Este trabalho de pesquisa apresenta uma nova abordagem para calibrar uma sonda helicoidal TDR, usada para medir o teor de umidade do solo. Foi empregada uma aproximação tomando em consideração a interpretação física dos valores de constantes dielétricas. As equações de calibração foram determinadas mediante um modelo dielétrico misto, quais relacionam a constante dielétrica da mistura multifase com a constante dielétrica e frações de volumes dessas componentes. Ensaios realizados em laboratório permitirem o desenvolvimento de duas equações de calibração para a avaliação de teor de umidade volumétrico e gravimétrico dos solos. A calibração foi executada com medições de constante dielétrica em diferentes líquidos e solos, usando uma sonda convencional TDR e a sonda helicoidal TDR. As leituras realizadas com as duas sondas foram depois comparadas. O modelo dielétrico das duas fases permitiu descrever a contribuição dos materiais dielétricos do corpo da sonda helicoidal e os materiais investigados. Mostrou-se que o conhecimento das características físicas e geométricas da sonda TDR usada nos ensaios é de crucial para garantir a qualidade das constantes dielétricas lidas, e conseqüentemente a determinação do teor de umidade in situ. / The objective of this work was to calibrate a coiled TDR probe used to measure the water content of soil. It was used an approach that takes into account a physical interpretation of the values of the dielectric constants. The calibration equations were determined by means of a mixed dielectric model, which relates the dielectric constant of a multi-phase mixture with the dielectric constants and volume fractions of its components. Tests carried out in the laboratory allowed development of two calibration equations for the assessment of the volumetric and gravimetric soil water content. Calibration was performed with measurements of dielectric constants in different liquids and soils, using a conventional TDR probe and a coiled TDR. The readings performed with the two probes were then compared. The dielectric model of two phases permitted describing the contribution of the dielectric material of the body of the probe coil and the materials investigated. It has been shown that knowledge of the physical and geometrical characteristics of the TDR probe used in the tests is crucial for the quality of the dielectric constant readings, and consequently the determination of water content in situ.

Neste trabalho estudamos essencialmente problemas relacionados aos conceitos de superfícies e curvas bi-harmônicas e de superfícies de ângulo constante. Caracterizamos as curva bi-harmônicas do grupo especial linear SL(2,R). Em particular, mostramos que todas as curvas bi-harmônicas de SL(2,R) são hélices e damos suas parametrizações explícitas como curvas do espaço pseudo-Euclidiano R42. Estudamos as superfícies biconservativas (as quais representam uma grande família que inclui as superfícies bi-harmônicas) nos espaços de Bianchi-Cartan-Vranceanu, obtendo a caracterização daquelas de ângulo constante e daquelas SO(2)-invariantes. Também, caracterizamos as superfícies de ângulo constante do espaço Euclidiano tridimensional que possuem aplicação de Gauss bi-harmônica, provando que são cilindros de Hopf sobre uma clotóide. Além disto, caracterizamos as superfícies de ângulo contante de SL(2,R). Mais especificamente, damos uma descrição local explícita para estas superfícies em termos de uma determinada curva de SL(2,R) e de uma família a um parâmetro de isometrias do espaço ambiente. / In this work we mainly study some problems related to the concept of biharmonic curves and surfaces and to surfaces of constant angle. We characterize the biharmonic curves in the special linear group SL(2,R). In particular, we show that all proper biharmonic curves in SL(2,R) are helices and we give their explicit parametrizations as curves in the pseudo-Euclidean space R42</sub. We study the biconservative surfaces (which represent a large family including the biharmonic surfaces) in the Bianchi-Cartan-Vranceanu spaces, obtaining the characterization of those with constant angle and of those which are SO(2)-invariant. Furthermore, we characterize the constant angle surfaces of the three-dimensional Euclidean space which have bi-harmonic Gauss map, proving that they are Hopf cylinders over a clothoid. Also, we characterize the constant angle surfaces of SL(2,R). In particular, we give an explicit local description of these surfaces by means of a suitable curve of SL(2,R) and a 1-parameter family of isometries of SL(2,R).

