Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / Women and their bodies are at the very centre of a prevailing cultural obsession regarding strict standards of body weight, shape and image. The pressure to achieve unattainable body-beautiful standards has given rise to women having a negative relationship with their bodies. This preoccupation with body image has resulted in an increasing sense of body dissatisfaction, chronic dieting and anxieties associated with self-worth and appearance. The primary aim of this thesis is to explore the relationship a group of female participants have with their bodies. The major thrusts of this study are: to explore on a deeper level how they make personal meaning of the concepts of body and body image within their own lives. To explore the way in which women understand their broader social context, as playing a role, in relation to their perceptions and attitudes of their bodies. In this respect, a closer examination of their awareness of the more complex gender issues, will be undertaken, by means of the emerging discourses within the research process. Whilst this study generally locates itself within a social constructionist understanding of body image, it actively draws from feminist theories. The literature review outlines empirical, feminist and social constructionist approaches to body image and explores the social constructionist approach more broadly. It utilises discourse analysis and therefore positions itself within a qualitative paradigm. Three one-and-a-half-hour focus groups were conducted with eight women who are psychology honours students. A discourse analysis was carried out on the transcriptions of the three focus groups. The findings revealed that the participants were aware of the way in which the wider cultural context impacted on their perceptions and attitudes regarding their bodies. They understood the way in which body image is socially constructed and specific to the current cultural context. They identified the current body ideal (norm), to be waif like and very slender. Despite this understanding of the body ideal as socially constructed, they continued on a personal level to evaluate themselves against the body ideal, giving rise to personal feelings of inadequacy and dissatisfaction.

Stafford and Warr (1993) reconceptualized general and specific deterrence into a single theory in which individuals' propensities to engage in criminal behavior are based on some combination of personal experiences with being punished and avoiding punishment and vicarious (or indirect) experiences with being punished and avoiding punishment. The researchers make a substantial contribution to the deterrence literature by accounting for the effect of punishment avoidance when assessing deterrence theory. Despite the theoretical appeal of this restatement, few studies have tested its empirical merit. The current study tests the applicability of Stafford and Warr's model but also addresses several key limitations that still exist in the deterrence literature. The present study was the first of its kind to directly test Stafford and Warr's (1993) model, blending specific and general deterrence, on an offending population. The majority of perceptual deterrence research examines largely pro-social groups. Evidence suggests that offenders may have unique decision-making processes and may be very different from those typically studied in deterrence research. Identifying the relevant deterrents among non-conventional or offending populations has significant policy implications. Additionally, in order to understand the decision-making process of criminals, this study incorporated alternative sanction forms from a rational choice perspective into the deterrence framework. This is a particularly salient point because non-legal costs may be more influential in criminal decision-making than formal sanctions. By examining the deterrent effects of several other factors (besides the traditional variables studied in deterrence models) among a non-conventional population, findings may suggest methods for designing more effective punishments. Therefore, the present study conducted survey research of high-criminality among an adult sample. This dissertation recruited 326 work release inmates from Orange County, Florida, and asked them to complete a written questionnaire. Results from the bivariate analyses revealed some support for the deterrence doctrine and the rational choice perspective. However, more rigorous tests of these predictions revealed no support for deterrence theory. Even though this study concluded that deterrence alone does not adequately predict future offending, the idea of choice was upheld. The results from this dissertation and from several other studies suggest the need for further analysis of the effect of extralegal sanctions on future criminal activity, especially among non-conventional populations. The current study offers suggestions for effective crime control policies and directions on how future research can clarify the inconsistencies between the theoretical predictions of deterrence theory and empirical reality.

The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the media industry is examined in this thesis study. A full understanding of the effects of AI integration in many dimensions of the media landscape is provided through a methodical review of the literature that highlights key themes and ideas. The study examines labour dynamics, historical evolution, content generation and curation, media distribution and consumption, advertising and marketing strategies, the theoretical foundations of AI in the media sector, and ethical concerns. The study shows how AI has changed the media industry by making automated data analysis possible, enhancing content creation and curation, personalising user experiences, maximising advertising techniques, altering workforce dynamics, and creating substantial ethical issues. While efficiency, customisation, and creativity are advantages of AI, privacy issues, job displacement, and algorithmic bias all require careful study. The results highlight the need for moral guidelines, skill-updating techniques, and ethical AI practises. The effort contributes to the corpus of existing knowledge and shapes the course that AI will take in the media industry by flagging research gaps, methodological developments, and policy implications.

