Bruttoavverkningen har accelererat de senaste decennierna och i takt med detta har kraven inom skogsbruket ökat. Idag behöver en omfattande miljöhänsyn tas. Detta ställer även högre krav på entreprenörerna. För att entreprenörerna ska klara av att leva upp till kraven är det viktigt att beställaren av tjänsten överlämnar en arbetsinstruktion i samband med avropande av traktuppdrag. Denna arbetsinstruktion och arbetsorder skapas i form av ett traktdirektiv. Ett kvalitativt traktdirektiv betraktas vara viktigt för Fiskarhedens Trävaru AB och för deras entreprenörer. En fallstudie har genomförts för att utvärdera och beskriva företagets nuvarande traktdirektiv. Resultatet visar att dagens traktdirektiv stundtals är bristfälliga genom att de är dåligt ifyllda. Viktigt innehåll kommuniceras därmed ej som det behövs. Ett förslag på nytt, förbättrat traktdirektiv, där innehållet är tänkt att fyllas i bättre, har därför tagits fram. Med hjälp av detta traktdirektiv kan Fiskarheden upprätthålla ett hållbart skogsbruk. / Gross felling has accelerated in recent decades, and as a consequence, the requirements for forestry have increased. Today a comprehensive environmental consideration needs to be taken. This also imposes higher demands on the contractors. In order for contractors to be able to live up to the requirements, it is important that the customer of the service hands over a work instruction in connection to the removal of region assignments. This work instruction and work order is created in the form of a region directive. A qualitative region directive is considered important for Fiskarhedens Trävaru AB and for their contractors. A case study has been conducted to evaluate and describe the company's current region directive. The results show that the current region directive is sometimes inadequate due to that they are poorly completed. Important content is therefore not communicated as needed. A proposal of a new improved region directive, where the content is intended to be filled in better, has therefore been developed. With the help of this region directive, Fiskarheden can maintain sustainable forestry.

The public sector in Norway purchases products and services for more then 300 billion NOK per year. This purchasing power can play an important role in leveraging the market share of environmentally sound products by increasing the level of environmental requirements in public contracts. Environmental considerations in public procurement have been on the international agenda since the 1992 conference in Rio, and the OECD, the EU and the Nordic Council of Ministers have also placed Green Public Procurement (GPP) on their agendas. Together with statements from the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, they all underline GPP as a tool for making a shift to more sustainable production and consumption practices. In Norway, the Government launched a Norwegian Action Plan on Environmental and Social Responsibility in Public Procurement in 2007. The aim of the plan was to encourage the public sector to demand environmentally sound products and services. However, several previous studies that have assessed the status of GPP show that, despite efforts to promote environmental considerations, there is a long way to go before these are fully integrated into public procurement practice The aim of this study was to produce information about how widespread the use of environmental criteria are in Norway, and to identify what drivers and barriers are seen to influence the GPP status. Based on experiences from other studies, the method design chosen was an analysis of tender documents complemented by case studies with interviews. Using both methods provided a way of balancing the results so as to get the most objective status scores on GPP together with more detailed answers on perceived drivers and barriers. The results revealed that almost 60% of all tender documents included some kind of environmental criteria, but 1/3 of these were so unclear that it was doubtful as to whether or not they would result in any green procurement. Of the product groups that were in focus, the one that included paper and print was by far the “greenest” of the groups, with the others both containing less GPP and more unclear criteria. Compared to other studies this puts Norway at the same level as Sweden, and shows a slight improvement in total GPP compared to previous assessments. Still, taking the high amount of unclear criteria into account may lower the overall GPP score. The interview results indicated that lack of knowledge, focus on economic considerations and product functionality, lack of support and management focus and work pressure were the five main barriers preventing GPP. Increased co-operation, increased focus from management, simplification of criteria and more available products with environmental labels were identified as drivers. The drivers and barriers identified correspond to those of previous studies, with some new finding such as identifying the lack of product specific knowledge, where previous studies have focused more on lack of procurement knowledge. The findings are all important when it comes to working out a strategy to follow up the Norwegian Action Plan. They give information about the needs identified by the procurement officers themselves, thus giving an indication of what initiatives to prioritise.