Nanofios são estruturas em forma de fio com diâmetros da ordem de nanômetros. Estas estruturas têm sido bastante estudadas ultimamente, pois prometem aplicações tecnológicas na área de eletrônica e sensores. Neste trabalho, foram estudados nanofios finos de oxido de magnésio (MgO) com diâmetros de até 2 nm, utilizando cálculos ab-initio baseados na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade com uma base de ondas planas. No total foram estudados 12 fios, com diferentes tamanhos e formas. Entre os resultados obtidos, leis de escala são propostas para relacionar as propriedades dos nanofios com o inverso de seus perímetros. Além disso, verificamos que o módulo de elasticidade (ou módulo de Young) dos nanofios é muito maior que o do material sólido. Também construímos um modelo que relaciona a estabilidade dos nanofios com o número de vizinhos de cada átomo. / Nanowires are structures in the shape of wires with diameters on the order of nanometers. These structures have been widely studied recently, as they are promising candidates for technological applications in electronic components and sensors. In this work, we have studied very thin magnesium oxide (MgO) nanowires with diameters below 2 nm through Density Functional Theory-based ab-initio calculations with a plane wave basis set. A total of 12 nanowires of different sizes and shapes was studied. Among the obtained results, we have described scaling laws that relate the nanowire properties to the inverse of the wire perimeter. Moreover, we have found that the nanowires elasticity modulus (or Young modulus) is much larger than that of the solid material. We have also built a model that relates the stability of these nanowires to the number of neighbors of each atom.

Sejam F_q um corpo finito com q elementos, e C_n um grupo cíclico de n elementos com mdc(q,n) = 1. Iniciamos nosso trabalho inspirados nos resultados de Vega, estabelecendo condições para que um código de F_qC_n tenha peso constante. Com tal resultado concluímos que um código de peso constante em F_qC_n é da forma {rg^ie | r em F_q, i variando de 0 a n}. A partir disto, determinamos a quantidade de códigos de peso constante de F_qC_n, e construímos exemplos de códigos de dois pesos em F_q(C_n X C_n). Em seguida, estabelecemos sob quais condições um código em F_qA, para A um grupo abeliano finito, tem peso constante. Analisamos também os códigos de peso constante em RG, quando R um anel de cadeia finito e C_n é um grupo cíclico de n elementos com mdc(n,q) = 1. Além disso, analisamos o caso em que os elementos de um ideal de RA, para R um domínio de integridade infinito e A um grupo abeliano finito têm peso constante. / Let F_q be a field with q elements, C_n be a cyclic group of order n and suppose that gcd(q,n) = 1. In this work conditions are given to ensure that a code in F_qC_n is a one weight code, inspired in the work of Vega. As a consequence of this result we showed that a one weight code in F_qC_n is of the form {rg^ie | r in F_q, i between 0 and n}. With this, we determined the number of one weight codes in F_qC_n, and constructed examples of two weight codes in F_q(C_n X C_n). After this, we gave conditions to ensure that a code had constant weight in F_qA, for A a finite abelian group. We also analyzed the one weight codes in RG, R a chain ring and C_n a cyclic group with n elements with gcd(n,q) = 1. Moreover, we analyzed the case when the elements of an ideal in RA, for R an infinite integral domain and A a finite abelian group, have constant weight.