With the continuous growth of the space industry and the introduction of reusable rockets, the number of rocket launches is expected to increase significantly in the following years. During rocket launching, the engine exhaust impinges on the launch structure producing a complex flow field. The rocket jet induces large thermoaerodynamic and acoustic loads on the launch structures and the rocket. This thesis aims to study the physics and numerical considerations behind supersonic flows exhausted from rocket engines. First, the treatment of turbulent compressible flows through the Favre-averaged equations and the SST k-ω model are studied. Next, the numerical modeling of the problem, including solver and meshing theory is presented. Then, a model of a nozzle is explained along with how the performance is assessed to finally design a M=3 two-dimensional nozzle using the method of characteristics (MOC). The two-dimensional results are validated using Ansys Fluent, and the same geometry is used for the following axisymmetrical problems, which include the study of a free and impinging jet. The free jet problem serves to study how the nozzle behaves in a two-dimensional axisymmetric problem and to validate the impinging jet results. To obtain the results, RANS-based simulations of a cold, over-expanded jet with adiabatic walls are performed. Empirical formulas were used to verify the results. Lastly, the impinging jet problem is simulated using the same inlet boundary conditions as for the free jet. The impact that the plate distance to the exit of the nozzle has on the position of the shock waves when the jet impinges on the flat surface is assessed. Finally, an optimization of the shape of a wedge to minimize the maximum turbulence kinetic energy produced during steady-state simulation is carried out. As an appendix to the work, an aeroacoustic study of the impinging jet at 4De distance is presented. The results show the direction of propagation of the acoustic waves but due to the lack of acoustic quality of the mesh, the predicted sound pressure levels do not match the expected behavior.

Text in Afrikaans / Daar is 'n toenemende bewuswording van die noodsaaklikheid van effektiewe beskerming vir minderhede. Die rede vir hierdie toenemende erkenning aan die behoefte aan minderheidsbeskerming is waarskynlik toe te skryf aan die beset dat dit nie alleen die minderheidsaandeelhouers is wat skade ly in geval van benadelende optrede nie, maar ook die ekonomie. Maatskappye word ingevolge die beginsel van meerderheidsbewind bestuur, met die gevolg dat die minderheid onderworpe is aan die wil van die meerderheid. Die minderheid kan hulself hierdeur in 'n onbenydenswaardige posisie bevind, veral indien die meerderheid hul mag aanwend om hul eie belange te bevorder. Gemeenregtelik is die reel in Foss v Harbottle 'n struikelblok vir minderheidsaandeelhouers wat gedingvoering beoog. In 'n poging om die gebrekkige gemeenregtelike beskerming van minderhede te ondervang, is bepaalde statutere maatreels ingevoer. Die evaluasie van hierdie maatreels geskied aan die hand van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek na verskeie buitelandse stelsels, waarvan die van Nieu-Seeland en Kanada uit staan vanwee die innoverende aard van hul statutere beskermingsmaatreels. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die beskerming wat die Suid-Afrikaanse statutere maatreels aan minderhede bied, onbevredigend is om verskeie redes. Eerstens is hierdie maatreels dikwels te eng bewoord wat daartoe lei dat die aanwendingsveld van die maatreels beperk is. Tweedens hou die maatreels nie tred met ontwikkelings elders in die wereld en veranderende omstandighede en behoeftes in die praktyk nie. Derdens ontbreek goed geformuleerde remedies wat aanvullend tot artikel 252 van die Wet sal wees. Daar is verder bevind dat ad hocwysigings van bestaande maatreels nie die gewenste resultaat gaan bereik nie en 'n algehele hervorming van die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyereg word aanbeveel. Ten slotte word konkrete voorstelle in die vorm van konsepwetgewing gemaak en word vergesel van verduidelikende notas. Hierdie wetgewing is hoofsaaklik aan die hand van die Nieu-Seelandse en Kanadese modelle geformuleer. / There is a growing awareness of the need for effective protection of minority shareholders. This can probably be ascribed to the acknowledgement of the fact that prejudicial conduct harms not only minority shareholders, but also the economy at large. Companies are governed by the principle of majority rule; consequently the minority is subjected to the will of the majority. This often places the minority in an invidious position, especially when the majority use their power to further their own interests. The rule in Foss v Harbottle presents a stumbling block to minority shareholder action. Certain statutory measures have been introduced in an effort to counter defective minority protection. These statutory measures are evaluated in the light of a comparative study of several foreign jurisdictions, the most prominent of which are New Zealand and Canada, because of the innovative nature of the measures which they employ. The conclusion arrived at is that, for various reasons, the protection afforded minorities by the South African statutory measures is unsatisfactory. Firstly, the wording of these measures is narrowly construed; this in turn results in a narrow field of application. Secondly, these measures are not in step with developments elsewhere in the world and with the changing circumstances and needs in practice. Thirdly, well-formulated remedies needed in order to supplement section 252 of the Act are non-existent. It has also been found that ad hoc amendments of existing measures will not achieve the required result, and consequently a complete reform of South African company law is recommended. Finally, specific recommendations in the form of draft legislation are made; these are accompanied by explanatory notes. This draft legislation was formulated primarily along the lines of the New Zealand and Canadian models. / Private Law / LL.D.