Os jogos de mesa são atividades que promovem a valorização do idoso na sociedade através da intensificação das relações sociais; proporcionam também estímulos físicos, mentais e psíquicos, contribuindo para minimizar ou retardar os efeitos negativos do processo natural do envelhecimento (senescência). O design, como campo do conhecimento que estuda os objetos e suas relações com o homem, cumpre um papel fundamental na pesquisa e na atuação para projeto e produção de jogos adequados aos idosos considerando aspectos sintáticos, semânticos e pragmáticos. Este estudo analisa o dominó devido à preferência dos idosos por este jogo tradicional, já incorporado culturalmente as atividades de lazer deste grupo de usuários, sendo praticado regularmente tanto por mulheres quanto por homens em locais públicos e privados. Foram selecionados para análise os exemplares do jogo dominó disponíveis na cidade de São Paulo, com o intuito de avaliar sua adequação a este grupo de usuários. O respaldo teórico para a análise teve como referência os aspectos de design relacionados à forma (pressupostos da Gestalt), à cor e à ergonomia, englobando principalmente o desenhos, as dimensões e o manuseio das peças analisadas, além de considerar as necessidades específicas dos idosos, devido aos declínios decorrentes da senescência. As analises destacam alguns aspectos fundamentais do dominó, que subsidiaram a formulação de parâmetros a serem considerados no projeto e na produção de outros jogos voltados ao público idoso. / Board games are a type of active leisure that promote the valuation of the elderly in society through the intensification of social relationships; they also promote physic, mental and psychic stimulus helping to reduce or retard the negative effects of the natural act of aging. The knowledge of design studies the objects and it`s relations with men and performs an essential hole in research, acting in the project and the production of game boards appropriated to the elderly considering syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects, contributing to guarantee the realization of quality leisure activities. This study analyses the domino, considering the preference of the elderly for this traditional game which is already culturally incorporated to leisure activities of this group of people and has been practiced regularly for men and women in public and private institutions. Several domino set types available in San Paulo city were selected for the analysis with the purpose of evaluating it`s adjustment to this group of people. The doctrinaire base for the analysis had as a reference the aspects of design related to the form (Gestalt issues), the colors, and ergonomics, involving mostly the drawing, the dimension and the handling of the pieces, besides considering also the specific necessities of the elderly, in due to the natural act of aging. The analysis highlight some fundamental aspects of domino, that provided the formulation of parameters to be considered in the project and production of other games designed for the elderly.

Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document / Thesis (DPhil (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / unrestricted

This dissertation considers the use of orchestra bells as a solo instrument. I use three examples taken from chamber literature (Drumming by Steve Reich, Why Patterns? by Morton Feldman, and Ave by Franco Donatoni) to demonstrate uses of the instrument in an ensemble setting. I use six solo, unaccompanied orchestra bell pieces (Twelve Bell Canons by Robert Morris, Katarynka by Marta Ptaszyńska, Over by Stuart Saunders Smith, A Little Suite and an Encore Tango by Will Ogdon, Breaks Through by Lafayette Gilchrist, and Bells for New Orleans by Roscoe Mitchell) to illustrate the instrument’s expressive, communicative ability. In the discussion of each piece, I include brief background information, the composer’s musical language in the piece and performance considerations. I interviewed composers of these solo works to complete the research for this document to discuss their musical language and their thoughts on writing for solo orchestra bells.

