Previous literature provides an overview of the multiple relationships between alcohol use, protective behavioral strategies (PBS), alcohol-related negative consequences, depression, and sleep problems among college students, as well as differences by individual level characteristics, such as age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Several studies have found that specific demographic groups of students are more likely to reach a higher blood alcohol content (BAC) when “partying” or socializing (Turner, Bauerle, & Shu, 2004; Crotty, 2011). A variety of studies have also confirmed the positive relationship between high blood alcohol content and experiencing alcohol-related negative consequences (Turner, et al., 2004; Martens, Taylor, Damann, Page, Mowry, & Cimini, 2004; Borden, Martens, McBride, Sheline, Bloch, & Dude, 2011; Crotty, 2011). Additional studies have explored the role that protective behaviors play in the alcohol consumption-negative consequences relationship (Martens et al., 2004; Borden et al., 2011; Haines, Barker, & Rice, 2006; Martens, Martin, Littlefield, Murphy, & Cimini, 2011). These studies conclude that the frequency of protective behavior use and the number of these behaviors that are used when consuming alcohol are associated with the likelihood of a student experiencing negative consequences. Specifically, the negative relationship between protective behavior use and likelihood of experiencing negative consequences as a result of binge drinking is stronger for students who rarely use protective behaviors (Martens et al., 2004). Recent studies have also explored the role that depressive symptoms play in a model with alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences. The prevalence of college students who were diagnosed with depression in the last school year presents a great need to study its relationship with these constructs. Students with poor mental health or depression are also more likely to experience alcohol-related negative consequences (Weitzman, 2004), and there is a direct association between depressive symptoms and negative consequences, but not necessarily between alcohol use and depressive symptoms (Vickers, Patten, Bronars, Lane, Stevens, Croghan, Schroeder, & Clark, 2004). One study also suggests that protective behaviors partially mediate the relationship between depressive symptoms and negative consequences (Martens, Martin, Hatchett, Fowler, Fleming, Karakashian, & Cimini, 2008). Further, students with depressive symptoms who use protective behaviors drink less and experience fewer negative consequences, as compared to students without depressive symptoms who use protective behaviors (LaBrie, Kenney, Lac, Garcia, & Ferraiolo, 2009). Sleeping problems play an important role in the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences. Poorer global sleep quality is associated with alcohol-related negative consequences after controlling for alcohol use. Further, among heavier drinkers, those with poorer sleep quality experienced greater levels of negative consequences than those who had better sleep quality (Kenney, LaBrie, Hummer, & Pham, 2012). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between alcohol use measured by estimated Blood Alcohol Content (eBAC), PBS, depression, and sleep problems, as they explain the variance of alcohol-related negative consequences using the spring 2009 national aggregate data set of the American College Health Association National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA). This dataset was comprised of a random sample of undergraduate and graduate students from 117 U.S. colleges and universities (n=53,850). Reliability analyses, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used for model specification and evaluation. Model fit indices for the current study indicate that the model and the data in this study are a good fit, demonstrated by RMSEA= .044, 90% CI (.044, .044) and SRMR= .066. Findings suggest that an additive effect of eBAC, PBS, depression, sleep problems, and certain demographics explain 39% of the variance in alcohol-related negative consequences and greatly impact the amount of harm that college students may experience as a result of their alcohol use. Results from the current study may assist clinicians and health educators who want to improve the probability that they will be able help reduce negative consequences among college students when they drink alcohol. These staff may engage students in a conversation about risk reduction (e.g. one on one consults, campus-wide media campaign) and also provide support for conducting brief screenings about alcohol so that clinicians may be more effective in helping students to reduce alcohol-related negative consequences. The results from this study may also assist researchers in finding more relationships that account for some of the unexplained variance in this study. Interpreting these predictive relationships are important to the way that students are screened for alcohol problems on college campuses, as well as decisions that college students make about alcohol in the greater context of healthy lifestyle decisions. Future research could include repeating the analysis with each race/ethnicity separated out instead of as a dichotomous variable (white/non-white), conducting a similar analysis with each negative consequence instead of as a scale, developing a more complete sleep problems scale within the ACHA-NCHA with improved reliability, and a further investigation into the positive correlation between sleep problems and depression in order to explore other variables that mediate the relationship between depression and sleep problems among college students.