The aim of this dissertation is to examine the Swedish government’s responses to the Prague Spring, the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, the anti-Semitic campaigns in Poland and, first and foremost, to Czechoslovak and Polish-Jewish refugees fleeing their native countries as a result of these event during the formative period of the late 1960s and early 1970s. This has been accomplished by examining the entire process from the decision to admit the refugees in 1968, to their reception and economic integration into Swedish society during the seven-year period necessary for acquiring Swedish citizenship. This study also analyzes discourses in Swedish newspapers relating to these matters and compares the media’s treatment of these two groups. The investigation is guided by factors influencing refugee policy formation such as bureaucratic choices, international relations, local absorption capacity, national security considerations, and Cold War considerations. Press cuttings, diplomatic documents, telegrams, protocols from the departments and government agencies involved, as well as reports from the resettlement centres, and, finally, refugees’ applications for citizenship form the empirical basis of this study. The period under investigation coincides with three key developments in Sweden’s foreign, refugee, and immigrant policies – the emergence of a more activist foreign policy, the shift from labour migration to refugee migration and, finally, the shift from a policy of integration to multiculturalism. In this regard, the overarching objective of the study is to shed some light on these developments and to determine whether the arrival, reception, and integration of these refugees should be regarded as the starting point for new policies towards immigrants and minorities in Sweden, or if it should rather be seen as the finale of the policies that had begun to develop at the end of World War II. The results demonstrate that Sweden’s refugee policy formation of the late 1960s and early 1970s was hardly affected by these major developments. It could be argued that a more active foreign policy was evident in the criticism of the events in Czechoslovakia and Poland and in the admission of the Czechoslovak of Polish-Jewish refugees to Sweden, but a detailed analysis of the motives shows that these decisions were primarily the result of international relations, national security considerations, and economic capacity, along with other considerations that had guided Swedish refugee policy in previous decades. Similarly, at the centre of Sweden’s reception of the Czechoslovak and Polish-Jewish refugees during the late 1960s and early 1970s was, like in previous decades, the labour market orientation of Sweden’s refugee policy. The Czechoslovaks and Polish-Jews did not experience any multiculturalist turn. Overall, Sweden’s responses to the Czechoslovak and Polish-Jewish refugees were consistent with the objectives developed at the end of World War II and thus did not represent a transition in Swedish refugee policymaking.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Reissued 5 May 2017 with typographic corrections to degree, abstract. / Broadly, this thesis argues that success in Afghanistan—for Afghans and their neighbors alike—entails establishing state-building measures, supremacy of law and human rights, rapid economic growth, and strong Afghan National Security Forces who can encourage the Afghan public to accept the practices of stable democracy and good neighborly relations. To fix some of the myriad variables in Afghanistan's likely state in 2026, which will mark the end of the transformation decade following the U.S. withdrawal in 2016, the proposed project installs three hypothetical scenarios: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly. These scenarios do not predict the future in Afghanistan but rather shed light on the factors and variables that will shape the postwar period. Examining such scenarios may allow strategic planners to develop alternative measures for complex situations. Sustained political stability and the will to reform by the Afghan establishment, fortified by consistent international financial and military support for at least 10 to 15 or more years, would likely be the key to success in the Afghanistan end game. Otherwise, Afghanistan will slip back into a situation much like the one that emerged once after the Soviet withdrawal—extremism, war, and instability. The scenarios are developed by examining several factors: the criticality of the Afghan issue throughout history; Afghanistan's indigenous facts and prospects; Pak–Afghan cross-interests and policy dimensions; Global War on Terror implications; conflicting interests; and regional and extra-regional politics. / Commander, Pakistan Navy