Desenvolvemos novos resultados da teoria dos espaços FS e DFS (espaços de Fréchet-Schwartz e seus duais) e os empregamos ao estudo da seguinte questão: quando certas propriedades de regularidade de um operador diferencial parcial linear (entre fibrados vetoriais Gevrey sobre uma variedade Gevrey) implicam resolubilidade, no sentido de ultradistribuições, do operador transposto? Estudamos esta questão para uma classe de operadores abstratos que contém os operadores diferenciais parciais lineares com coeficientes Gevrey usuais, mas também certas classes de operadores pseudo-diferenciais em variedades compactas, além de certos tipos de operadores de ordem infinita. Neste contexto, obtemos uma nova demonstração de um resultado global em variedades compactas (em que hipoelipticidade Gevrey global de um operador implica resolubilidade global de seu transposto), assim como alguns resultados no caso não-compacto relacionados à propriedade de não-confinamento de singularidades. Na sequência apresentamos algumas aplicações concretas, em particular para operadores de Hörmander, operadores de força constante e sistemas localmente integráveis de campos vetoriais. Analisamos ainda algumas instâncias de uma conjectura levantada em um artigo recente de F. Malaspina e F. Nicola (2014), a qual afirma que, para certos complexos diferenciais naturalmente associados a estruturas localmente integráveis, resolubilidade local no sentido de ultradistribuições (perto de um ponto, em um grau fixado) implica resolubilidade local no sentido de distribuições. Estabelecemos a validade desta conjectura quando o fibrado estrutural cotangente é gerado pelo diferencial de uma única integral primeira. / We develop new techniques in the setting of FS and DFS spaces (Fréchet-Schwartz spaces and their strong duals) and apply them to the study of the following question: when regularity properties of a general linear differential operator (between Gevrey vector bundles over a Gevrey manifold) imply solvability of its transpose in the sense of ultradistributions? This question is studied for a class of abstract operators that encompasses the usual partial differential operators with Gevrey coefficients, but also some flavors of pseudodifferential operators on compact manifolds and some classes of operators with infinite order. In this setting, we obtain a new proof of a global result on compact manifolds (global Gevrey hypoellipticity of the operator implying global solvability of the transpose), as well as some results in the non-compact case by means of the so-called property of non-confinement of singularities. We then move to some concrete applications, especially for Hörmander operators, operators of constant strength and locally integrable systems of vector fields. We also analyze some instances of a conjecture stated in a recent paper of F. Malaspina and F. Nicola (2014), which asserts that, in differential complexes naturally arising from locally integrable structures, local solvability in the sense of ultradistributions (near a point, in some fixed degree) implies local solvability in the sense of distributions. We establish the validity of the conjecture when the cotangent structure bundle is spanned by the differential of a single first integral.

In this thesis we prove the genericity of the set of metrics on a manifold with boundary M^{n+1}, such that all free boundary constant mean curvature (CMC) embeddings \\varphi: \\Sigma^n \\to M^{n+1}, being \\Sigma a manifold with boundary, are non-degenerate (Bumpy Metrics), (Theorem 2.4.1). We also give sufficient conditions to obtain a free boundary CMC deformation of a CMC inmersion (Theorems 3.2.1 and 3.2.2), and a stability criterion for this type of immersions (Theorem 3.3.3 and Corollary 3.3.5). In addition, given a one-parametric family, {\\varphi _t : \\Sigma \\to M} , of free boundary CMC immersions, we give criteria for the existence of smooth bifurcated branches of free boundary CMC immersions for the family {\\varphi_t}, via the implicit function theorem when the kernel of the Jacobi operator J is non-trivial, (Theorems 4.2.3 and 4.3.2), and we study stability and instability problems for hypersurfaces in this bifurcated branches (Theorems 5.3.1 and 5.3.3). / Nesta tese, provamos a genericidade do conjunto de métricas em uma variedade com fronteira M^{n+1}, de modo que todos os mergulhos de curvatura média constante (CMC) e fronteira livre \\varphi : \\Sigma^n \\to M^{n+1}, sendo \\Sigma uma variedade com fronteira, sejam não-degenerados (Métricas Bumpy), (Teorema 2.4.1). Nós também fornecemos condições suficientes para obter uma deformação CMC e fronteira livre de uma imersão CMC (Teoremas 3.2.1 and 3.2.2), e um critério de estabilidade para este tipo de imersões (Teorema 3.3.3 and Corolario 3.3.5). Além disso, dada uma família 1-paramétrica, {\\varphi _t : \\Sigma \\to M} , de imersões de CMC e fronteira livre, damos os critérios para a existência de ramos de bifurcação suaves de imersões CMC e fronteira livre para a familia {\\varphi_t}, por meio de o teorema da função implícita quando o kernel do operador Jacobi J é não-trivial, (Teoremas 4.2.3 and 4.3.2), e estudamos o problema da estabilidade e instabilidade para hipersuperfícies em naqueles ramos de bifurcação (Teoremas 5.3.1 and 5.3.3).