Each year billions of dollars are lost due to illegal downloading and copying of intellectual property. Individuals often perceive little or no consequences as a result of digital piracy. Research has shown that perceived consequences could be used to alter an individual's ethical intention to engage in digital piracy (INT). In addition subjective norm (SUN) may also contribute to INT. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the factors of perceived consequences and to assess their contribution, as well as the contribution of SUN, to INT. This predictive study developed a quantitative instrument to measure the contribution of the factors of perceived consequences and SUN on INT. In phase one of this study, an anonymous exploratory questionnaire was used to gather a list of perceived consequences. That list was combined with a list of perceived consequences found through an extensive review of the literature and a survey instrument was developed and used in phase two. After data cleaning, a total of 407 responses remained. Exploratory factor analysis incorporating principal component analysis (PCA) identified eight factors of INT: Personal Emotional Consequences (PEC), Freedom Consequences (FRC), Minor Consequences (MIC), Personal Freedom Consequences (PFC), Personal Moral Consequences (PMC), Network Access Consequences (NAC), Self Worth Consequences (SWC), and Industry Financial Consequences (IFC). A model was developed using Ordinal Logistic Regression to determine the contribution of the eight factors of perceived consequences and SUN on INT. PEC, PMC, and IFC as well as SUN were found to be significant contributors to INT. The Mann-Whitney U test determined that INT was the only factor that showed a significant difference for males. Additionally, gender was a significant contributor to FRC, MIC, PFC, PMC, SWC, and IFC. Each of these factors was more significant for females than males. The Kruskal-Wallis test determined that there were no significant differences in the factors of perceived consequences, SUN, and INT based on age or computer usage. Important contributions of this study include the identification of eight perceived consequence factors not previously known as well as the development of a unified predictive model, addressing all forms of digital piracy.

This thesis deals with the evaluation of the socio-economic consequences of the current migration wave in Europe based on the comparison of individual macroeconomic indicators in the member states of the European Union, which were most affected by migration, whether as transit or destination country. The monitored indicators are for example GDP growth, unemployment rate, growth of public expenditures and others. The first part of the thesis defines the theoretical foundations of migration based on sociological theories and defines the key concepts for the topic, such as economic migration, migrant, integration. The second, practical part of the thesis, focuses on monitoring the specific socioeconomic consequences of the migration crisis for selected countries and evaluates its pros and cons. It follows from this assessment that migration to Europe is an economically sustainable phenomenon. The work focuses more on the possibilities and positives or negatives of the integration of migrants into the labor market, also due to the potential threat of an aging Europe in the future. Using several foreign studies and models, it demonstrates the need to change the integration of migrants to benefit the European countries' pension system. It also pays attention to the social and political consequences of...

In view of the unprecedented escalation in unplanned teenage pregnancies in South Africa, this research study sought to explore contributing factors, consequences, challenges, needs and coping strategies surrounding teenage pregnancy. The study was based on a qualitative research paradigm. The research used purposive sampling as a strategy to target three particular categories of individuals for investigations (i.e. parents/caregivers, teenagers and teachers). Semi-structured interview schedules were the instruments used to gather data during face-to-face interviews with the participants. The sample consisted of eight teenage mothers and one expectant teenage mother in Grade 9 to Grade 12; six parents who had children who had experienced teenage pregnancy and six teachers who were or are teaching teenagers. In order to analyze the qualitative data, a typical form of thematic content analysis was utilised. The main conclusion based on the research findings was that the challenges, needs and coping strategies perceived by the three groups of participants were similar and associated with one another. Although most of the most of the findings coming to the fore have also been apparent in previous research studies, it enhanced the knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy from a triangulation perspective, namely teenagers and primary role players in their lives. It is hoped that the recommendations made, based on the research findings, will lead to improved social work intervention strategies, and services offered by other people responsible for addressing this social problem in the South African context..

