The Swedish school system’s curriculum states that some of the schools goals are to; help to develop pupils’ sense of belonging, solidarity and responsibility for people outside the restricted group, combat discrimination and degrading treatment of individuals or groups and to show respect for individuals. (Lgr 11). Eriksson and other authors in School – an arena for bullying (2002) refer to the professor and psychologist Dan Olweus, who points out that bullying can develop serious consequences for the bullied one. Some of them are being ashamed of themselves and build a poor self-esteem that can take their whole life to recreate. It is probably known as one of the most common social issues in a school environment, whether it’s about younger or older pupils, yet many times also the unsolved ones. For this reason I chose to investigate how the adults at schools have an attitude towards: What bullying is caused by? How they perceive and define its responsibility to detect and counteract bullying? How do the adults work to resolve the bullying-related situations and conflicts at the school? This has been examined by one perspective, through the interviewed councilor’s, principal’s and teacher’s aspects. The results of the study showed that the they take care of the cases that come to them with their action plans but find it difficult to detect what may be hidden. In addition, the hidden bullying is very common among older pupils, where there seems to be a sensitive subject for them to pick up, hence the unsolved cases.

Abstract Title: See each other on the Internet or on a café? A survey about social consequences of Internet usage. (Umgås på Internet eller på ett café? – en studie om Internetanvändningens sociala konsekvenser.) Number of pages: 34 (including enclosures). Author: Carolin Johansson. Tutor: Else Nygren. Course: Media and Communication Studies C. Period: Fall 2007. University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University. Purpose/Aim: The purpose is to get increased knowledge about the social consequences that may come up when young people at the age of 16-20 are using the Internet. Material/Method: The material consists of a questionnaire that I made with questions about Internet usage that 84 young people from five classes (from three different upper secondary schools) answered. Main results: To have access to a computer and Internet and the fact that broadband is more inexpensive now than before leads to an increased usage of the Internet. I found out that chatting, music/movies, searching for information and using the Internet for entertainment is what most of the participants spent the most time on while using the Internet. I also found out that an increased usage of the Internet could lead to decreased time together with friends/family. Keywords: Internet usage, social consequences, Instant Messaging, Community, online communication.

Auganti draudimo rinka ir draudimo reikšmė visuomenėje verčia valstybę pradėti reguliuoti santykius tarp draudikų ir draudėjų. Valdžios institucijos siekia apriboti draudiko galimybes piktnaudžiauti savo pranašumu sutartiniuose santykiuose. Yra stengiamasi, kad draudimo išmokos būtų išmokamos kaip įmanoma dažniau. Pažymėtina, kad tam tikrais atvejais prioritetinis draudėjo teisių gynimas draudiko ir draudėjo ginčuose pasireiškia nepagrįstu draudimo apsaugos išplėtimu ir draudėjo nebaudžiamumu. Draudikai gali bandyti pasinaudoti draudėjų silpnumu. Draudikai sudarydami draudimo taisykles, dažnai įtraukia neaiškias ir klaidinančias sąlygas. Bando įtvirtinti draudėjo pareigas draudimo sutartyje tokiu būdu, kad jų pažeidimas sudarytų sąlygas taikyti griežčiausias pasekmes. Naudodamiesi draudėjo ribotu teisiniu išsilavinimu, draudikai aiškina teises normas sau naudinga linkme. Tokia draudėjo padėtis kelia susirūpinimą. Darbo objektas – draudėjo pareigų pagal draudimo sutartį pažeidimo teisinės pasekmės. Yra analizuojamos bendrų prievolinių pažeistų teisių gynybos būdų ir specialių draudimo teisėje įtvirtintų gynybos būdų ryšys, jų taikymo galimybės, draudėjui pažeidus sutartį. Nagrinėjamos už draudimo sutarties pažeidimą skiriamų sankcijų taikymo sąlygos ir jų griežtumo nustatymo kriterijai. Draudimo sutarties pažeidimo teisinės pasekmės turi būti subalansuotas. Iš vienos pusės, jis turi sudaryti galimybes draudikui nubausti draudėją už sutartinių santykių nevykdymą ir efektyviai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Legal Consequences of Breach of the Insured’s Obligations under an Insurance Contract Insurers can try to exploit policyholders’ lack of information on insurance. They incorporate ambiguous and misleading clauses in the insurance policy. Insurers try to imbed insured’s contractual obligations in such manner that their breach would evoke the strictest legal consequences. By using limited policyholder’s understanding of insurance contract law, insurers interpret terms of insurance contracts lucratively. Such abuse causes concern. Insurers are private enterprises. Insurers by seeking to increase their profits can attempt to impose stricter sanctions than it would be just on the insured for breach of his contractual obligations. Jeopardy arises that the insurer will impose sanctions on the policyholder in an abusive manner. The subject matter of this writing is legal consequences of the insured’s obligations under an insurance contract. Provisions of the Civil Code on breach of contractual duties and civil liability are being analyzed together with special provisions of insurance contract law. Their comprehensive and systematic study reveals the scope of sanctions available for insurer’s use and the conditions that must be met before applying the sanctions. At the present the number of disputes between insurers and policyholders is increasing. The reason behind the disputes often is lack of clearness in legal regulation. Insurers abuse the lack of clearness by abusively... [to full text]