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Margarethe Born Steinberger-Elias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2014. / A presente pesquisa intenta a reflexão sobre o conceito da "educação científica" no Brasil, partindo de uma análise fundamentada epistemologicamente na genealogia desta expressão e explorando marcas discursivas que denotem a evolução de sua trajetória como conceito e campo de saber. A pesquisa da genealogia e das condições de produção deste conceito foi realizada com base em uma visão mais geral e histórica até a exploração de sua materialização linguística através do vocabulário utilizado em publicações sobre educação científica constantes no banco de teses e periódicos da CAPES. Com apoio de métodos da Cienciometria e da Análise de Discurso de linha francesa, foram identificadas marcas discursivas que podem ser associadas às transformações e rupturas históricas que tenham ocorrido no campo da educação científica brasileira. A delimitação de conjuntos de recortes discursivos é inspirada nos conceitos de genealogia e arqueologia dos saberes de Michel Foucault, iniciado a partir de considerações extemporâneas de Nietzsche como viés crítico ao conceito tradicional de ciência. O tratamento dos conjuntos de recortes discursivos tomou como referência o conceito de campo apresentado por Pierre Bourdieu, aqui abordado em sua representação lexicográfica. Os resultados obtidos foram, em primeiro lugar, a contribuição para uma visão genealógica do conceito de educação científica no Brasil, evitando o tratamento apriorístico que geralmente lhe é dado. Em segundo lugar, a contribuição para a criação de uma metodologia mista para a abordagem genealógica de um campo de saber, equilibrando o trabalho qualitativo concebido no viés da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa e o enfoque quantitativo da Cienciometria (em sua abordagem construtivista). A investigação sobre o campo educacional científico brasileiro revelou aspectos de sua dinâmica e permeabilidade a interferências, revelados através do caráter de suspensão (ambiguidade) nas práticas lexicais e nas reflexões sobre o conceito "educação científica". / This research intends to reflect on the concept of "science education" in Brazil , starting from a grounded epistemologically in the genealogy of this expression and exploring discursive marks that denote the evolution of his career as a field of knowledge and concept analysis. The research of genealogy and production conditions of this concept was based on a more general and historical view to exploiting their linguistic materialization through the vocabulary used in publications listed in the database of theses and journals CAPES science education . With support from methods of Scientometrics and Analysis of French Discourse, discourse tags that can be attached to historical ruptures and transformations that have occurred in the field of Brazilian science education were identified. The delimitation of discursive sets of clippings is inspired by the concepts of genealogy and archeology of knowledge Michel Foucault , started from extemporaneous considerations Nietzsche as critical to the traditional concept of science bias. The processing of sets of discursive excerpts taken as the reference field concept introduced by Pierre Bourdieu, discussed here in his lexicographical representation. The results were, first, the contribution to a family view of the concept of science education in Brazil , avoiding a priori treatment is generally given. Secondly, the contribution to the creation of a mixed methodology for genealogical approach to a field of knowledge , balancing qualitative work conceived in the Discourse Analysis of French bias line and quantitative focus of Scientometrics (in its constructivist approach). Research on the Brazilian scientific educational field revealed aspects of their dynamics and permeability interference , revealed through the character of suspension (ambiguity) in the lexical practices and reflections on the concept " science education ".

In general, tall buildings, some of which are termed as &ldquo / skyscrapers&rdquo / , are among the typical and almost unavoidable features of the metropolitan cities. There is a competititive race of constructing higher and higher buildings since the birth of the infamous Home Insurance Building in Chicago which is still considered to be the pioneer of the modern tall buildings. Recently, an efficient service core design is strongly needed and inquired with the increase in height and capacity of tall buildings. Such needs and demands are primarily due to the circulation volume of occupants since height has an adverse effect on the size and capacity of the service core. This thesis investigates the features of service cores that play an important role in the planning considerations of tall building design, and their effect on architectural, structural and sustainable design. Within this context, a classification of service cores based on their location in architectural design is proposed.

This essay is about what considerations foster home secretary may face in their profession and how they use themselves as a tool. We were interested in the family home secretaries as a profession and we found that this area is relatively unexplored. The essay is based on semi-structured interviews with ten family home secretaries from seven different municipalities. To interpret our results, we used Mead's theory of "Mind, Self and Society". Our paper shows that family secretaries are faced with a variety of considerations in the selection of foster homes. We have also presented several different criteria that foster secretaries put on families to enable them to become current foster home. All the family home secretary saw themselves as tools in the process to match children with foster homes, but it proved to be difficult for them to put this into words and describe how they used themselves. One of our research questions concern how experience affects their work. It turned out that the experience also gave answers to our other questions.