Samhällets utveckling mot ett allt mer digitaliserat samhälle, medför en ökad användning och efterfrågan av digitalt kartmaterial. Den ökade tillgången till lätthanterlig teknologi för karthantering gör dessutom att det digitala kartmaterialet med lätthet kan användas av allmänheten. Registerkartan som är en del av fastighetsregistrets allmänna del regleras främst i lag om fastighetsregistret och förordningen om fastighetsregister. Registerkartan redovisar bland annat, gränser och beteckningar för fastigheter och samfälligheter, områden för servitut, nyttjanderätter, ledningsrätter, vägrätt och planer. Digitala registerkartan används ofta av myndigheter, kommuner och andra yrkesverksamma för att utföra olika arbeten där en digital redovisning av fastighetsgränser är nödvändig. I detta arbete har yrkesverksammas användning av digitala registerkartan inom fem olika verksamhetsområden studerats för att undersöka hur användningen av registerkartan kan påverka de enskilda fastighetsägarna, ekonomiskt och juridiskt. Syftet med denna studie var att skapa underlag för att förbättra riktlinjerna kring användningen av den digitala registerkartan och för att motivera en mer enhetlig och rättssäker handläggning inom samhällsbyggnadsprocessen. Målet med studien var att kartlägga yrkesverksammas användning av digitala registerkartan för att kunna dra slutsatser om möjliga juridiska och ekonomiska konsekvenser som kan påverka fastighetsägarna. Studiens resultat genererades i huvudsak från en kvalitativ intervjustudie där tjugotre respondenter deltagit. Utöver denna intervjustudie har en dokumentstudie genomförts för att studera de yrkesverksammas befintliga riktlinjer. Av det insamlade resultatet framgick det att det finns en stor variation på användningsområden och hanteringssätt av registerkartan. Men också att kunskapen och insikten i materialet varierade. Vilket kan medföra en oenhetlig hantering som kan bidra till att fastighetsägarna påverkas ekonomiskt och juridiskt.  Slutsatsen av detta arbete var att det finns stora behov av att ta fram enhetliga riktlinjer och information om registerkartan för att säkerställa att registerkartan används på ett anpassat sätt i förhållande till dess varierande kvalitet. / The development of society towards an increasingly digitalized society leads to an increased use and demand for digital map material. The increased access to easy-to-use map management technology also makes it possible for the digital map material to be easily used by the public. The cadastral index map, which is part of the property register's general part is regulated primarily in the “lag om fastighetsregister” and ”förordning om fastighetsregister”. The cadastral index map shows, among other things, boundaries and designations for real estate joint property unit, areas for easement, rights of use, utility easement, right of way, as well as plans and more. The cadastral index map is often used, by other authorities, municipalities and other professionals, to perform various tasks where a digital accounting of real estate boundaries is necessary. In this work, employers' use of the cadastral index maps in five different areas of activity has been studied, to see how the use of the cadastral index map can affect the individual property owners financially and legally. The purpose of this study was to create a basis for improving the guidelines on the use of the cadastral index map and to motivate a more uniform and legal-safe handling of the social construction process. The aim of the study was to map the employers' use of the cadastral index map in order to draw conclusions about possible legal and economic consequences that could affect the property owners. The study's results were mainly generated from a qualitative interview study where twenty-three respondents participated. In addition to this interview study, a document study has been conducted to study the existing guidelines of the professionals. From the collected results it appeared that there was a great variety of areas of use and handling methods for the cadastral index map. But also that knowledge and insight into the material varied. Which can lead to an inconsistent management that can contribute to the property owners being legally and financially affected. The conclusion of this was that there is a great need to produce uniform guidelines and information on the cadastral index map to ensure that the register map is used in a customized manner in relation to its shortcomings.