Across the world, job insecurity plays a critical role in organisations. This insecurity affects not only the individual, but also the organisation. In South Africa, the Employment Equity Act (No. 55 of 1998), and the Broad-Based Socio-Economic Empowerment Charter for the South African Mining Industry (Mining Charter), brought changes to the mining industry policies and decision-making process in terms of selection and recruitment, which could in turn lead to feelings of job insecurity. Other factors such as the availability of gold left to be mined, restructuring and strikes increase work-related stress. The objectives of this study were to investigate the role of job insecurity in predicting health related behaviours, and to determine whether coping moderates the effect of job insecurity on health behaviours for a group of managers in a South African gold mining company. A cross-sectional design was used. The study population (n = 206) consisted of managers in a gold mining company in South Africa The Job Insecurity Scale, Cybernetic Coping Scale and Health Complaints Questionnaire were used as measuring instruments. Descriptive statistics (e.g. means, standard deviations and kurtosis) were used to analyse the data. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to test for the hypothesized moderating effect of coping on the relation between job insecurity and health-related behaviours. The results of the regression analyses showed that qualitative job insecurity was a significant predictor of health complaints. Qualitative job insecurity was also a significant predictor of health complaints in employees who smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol, and exercised at least once a week. Quantitative job insecurity did not play a role in predicting health-related behaviour. Coping did not moderate the effects of job insecurity for employees with health complaints. Rather, it is suggested that using negative coping behaviours may actually contribute to health complaints. Recommendations for future research are made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojamos ir tarpusavyje lyginamos Lietuvos, užsienio valstybių, tarptautinių teisės aktų nuostatos, atskleidžiant sutarties neįvykdymo sampratą bei detaliai nagrinėjamos civilinės teisinės pasekmės, kylančios dėl sutarties neįvykdymo. Vienai iš šalių neįvykdžius sutarties, nukenčia kitos šalies teisės ir interesai, taigi atsiranda civilinės teisinės pasekmės, kurios tiesiogiai susijusios su teisės gynimo būdais. Teisės aktuose numatytos sutarties neįvykdymo civilinės teisinės pasekmės apsaugo šalis nuo galimų nuostolių ar netekčių dėl sutarties neįvykdymo ir suteikia nukentėjusiai šaliai teisę reikalauti tam tikrų veiksmų iš sutartį neįvykdžiusios šalies, o sutartį pažeidusi šalis priverčiama atsakyti už savo su sutarties vykdymu susijusius netinkamus veiksmus ar neveikimą. / Master’s final paper analyzes and compares provisions of Lithuanian, foreign and international legislation revealing the concept of failure to fulfill a contract and making a detailed analysis of civil legal consequences arising due to failure to fulfill contracts. When one of the parties fails to fulfill a contract, rights and interests of the other party suffer, thus resulting in civil legal consequences that are directly related to the ways of rights protection. Civil legal consequences of the failure to fulfill a contract defined in legislation protect the parties from possible damages or losses incurred due to failure to fulfill a contract and gives the other party the right to demand certain actions from the failing party and the failing party is forced to account for improper actions or inaction related to fulfillment of the contract. The paper analyzes and reveals only the civil legal consequences that are applied independently from the type of contract concluded between the parties. The essence, content and features of civil legal consequences of failure to fulfill a contract are revealed in investigation of certain legal consequences: suspension of contract fulfillment; assigning additional term for contract fulfillment; requirement to fulfill an obligation in kind, which includes the requirement to fulfill both monetary obligations and nonmonetary obligations, also requirement to eliminate deficiencies of fulfillment, to change the fulfillment itself or in other... [to full text]