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Äganderätten är en grundläggande rättighet som skyddar individer från otillåtna ianspråktaganden av personens egendom. Vid vissa tillfällen finns det dock behov för exempelvis staten att begränsa enskilda personers äganderätt men huvudprincipen enligt svensk lag är då att ersättning sak utgå. Ett område där detta är aktuellt är i skogsfastigheter där fastighetsägarna förvaltar skogen för att sedan kunna avverka den men där det samtidigt finns ett behov från statens sida att skydda naturvärden. Syftet med denna uppsatts är att undersöka hur äganderätts- och ersättningsfrågor i skogsbruket fungerar i praktiken samt om det finns problem i lagstiftningens utformning och tillämpning. Detta utifrån både ett juridiskt perspektiv men även utifrån privata och statliga företrädares synvinkel. För att uppnå detta har en kvalitativ studie utförts som inkluderat en litteratur- och lagtextstudie, rättsfallstudie samt intervjuer. Det är ett omfattande regelverk som styr dessa frågor och de viktigaste av dessa lagar har studerats samt kompletterats med doktrin för att få en djupare förståelse för bestämmelserna. Två rättsfall som är vägledande för framtida hantering av juridiska skogsbruksfrågor har analyserats för att få en förståelse för hur regelverket praktiseras. Vidare har intervjuerna gett förståelse för olika aktörers syn på rättsområdet. Resultatet visar att det delvis finns en samsyn bland aktörerna gällande behovet av en lagutredning men att de i övrigt till stor del hade ganska olika syn på problematiken där de privata företrädarna var klart mer kritiska. Juridiskt sett så finns det delar av regelverket som i huvudsak är välutformad och fungerar i praktiken men några delar är dock otydliga och där tillämpningen är problematiskt. Detta berör särskilt artskydd samt ersättning vid informella skydd. Slutsatsen är att det behöver förtydligas hur delar av lagarna ska tillämpas, antingen genom utökad praxis eller direktiv från regeringen och lagändringar. Artskyddsförordningen speciellt behöver även genomgå en utredning för hur lagen kan utformas så att ersättningsfrågan kan lösas. / Property right is a fundamental right that protects individuals from illegal requisition of his or her property. At sometimes, however, the state, for example, need to limit the property right and the main principle by Swedish law is that this should be economically compensated. One area where this is of importance is forest properties where the owner wants to fell in order to make a profit but the where the state wants to protect lands with high ecological values. The purpose of this paper is to examine how forest property right and compensation works in practice and if there are any problems with how the law is formulated and practiced. This will be studied both based on the juridical aspect as well as from the point of view of represents from relevant authorities and privet actors. This has been made by carrying out a qualitative study. The extensive regulations regarding the area have been studied and complimented with doctrine. Two legal cases which are guiding for future practice has been analyzed and interviews with representatives from authorities and private actors has been carried out. It has shown that there exists a mutual opinion regarding the need for an investigation of some of the aspects of the law, but the actors have other than that very different views regarding the potential problems. The private representatives are generally more critical to the practice and some parts of the law. Juridically, there are parts of the regulations that are manly well formulated and practiced, where as other parts are more problematic. This specially concerns the protection of species and compensations for non-formal protections. Drawn conclusions are that there is a need to clarify how some parts of the law should be used. This could be done either via extended practice or through government directives and modifications of the law. Furthermore, especially the regulation for the protection of species is in need for a analyze that resolves how compensations should be handled concerning the regulation.

Origami-based mechanisms have unique characteristics that make them attractive for engineering applications. However, origami-based design is still a developing area of design. Continued work to increase general understanding of key design parameters specific to origami-based mechanisms will increase the ability of designers to capture the potential benefits of origami-based mechanisms. This thesis presents a fundamental study of origami to assist designers in gaining a stronger understanding of the key parameters and capabilities of origami-based mechanisms. As a starting point a study of fundamental motions in action origami models (those that exhibit motions in their folded state) is presented to explore fundamental motions and actuation in origami-based mechanisms. Eleven fundamental motions are outlined and defined with the associated actuation forces that drive them. Additionally, considerations for ensuring necessary performance and force transfer characteristics in origami mechanisms are presented. This is done by exploring the effect of surrogate hinge selections, fold pattern modification, and actuation inputs on the final mechanism. A model of mechanical advantage in origami models consisting of N, degree-4, vertices (where N = 1,2,3,...) is developed and explored. From the exploration of the parameters of the mechanical advantage model it is shown that hinge selection can greatly affect the performance of an origami mechanism by determining its range of motion, precision, and mechanical advantage. Therefore, in order to better understand this important design decision, specific considerations for surrogate hinge selection are presented. These considerations discuss methods to increase performance and reduce hinge imprint, as well as develop surrogate hinges in metals. The key design parameters and considerations presented herein as well as study of origami motions serve to lay the groundwork toward the development of analysis tools and design guidelines specifically suited to origami based design.