A pesquisa aborda os antecedentes que influenciam na fidelização e as consequências resultantes da fidelização dos clientes no setor bancário, especificamente os funcionários públicos que possuem um vínculo com o banco, por receberam o salário através do banco. Com base na estatística descritiva, análise fatorial e regressão avalia-se os antecedentes de fidelidade (qualidade percebida, satisfação, confiança, comprometimento afetivo, valor percebido e o custo de mudança) e conseqüência de fidelidade (intenção de compra repetida; resistência a persuasão; recomendar o serviço; fortificação do relacionamento; recompensas ou privilégios). Todas às variáveis influenciam a fidelidade do cliente, mas satisfação e o valor percebido são os que mais influenciaram. A fidelidade teve como consequências todas as variáveis apresentadas, mas as que se destacaram foram: intenção de compra repetida; recomendar o serviço e fortificação do relacionamento. A pesquisa traz uma abordagem que possibilita as empresas de alcançar e manter a fidelidade por longo período. A grande limitação da pesquisa é que apresenta uma amostra abaixo da ideal para o tamanho da população. / The research deals with the precedents that play a role on customers loyalty and consequences of this loyalty in banking industry. It is specifically directed on public workers that are linked to the bank once they receive their wages through it. Based on descriptive statistics, factor analysis and regression we (I/it) evaluate the loyalty precedents (perceived quality, satisfaction, trust, affective commitment, perceived value and changing costs) and loyalty consequences (intention of repetitive buying, resistance to persuasion, service recommendation, relationship fortification, rewards and privileges). All these variables influence clients loyalty, but satisfaction and perceived value have influenced most. Loyalty had as consequences all the variables showed. However, special highlight goes to repetitive buying intention, recommendation of the service and relationship certification. The research brings an approach that allows companies to reach and keep loyalty for long time. The big limitation of the research resides on the fact that it was done using a sample size below the ideal, considering the population size.

Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source which has not yet had the same breakthrough as other renewables, e.g. solar PV and wind. There may still be some technical issues to be solved before geothermal can reach its full potential.One of these technical challenges concerns reinjection, i.e. the return of geothermal fluids back into the ground after surface energy extraction. In traditional geothermal energy utilization, hot geothermal fluid is brought up from underground reservoirs to the surface. Depending on the design of the power plant, the fluid can either be kept one-phased or get separated into two phases, i.e. hot steam and water. Hot steam, or vapor of another working fluid, is used to drive electricity generating turbines. Whether the condensate is returned back into to the ground after energy extraction, i.e. reinjected, is nowadays usually a matter of how rather than if. However, the magnitude and strategy varies in countries as well as for specific power plant operators.From a sustainable management perspective, the majority of operators as well as scientist agree that reinjection is the best way practice in order to take care of a resource and leave the smallest possible environmental footprint. However, it is a quite complicated and not always problem free operation. There are numerous examples where reinjection has led to complications such as scaling, induced seismicity and cooling of the reservoir. The purpose of this study was to describe the current status of geothermal reinjection from a neutral third-party perspective, e.g. by describing current obstacles and negative as well as positive outcomes. The aim is to conclude whether current technology is enough to successfully reinject, or if there are still some gaps of knowledge to fill. The method consists partly of a literature study of previously written technical reports but also of interviews with experts in the area. In addition, the study summarizes the legal framework regarding reinjection in some geothermal active countries, e.g. if it is required by law or not. Although currently technology is enough to do a fairly good job at reinjecting geothermal fluids, the result of the study also shows that there are still some technical barriers to overcome in order to fully optimize it. However, it remains the best currently known way to keep geothermal energy sustainable. Better technologies will be needed in order for geothermal to reach its fully green potential.