Introduction: Adolescents in the United States use alcohol more than any other substance, including tobacco and marijuana. Continuing alcohol misuse has numerous adverse health effects and is linked to liver disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological damage. Furthermore, alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for unsafe sexual behaviors, unintentional injuries, physical and sexual assaults, various types of illegal activities, and suicide (USDHHS, 2007). Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the individual social indicators from 4 categories that have been identified within the literature as being particularly associated with alcohol consumption in general, and underage alcohol consumption in particular. The categories used were: drinking consequences, urbanicity, poverty, and alcohol outlet density. The social indicators in these categories will be compared in the 10 most-at-risk counties (MAR) and the 10 least-at-risk counties (LAR), and the 20 MAR counties and the 20 LAR counties, as they relate to underage alcohol consumption. Methods: The counties were identified in and data was obtained from Governor’s Cooperative Agreement State Incentive Planning and Development Grant: Social Indicator Study to Assess Substance Use Prevention Needs at the State and County Levels in Georgia. An independent 2-tailed t-test was conducted to compare the means of groups in both the 10 MAR/LAR counties and the 20 MAR/LAR counties. Results: Significant differences were observed in all of the individual indicators in the poverty and alcohol outlet density categories for both the 10 MAR/LAR counties and the 20 MAR/LAR counties. Discussion: There needs to be a more accurate, specific and efficient methods of data surveillance concerning underage drinking behavior. Further research should focus on urbanicity, poverty, and alcohol outlet density as they relate to underage alcohol consumption. There were differences observed between the MAR and LAR counties in all of the poverty alcohol outlet density indicators, and researchers and policy makers should pay special attention to these two areas when designing further research and prevention policies.

Santuokos nutraukimo dėl vieno iš sutuoktinių kaltės teisinės pasekmės Šeima yra mūsų visuomenės ir valstybės pagrindas. Ši nuostata įtvirtinta Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 38 straipsnio 1 dalyje. Tokiu būdu akcentuojamas vaidmuo, priskiriamas šeimai, kaip natūraliai ir pagrindinei visuomenės grupei, užtikrinančiai visuomenės ir valstybės stabilumą. Santuokos nutraukimas yra vienas iš šeimos teisės institutų. Tinkamas santuokos nutraukimo teisinis reglamentavimas turi labai didelę reikšmę, nes leidžia užtikrinti asmeninės laisvės apsaugą, sąžiningo sutuoktinio teisių gynimą, sumažinti teisinių ginčų skaičių ir gali daryti įtaką šeimos stabilumui. Nuo 2001 m. liepos 1 d. įsigaliojus naujajam Lietuvos Respublikos Civiliniu kodeksui santuokos nutraukimo teisinis reglamentavimas pasikeitė, nes įtvirtinta daug naujovių. Viena iš tokių naujovių – santuokos nutraukimas dėl sutuoktinio (ių) kaltės. Taikymo praktika pagal šį kodeksą dar nėra pilnai susiformavusi. Todėl nagrinėjama tema ,,Santuokos nutraukimo dėl vieno iš sutuoktinių kaltės teisinės pasekmės” yra labai aktuali. Taigi darbe yra nagrinėjamas santuokos nutraukimo institutas, analizuojamos santuokos nutraukimo teisinės pasekmės dėl vieno iš sutuoktinių kaltės. Pirmiausiai aptariama santuokos nutraukimo samprata, toliau analizuojamas sutuoktinio kaltės klausimas, galiausiai, per nagrinėjamus atskirų santuokos nutraukimo būdų ypatumus, siekiama išaiškinti santuokos nutraukimo teisines pasekmes kaltam sutuoktiniui... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The legal consequences of a divorce by the fault of one spouse Family is the basis of our society and our state. This provision is established in the first part of the thirty-eighth particle of the Constitution of Lithuania. The role that is emphasized in such way is subsumed to the family as natural and main group of society, which secures the stability of society and country. Divorce is one of the institutes of Family Law. Proper legal regulation of divorce is very important, because it allows to warrant the security of personal freedom, the defense of conscientious spouse rights, it allows to reduce the number of legal issues and can influence the stability of the family. When in 2005-07-01 the new Civil code of Lithuanian Republic came into force the juridical regulation of conjugality abatement has changed, because it consolidates a lot of innovations. One of these innovations is a divorce by the fault of one (or both) spouse. The application practice according this code has not been totally formed yet. That is why the studied theme “The legal consequences of a divorce by the fault of one spouse” is very important. The institute of divorce, the legal consequences of a divorce by the fault of one spouse are under consideration in this work. Foremost, sets forth the conception of divorce, further analyses the issue of fault spouse and seeks to discover the legal consequences of a divorce by the fault of one spouse by analyzing separated discipline of divorce, discuss the... [to full text]

This study will examine the impact of the hotly-debated sanctions against Iran from the perspective of the civilians who live in a country other than their sanctioned homeland, yet keep ties with their country of origin, specifically Iranians immigrants in Toronto and Halifax. Using transnationalism theory, this study shows that human consequences of the sanctions are not limited to the Iranians who live inside Iran but reach out to immigrants who live across borders. In particular, the more extensive these ties are, the more severe are the effects of the sanctions on all the people involved. Although sanctions are ostensibly to pressure a government, my study demonstrates that the effect of sanctions has transnational consequences beyond that which is desirable or foreseen. This study broadens our understanding of human consequences of economic sanctions. It also has implications for policy-makers to consider their immigration populations before imposing sanctions.

