organisationen inte står bakom dem. Få studier beskriver konkreta åtgärder för att förebygga och hantera detta. Arbetsgivare behöver prioritera dessa frågor och fortsatt forskning behövs. Sjuksköterskors förhållningssätt och empati påverkas vilket kan leda till en negativ spiral då detta också är faktorer som ökar risken för hot och våld. Det finns en brist på sjuksköterskor både i Sverige och globalt. Att sjuksköterskor vill lämna yrket på grund av hot och våld är allvarligt och åtgärder bör tas för att skapa trygga arbetsplatser. / Background: Workplace violence in emergency care is a problem worldwide. Emergency departments are exposed, supposedly because they are open for the public and provides continuous care, operating around-the-clock and they are often crowded with long waiting times as a result. Patient and visitor-related factors related to violence are substance abuse, mental illness, cognitive disorder and physical disease. Factors amongst health care workers that are related to violence are their approach, empathy and communication. Aim: To describe the experience of health care workers regarding the impact of workplace violence on emergency care. Method: A litterature review with searches in the databases PubMed, Cinahl and Psycinfo. The searches were mainly done with the MeSh-terms “Emergency service, hospital”, “violence”, “workplace violence” and the words “nursing care”, “experience”, “perspective” and “perception”. After the quality review 17 articles were included to the result. A content analysis with three steps were done. Meaning units were extracted, summarized and categorized.  Results: Three main categories emerged: 1) The impact on healthcare staff that concerns physical and psychological injuries, that their free time is affected and that they felt fear in the workplace. 2) Impact on the quality of care that describes a changed attitude of the healthcare staff and an impact on medical and nursing decisions. 3) Strategies for dealing with threats and violence that describe a normalization and that healthcare professionals would stop working in emergency healthcare. Conclusion: Workplace violence is underreported and healthcare professionals feel that the organization does not stand behind them. Few studies describe concrete measures to prevent and deal with workplace violence. Employers need to prioritize these issues and further research is needed. Nurses' attitudes and empathy are affected, which can lead to a negative spiral as these are also factors that increase the risk of violence. There is a shortage of nurses both in Sweden and worldwide. Nurses leaving the profession due to workplace violence is a serious problem and measures should be taken to create safe workplaces.

Oxidation of pyrite can significantly affect properties and the behavior of soil and rock in civil construction. Problems with pyritic rock and soil extend globally and across many disciplines. Consequences of pyrite oxidation include heave, concrete degradation, steel corrosion, environmental damage, acid mine drainage, and accelerated weathering of rock with concomitant effects on strength and stability. Affected disciplines include soil science, mining, engineering geology, geochemistry, environmental engineering, and geotechnical engineering. While pyrite problems may be well known in their respective disciplines, there has been to date relatively little cross-disciplinary communication regarding problems with pyritic geomaterials. Thus, there is a need to establish an inter-disciplinary and inter-regional awareness regarding the effects of pyrite oxidation and their prevention or mitigation. This engineering research is a compilation of information about geotechnical problems and engineering behavior of pyritic rock and soil, the underlying physicochemical processes, site investigation strategies, and known problematic formations. Several case histories documenting consequences of pyrite oxidation are provided. The results of chemical analyses performed on pyritic shale samples from a formation with acknowledged heave problems are presented. Digital data and ESRI's ArcGIS digital mapping program were used to create maps showing results of sampling and testing performed during this study. Appendices include mitigation options, results of a practitioner survey, chemical test procedures, a glossary, a visual identification key for sulfidic geomaterials, and a summary table of the literature review for this research. / Master of Science

This study used the Health Belief Model to examine the effects of viewing valenced levels of consequences of sexual decision found in prime time television programs. When exposed to portrayals of negative consequences, participants had higher levels of perceived severity than those in the positive condition. After viewing positive portrayals, participants perceived an increased amount of benefits of behavior modification when compared to those who were exposed to the negative portrayals. In addition, multiple correlations were found between several individual-level variables that were tested for in the study and the HBM constructs. Theoretical implications and practical implications are discussed. / Master of Arts