Os estudos sobre escolha e preferência do comportamento individual a partir de esquemas concorrentes tornaram mais clara a função relativa do reforço no comportamento. No nível cultural, por sua vez, não há estudos experimentais sobre a função relativa de consequências culturais a partir de metacontingências concorrentes, o que certamente limita a compreensão do que leva um grupo a escolher/preferir engajar-se em uma prática em detrimento de outra. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de aferir experimentalmente a frequência relativa de duas contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs) como função da exigência de dois esquemas de razão concorrentes para produção de consequências culturais. Os esquemas de razão para cada contingência entrelaçada foram diferentes a depender da condição (conc FR1 FR1, FR1 FR2, FR1, FR3, FR2 FR2 e FR2 FR3). As duas contingências entrelaçadas relevantes para a produção de consequências culturais foram descritas na instrução, de modo a reduzir variações. Participaram do estudo 12 estudantes universitários divididos em quatro tríades. A tarefa experimental consistiu na escolha de linhas de uma matriz composta por dez linhas e dez colunas, sendo as linhas compostas por cinco cores diferentes alternadas, de modo que cada cor estivesse presente em uma linha par e outra ímpar. Consequências individuais (ganho de fichas trocáveis por dinheiro) foram contingentes a escolhas de linhas ímpares. Consequências culturais (itens escolares a serem doados a uma instituição) foram contingentes a sequências específicas de cores, que correspondiam às escolhas de linhas por cada um dos três participantes. Teve-se como resultados que as Tríades I e II tenderam à estereotipia da CCE associada ao esquema de menor razão ao final das condições, o que não ocorreu para as Tríades III e IV. Para as Tríades I e II, variações tenderam a ocorrer após mudanças de condições em que havia aumento da intermitência de consequências culturais associadas à CCE mais frequente. Também para as Tríades I e II, verbalizações sobre o procedimento foram mais frequentes nos períodos em que variações entre as CCEs relevantes foram mais frequentes. Para as Tríades III e IV, durante a maior parte do estudo não houve diferenciação da frequência entre as duas CCEs às quais consequências culturais eram contingentes, embora tenha havido diferenciação das duas CCEs em relação a outras / Studies about choice and preference using concurrent schedules contributed to better understand the relative function of the reinforcer on behavior. However, at the cultural level there are no experimental studies regarding the relative function of cultural consequences using concurrent metacontingencies, which certainly restricts the understanding about which variables lead a group to choose or prefer to engage in a practice over another. The objective of this experimental study was to assess the relative frequency of two interlocking behavior contingencies (IBCs) as a function of two fixed ratio schedules to produce cultural consequences. The ratio schedules to each interlocking contingency were different depending on the condition (conc FR1 FR1, FR1 FR2, FR1 FR3, FR2 FR2 and FR2 FR3). Both relevant interlocks for the production of cultural consequences were described in the instructions in order to reduce variability. 12 college students participated, divided into four triads. The experimental task consisted of row choices in a matrix comprising ten rows and ten columns, the rows being composed of five different colors, so that each color was present in an even and in an odd row. Individual consequences (earn of coins interchangeable for money) were contingent to the choice of odd rows. Cultural consequences (school supplies to be donated) were contingent to specific sequences of colors that corresponded to the combined row choices of the three participants. The results showed that Triads I and II leaned towards IBC stereotypy associated to the low ratio schedule at the end of the conditions, which did not occur for Triads III and IV. Triads I and II showed that variations tended to occur after experimental condition changes in which there were increased of the ratio schedule to cultural consequences associated to the more frequent IBC. Also, for Triads I and II, verbalizations about the procedure were more frequent when variations between the two IBCs were higher. For Triads III and IV, for most of the study there was no difference in frequency of the two relevant IBCs, although there was difference between the two relevant IBCs in relation to others