Magistro baigiamojo darbo tema yra aktuali tiriant Lietuvos gyventojų migracijos procesus. Lyginant su kitais demografiniais reiškiniais, emigracija įgyja vis didesnę reikšmę pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais. Globalizacija skatindama emigraciją leidžia žmonėms visame pasaulyje ieškoti geresnių darbo sąlygų, didesnio darbo užmokesčio, realizuoti savo idėjas ir galimybes, bet tai teigiamas globalios darbo rinkos aspektas, netinkantis atskiroms valstybėms. Emigracijos problematika Lietuvai ypač aktuali, nes dideli emigracijos mastai turi nemažai įtakos Lietuvos gyventojų skaičiaus mažėjimui, o netiesiogiai - kitiems demografiniams bei socialiniams, ekonominiams procesams. Tokia emigracija Lietuvoje jau laikytina viena rimčiausių grėsmių šalies demografinei raidai, ūkio augimui ir kultūrinio savitumo išsaugojimui. Magistro baigiamajame darbe buvo naudojamasi moksline literatūra, statistiniais duomenimis, atliktų tyrimų rezultatais, oficialiais pranešimais, publikacijomis bei analitiniais straipsniais, kuriuose apibūdinami gyventojų migracijos procesai, jų pasireiškimo formos, pateikti emigracijos iš Lietuvos mastai po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo 1990 m. bei įstojimo į Europos Sąjungą. Įvardinti veiksniai, įtakojantys migracijos mobilumą bei nustatytos emigracijos iš Lietuvos pasekmės šaliai. Mokslinės literatūros analizė leidžia teigti, kad emigracijos priežasčių nustatymas, paprastai yra viena sudėtingiausių visų migracijų problemų todėl, kad dažnai priežastys supainiojamos su tikslu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master's thesis topic is relevant to the investigation of migration processes in the Lithuanian population. Compared to other demographic phenomena, emigration is becoming increasingly important in recent decades. Globalization allows people to promote the emigration of the world to seek better working conditions, higher wages, to realize their ideas and opportunities, but this is a positive aspect of the global labor market, unsuitable for individual countries. Emigration problem is particularly urgent in Lithuania. Large scale emigration has affected a number of Lithuanian population declines. Also indirectly it affected other demographic and social, economical processes. This emigration is regarded as one of Lithuania the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. In this Master's thesis was used in the scientific literature, statistical data, results of research conducted, official reports, publications and analytical articles, which describes the population of migratory processes in the form of their expression, the magnitude of emigration from Lithuania after regaining independence in 1990 and accession to the European Union. The factors that effect migration mobility and causes of migration from Lithuania were identified. The scientific literature suggests that the causes of emigration, is usually one of the most difficult problems to identify in migration. This is due to reasons that are... [to full text]

<p>A large number of studies show that educators are exposed to workloads that result particularly in stress. According to Olivier and Venter (2003), stress is considered to be the main factor contributing to job-related illnesses, early retirement, job dissatisfaction and absenteeism. Teaching, has without a doubt become a more demanding and stressful job. The lack of discipline in schools, abolishment of corporal punishment, large pupilteacher ratios and a new curriculum approach all contribute to raising the stress levels of teachers (Ngidi &amp / Sibaya, 2002). Stanton, Bachiochi, Robie, Perez and Smith (2002 cited in Brewer &amp / McMahan-Landers, 2003) is of the view that job stress is an antecedent of job satisfaction but the two constructs have been treated as related, yet they are different. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between stress levels and job satisfaction amongst high school educators in De Aar as well as to&nbsp / determine whether biographical variables (namely, gender, age, tenure, marital status and number of children) have an impact on job satisfaction and stress levels. The researcher hopes that&nbsp / the findings would give the Department of Education in the Northern Cape an idea of the stress levels and job satisfaction experienced by high school educators in De Aar so that interventions can be implemented to issues proactively. The sample consisted of 86 educators employed at four high schools in De Aar. A biographical questionnaire, the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) and Stress Diagnostic Survey (SDS) were administered to assess respondents&rsquo / stress and job satisfaction levels. Informed consent was obtained from the various participants and anonymity of participation was ensured. Statistical analyses included inferential (Pearson&rsquo / s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, Analysis of Variance &amp / T-Tests) as well as descriptive statistics. The results of the study&nbsp / indicate that there is a statistically significant, inverse relationship between stress levels and job satisfaction amongst high school educators in De Aar. Furthermore, the results indicate that there&nbsp / are statistically significant differences in stress levels as well as job satisfaction of high school educators on the basis of their biographical characteristics. The chapter concludes with presenting limitations of the study and putting forth recommendations for future research.</p>