This systematic literature study examines the significance of contact visit on children who are taken care of and placed in foster care. The main purpose of this work is analyzing whether there are positive or negative consequences that may arise pertaining to a child’s mental health and experience of attachment, during contact visit with biological parents, with the child in focus. The results show that the child tends to easier adapt in their new foster home and the circumstances the foster home brings when given regular contact visit with their biological parents. They also show that the child’s risk of developing internal and/or external behavioural issues - such as anxiety, worry and problematic behaviour - is reduced compared to the children who are given irregular or no visits with their biological parents. The results also showed that the child could experience ambivalent emotions connected to contact visit with their biological parents relating to the experience of loss/grief, loyalty conflicts, anxiety, low self-esteem as well as difficulty bonding with people in their life. Professionals in social services as well as other adults in the child’s vicinity, must guide and support the child during the child’s stay in a foster home in order to develop the capability of attachment and better the child’s mental health. Through the method chosen in this study, a deep and nuanced picture is revealed around the child’s experiences in relation to contact visit with their biological parents focusing on mental health and attachment. In order to get the full picture of the subject matter, this has been achieved by including the child’s perspective as well as those of foster parents, biological parents, professionals as well as researchers. During this process, the complexity of the subject matter has come to light, in a research space that has been void of providing insights into the effects of contact visit on the child. This void has been present for the last 20 years, however as more empirical research is done it has been reduced. The understanding of the significance and effect of contact visit on the child is an important aspect within Child Protective Services (CPS). It has been applied more within the organization. Children who are taken and placed into foster homes can experience it as a trauma due to being unwillingly removed from the first people they have formed attachment to. Therefore, it is important that the child is given the opportunity to create a safe relation to their biological parents through contact visit where a thorough assessment of risk by professionals has been made, in order for the child to strengthen their identity, self-esteem as well as family background for an increased chance to reunite with their biological family. During the contact visit assessment, it is adequate for the child’s voice to be heard as first priority, as well as the wellbeing of the child. It is important to take into account that contact visit is for the child and not for the parents and should therefore be designed around that.

Individuals that are diagnosed with a neurodiverse condition (including, among other things, ADHD, autism, dyslexia, and Tourette syndrome) are not feeling included in organizations in today’s society. The feeling of not being included stems from experiencing discrimination, from bullying and harassment, and not given the same opportunities regarding succeeding at work. The discrimination experienced by neurodiverse individuals in work environments is partly a result of the managers' limited knowledge about the various neurodiverse conditions and how to include them in organizations. In Sweden between 10-15% have a neurodiverse condition, 3% of adults have ADHD, 1-2% have autism, 0,5% have Tourette’s syndrome and 5-8% have dyslexia which indicates that the problem with including neurodiverse individuals is affecting a portion of the population as well as the organizations themselves. This study’s purpose is to examine what managers’ ideas are about how to promote inclusion for neurodivergent employees in Swedish organizations. To conduct this research a literature review was carried out to gather knowledge about neurodiversity and the conditions the term entails, inclusion and the problems of employment for individuals with neurodiversity and it guided the research to a gap in previously written studies. An interview guide was created to use during the semi-structured interviews, a total of five interviews were performed both through online video chats and in person to gather relevant, in-depth information to answer the research question. The results indicated that managers are on the right track in progressing towards promoting inclusion of neurodivergent individuals during the stages of attracting, orientation and familiarization, and in training. However, the interviews also indicated that managers could devote more efforts in adapting towards neurodivergent individuals in the stages of recruitment process, performance tracking, progression plans, and in evaluating processes. Interestingly, as seen in the findings regarding the stages of creating awareness and keeping employees, the managers understand the importance of educating themselves and other employees regarding neurodiversity within their organization. Although, the overall findings indicates that their knowledge regarding neurodiversity is insufficient, even though they are advocating for the significance of including neurodivergent individuals in organizations. A possible reason for the lacking adjustment in inclusion practices towards neurodivergent individuals is that organizations need further resources in terms of human resources as well as the economic aspects of it. Finally, the study shows that the majority of the managers had not reflected anything regarding potentially negative outcomes from the signals that inclusion practices can produce and be perceived by other employees within the organization, which can be crucial in understanding how to successfully implement inclusion practices for neurodivergent individuals