A Análise do Comportamento apresenta suas raízes nas Ciências Naturais, em especial, na Biologia. Estas raízes ofereceram uma transposição de modelos metodológicos e conceitos teóricos que foram incorporados na Análise do Comportamento. Dentre estes, encontra-se o modelo de Seleção por Consequências, proposto por B. F. Skinner. Tal modelo é baseado na teoria da Seleção Natural de Darwin. Com isto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivos analisar 1) as características da Seleção Natural e da Seleção por Consequências; 2) as aproximações e diferenças presentes na transposição proposta por Skinner; e 3) a apresentação de outros processos evolutivos concomitantes à Seleção Natural e a discussão da possibilidade e necessidade da incorporação destes. Assim, o Capítulo 1 apresenta a formulação da ideia selecionista, utilizando autores clássicos do pensamento evolutivo (Darwin e Wallace). O Capítulo 2 apresenta as características particulares do modelo de Seleção por Consequências de Skinner. Por fim, o Capítulo 3 apresenta as críticas gerais ao modelo selecionista e enuncia outros modelos evolutivos que podem ser passiveis de serem transpostos à Análise do Comportamento. Observa-se a partir das análises textuais a presença de convergências e divergências entre o modelo de Skinner e a teoria evolutiva. Ambos apresentam o ambiente como força motriz das mudanças comportamentais e evolutivas, colocando a pressão deste ambiente como consequência selecionadora das características variantes nos indivíduos. Entretanto, o modelo de Skinner apresenta disparidades e problemáticas: a) aproxima-se mais de autores como Wallace em relação à Darwin; e b) não apresenta uma atualização dos modelos disponíveis, negligenciando processos evolutivos que podem ser transpostos ao fenômeno comportamental. Ainda se discute a viabilidade da transposição, como o status teleológico do selecionismo, o caráter inédito da proposta de Skinner, e a natureza metafórica da analogia em si. Discute-se uma atualização dos conceitos por parte da Análise do Comportamento assim como a incorporação de modelos acessórios à Seleção Natural, com o objetivo de diminuir as fronteiras entre as ciências e aumentar o poder explicativo dos modelos propostos / The Behavior Analysis has its roots in the Natural Sciences, in particular in Biology. These roots offered a transposition of methodological models and theoretical concepts that have been incorporated in Behavior Analysis. Among these, there is the model of Selection by Consequences, proposed by BF Skinner. This model is based on Darwins theory of Natural Selection. Therewith, the present study aims to analyze 1) the characteristics of Natural Selection and Selection by Consequences; 2) the similarities and differences present in this transposition proposed by Skinner; and 3) the presentation of other concomitant evolutionary processes of Natural Selection and the discussion of the possibility and need to incorporate these. Thus, Chapter 1 presents the formulation of selectionist idea, using evolutionary classical authors (Darwin and Wallace). Chapter 2 presents the particular characteristics of Skinners Selection by Consequences model. Finally, Chapter 3 presents the general criticism of the selectionist model and sets out other evolutionary models that may be able to be translated at the Behavior Analysis. It is observed from the textual analyzes the presence of convergence and divergence between the model of Skinner and evolutionary theory. Both feature the environment as the driving force of the behavioral and evolutionary changes, placing the environmental pressure as the consequence that selects the characterizing variants of individuals. However, the model of Skinner presents disparities and problems: a) approaches over other authors, like Wallace, in relation to Darwin; b) does not present an update of the available models, neglecting evolutionary processes that can be transposed to the behavioral phenomenon. It has also been discussed the feasibility of implementation, as the teleological status of selectionism, the unprecedented character of Skinner\'s proposal, and the metaphorical nature of the analogy itself. It discusses need for an update of biological concepts by the Behavior Analysis field as well as the incorporation of accessories models to Natural Selection, in order to reduce the boundaries between sciences and increase the explanatory power of the proposed models

Bien que la réputation en ligne ait attiré une attention particulière parmi les praticiens en marketing, la recherche dans ce domaine est encore limitée. Dans ce travail doctoral, les auteurs examinent les antécédents et les conséquences de l’e-réputation du point de vue client. Une approche selon un modèle d’équations structurelles est utilisée pour tester le modèle basé sur les données d’une enquête auprès de 1097 acheteurs en ligne français. Les résultats montrent l’impact de la confiance, l’héritage et la qualité du site sur l’e-réputation, ainsi que la façon dont l’e-réputation affecte l’engagement du client, le bouche à oreille, le risque perçu et la valeur perçue. Plusieurs implications managériales et théoriques sont ensuite discutées. / Although online reputation has attracted significant attention among marketing practitioners, research in this area is still limited. In this research dissertation, the authors examine the antecedents and consequences of online reputation from the customer’s perspective. A structural equation modeling approach is used to test the model based on data from a survey of 1097 French online buyers. The results show the impact of trust, heritage, and website quality on online reputation, as well as how online reputation affects customer commitment, word of mouth, perceived risk, and perceived value. Several implications either in terms of conceptual or managerial insights are then discussed.