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Cristina Marques.pdf: 1583337 bytes, checksum: 89fc35b70bc25acc6534461616827a7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-05 / This study evaluated three procedures to teach single digit addition to three children diagnosed with Autism. It was intended to specifically compare a parallel design of independent variables for the three procedures including Constant Time Delay, Simultaneous Prompting and No-No Prompting. With the simultaneous model, a matching procedure was used to train the children to point to the sum (model) when given a field of three numbers to compare, one being the correct answer. Prior to teaching, a complete probe of all additions of all blocks was implemented to determine baseline levels. Then the children were taught three additions in each block for each procedure, ensuring that the number of training trials for all teaching sessions remained constant for each procedure in each session. Daily probes were also conducted, as they were considered the most effective to achieve 100% accuracy in three consecutive daily sessions. Results indicate that the Constant Time Delay procedure was the most effective for teaching two participants whereas Simultaneous Prompting was most effective for the other participant. Theses results also demonstrate the need for more comparative studies to further evaluate the optimal teaching procedure / Este estudo ensinou somas por meio dos procedimentos Atraso de Tempo Constante, Simultaneous Prompting e No-No Prompting para três crianças com diagnóstico de autismo. Utilizou-se o emparelhamento com o modelo simultâneo no qual as crianças foram treinadas a apontar o resultado de uma soma (modelo) quando apresentados três números comparação, sendo um deles a resposta correta. O presente estudo pretendeu comparar por meio de um delineamento de tratamento paralelo de variáveis independentes os três procedimentos. Foram ensinadas três somas em cada bloco para cada procedimento. O número de tentativas nas sessões de ensino permanecia o mesmo em cada sessão para cada procedimento. Antes do início do ensino era aplicada uma sonda completa composta por todas as somas de todos os blocos. Também foram realizadas sondas diárias. Considerava-se mais eficaz o procedimento de ensino que atingisse 100% de acertos em três sessões diárias consecutivas. Os resultados mostraram que o procedimento Atraso de Tempo Constante foi o mais efetivo para o ensino desta tarefa para dois participantes e o Simultaneous Prompting para um participante. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de mais estudos comparativos de procedimentos de ensino

Les nanocomposites polymères diélectriques ayant une constante diélectrique élevée et une faible perte diélectrique ont reçu un grand intérêt pour une utilisation dans le domaine du condensateur électrostatique. De manière générale, les performances diélectriques améliorées des nanocomposites sont déterminées par le type et la nature des polymères et des nanocharges sélectionnés, ainsi que par l'effet de couplage interfacial entre les matrices et les nanocharges. Parmi ces facteurs, les propriétés physiques, les géométries et les structures des composants des nanocharges jouent un rôle essentiel dans la détermination des performances diélectriques des nanocomposites. Selon les conductivités des nanocharges, les nanocomposites polymères diélectriques peuvent être classés en deux types: les nanocomposites polymères diélectriques conducteurs (CDPN) et les nanocomposites polymères diélectriques-diélectriques (DDPN). Cependant, la perte diélectrique élevée accompagnée au voisinage du seuil de percolation pour les CDPN et la charge élevée de nanocharges en céramique entravent le développement de nanocomposites polymères diélectriques à haute performance.Tout d'abord, des nanocomposites ternaires BNNS/CNT/PVDF ont été fabriqués. L'incorporation de BNNS dans les nanocomposites binaires CNT/PVDF a amélioré la dispersion des NTC et optimisé le réseau conducteur. La connexion directe entre les CNT pourrait être entravée en augmentant le contenu de BNNS.Deuxièmement, des hybrides CNT@AC à structure cœur-coquille ont été préparés par méthode CVD. La couche de carbone amorphe entrave non seulement le contact direct des NTC, mais améliore également la dispersibilité des NTC dans la matrice de PVDF. Le seuil de percolation augmente avec la prolongation du temps de dépôt du carbone. Plus important encore, la perte diélectrique a subi une forte diminution après le processus de revêtement. Troisièmement, les hybrides BNNSs@C avec des teneurs en carbone différentes ont été synthétisés par la méthode CVD. La fraction de carbone dans les hybrides BNNSs@C pourrait être ajustée avec précision en contrôlant le temps de dépôt de carbone. Les propriétés diélectriques des nanocomposites BNNSs@C/PVDF pourraient être ajustées avec précision en ajustant la teneur en carbone. Les polarisations