Today, there are several media-related companies that work to process and publish news using only artificial intelligence and algorithms, completely without any type of human intervention. The industry as a whole has seen a trend of replacing human journalists' daily tasks with generative AI, this in terms serves a greater sustainable economic resource management for many media companies. Although, debatably AI has been a blessing in the editorial office in terms of saving journalists time for repetitive, tedious and time consuming tasks, that otherwise would have been used on something more creative. However to leave such responsibility to artificial intelligence poses a potential risk of maintaining journalistic integrity. It rises into question on how much responsibility the editorial office should hand over to AI. Therefore, to understand the balance between technological innovation, the role of journalism and its social responsibility will be the main focus in this thesis.  Using a qualitative research method and semistructured interview will provide a deep understanding of interviewees ideas and opinions, as well as dive into various theories, such as social responsibility theory, managerialism and fourth estate. Theories will be used as the foundation for analyzing the results and the conclusion. Using thematic analysis where we were able to identify results in three categories: i) understanding AI, ii) implementing AI, iii) attitude towards AI. Six journalists from different media companies were interviewed in this thesis and all showed signs of basic knowledge of what artificial intelligence is but only two of them had understanding of what artificial intelligence is trying to achieve. All journalists use AI as tools to get through time consuming and repetitive tasks and half of them use AI for inspiration and ideas. Overall the attitude towards AI has been positive, although all six journalists pointed out that AI-generated content should be monitored and the quality must be ensured by humans. This thesis hopes to contribute to the ongoing discourse in the field by elucidating the need for a balanced approach to AI integration in journalism. One that in hope harmonizes technological advancement with the core principles of ethical journalism. Not only underscores the importance of the ethical considerations in adopting AI in journalism, but also paves the way for future research, emphasizing the need of adaptive and responsible journalistic practices in this rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence.

Lärarkompetens rymmer såväl ämneskunskap och didaktisk färdighet, som ledarskap och relationell kompetens. Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur gymnasielärare uppfattar betydelsen och utvecklingen av relationell kompetens i sin yrkesroll utifrån följande frågeställningar: •Hur uppfattar gymnasielärare den relationella kompetensens betydelse i sin yrkesroll? •Hur uppfattar gymnasielärare att den relationella kompetensen utvecklas? Data har samlats in genom fyra semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer. Analysen har genomförts utifrån modeller över lärarkompetensens yttre formella perspektiv och det inre personliga perspektivet. Resultatet visar att i mötet med eleverna blir den relationella kompetensen central och vilket i sin tur förutsätter en reflekterande och etisk dimension. När personliga erfarenheter och värderingar vävs samman med yrkesmässig kunskap kan läraren utveckla en autentisk yrkespersonlighet. Det sker över tid, i praktiken, tillsammans med kollegor och inom den gemensamma professionen. / Teacher competence holds content knowledge as well as didactic skills, leadership and relational competence. The aim of this study is to increase understanding of how upper secondary school teachers perceive the meaning and development of relational competence. Research questions: •How do upper secondary teachers perceive the significance of relational competence in their professional role? •How do upper secondary teachers perceive the development of relational competence? The research uses four semi-structured qualitative interviews. The analysis has been conducted based on models of teacher competence's external formal perspective and the inner personal perspective. The findings show that in interactions with students, relational competence becomes central and presupposes a reflective and ethical dimension. When personal experiences and values are integrated with professional knowledge, the teacher can develop an authentic professional personality. This happens over time, in practice, in collaboration with colleagues, and within the shared profession.