interfaciales améliorées des interfaces BNNS/C et C/PVDF ont doté les nanocomposites de performances diélectriques améliorées.Quatrièmement, les hybrides TiO2@C NW structurés en noyau et en coquille ont été synthétisés par une combinaison d'une réaction hydrothermale et du procédé CVD. L'épaisseur de la couche de carbone dans les hybrides TiO2@C NW obtenus pourrait être précisément ajustée en contrôlant le temps de dépôt du carbone. De plus, les propriétés diélectriques des nanocomposites TiO2@C NWs/PVDF pourraient être ajustées avec précision en ajustant l'épaisseur de la coque en carbone. Les polarisations interfaciales améliorées des interfaces TiO2/C et C/PVDF ont doté les nanocomposites d'excellentes performances diélectriques.Enfin, des nanofils structurés de TiO2@C@SiO2 structurés à double coques ont été synthétisés par une combinaison de réactions hydrothermales modifiées, de CVD et de réactions sol-gel. L'introduction de carbone comme enveloppe interne entre le noyau de TiO2 et l'enveloppe externe de SiO2 a induit deux types supplémentaires de polarisation interfaciale. Les nanocomposites de PVDF obtenus avec TiO2@C@SiO2 NWs présentaient simultanément une constante diélectrique améliorée et des caractéristiques de perte diélectrique supprimées. La constante diélectrique et la perte de nanocomposites ont augmenté avec l'augmentation de l'épaisseur de la couche interne de carbone et ont diminué avec l'augmentation de l'épaisseur de la couche externe de SiO2. La relation entre la perte diélectrique et l'épaisseur de l'enveloppe extérieure en SiO2 a été démontrée par les résultats de la simulation finie. / Dielectric polymer nanocomposites with a high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss have received broad interest for use in the field of the electrostatic capacitor and they are usually composed of dielectric polymers as matrix and inorganic or organic nanofillers as the reinforcement. Generally, the improved dielectric performance of nanocomposites is decided by the type and nature of selected polymers and nanofillers as well as interfacial coupling effect between matrices and nanofillers. Among these factors, the physical properties, geometries, component structures of nanofillers play a critical role in deciding the dielectric performance of nanocomposites. According to the conductivities of nanofillers, the dielectric polymer nanocomposites can be classified into two types: conductive-dielectric polymer nanocomposites (CDPNs) and dielectric-dielectric polymer nanocomposites (DDPNs). However, the accompanied high dielectric loss in the vicinity of the percolation threshold for CDPNs and high loading of ceramic nanofillers hinders the development of high performance dielectric polymer nanocomposites.Firstly, ternary BNNSs/CNTs/PVDF nanocomposites were fabricated. The incorporation of BNNSs into the binary CNTs/PVDF nanocomposites improved the dispersion of CNTs and optimized the conductive network, which contributed to the enhanced dielectric constant. The direct connection between CNTs could be hindered by increasing the content of BNNS.Secondly, core-shell structured CNTs@AC hybrids were prepared by CVD method. The amorphous carbon layer not only hindered the direct contact of CNTs but also improved the dispersibility of CNTs in the PVDF matrix. The percolation threshold increased with the prolongation of carbon deposition time. More importantly, the dielectric loss underwent a sharp decrease after the coating process, which was attributed to the decrease in leakage current. The results suggested that the influence of AC interlayer on the final dielectric performance after percolation was much more obvious than that before percolation.Thirdly, BNNSs@C hybrids with different carbon contents were synthesized by the CVD method. The carbon fraction in the BNNSs@C hybrids could be accurately adjusted through controlling the carbon deposition time. The dielectric properties of BNNSs@C/PVDF nanocomposites could be accurately tuned by adjusting the carbon content. The improved interfacial polarizations of BNNSs/C and C/PVDF interfaces endowed the nanocomposites with enhanced dielectric performance.Fourthly, core-shell structured TiO2@C NW hybrids were synthesized by a combination of a hydrothermal reaction and the CVD method. The carbon shell thickness in the obtained TiO2@C NW hybrids could be precisely tuned by controlling the carbon deposition time. The TiO2@C NWs/PVDF nanocomposites exhibited a percolative dielectric behavior. Moreover, the dielectric properties of the TiO2@C NWs/PVDF nanocomposites could be accurately adjusted by tuning the carbon shell thickness. The enhanced interfacial polarizations of the TiO2/C and C/PVDF interfaces endowed the nanocomposites with excellent dielectric performance.Lastly, core@double-shells structured TiO2@C@SiO2 nanowires were synthesized by a combination of modified hydrothermal reaction, CVD, and sol-gel reaction. The introducing of carbon as an inner shell between the TiO2 core and SiO2 outer shell induced two additional types of interfacial polarization. The obtained PVDF nanocomposites with TiO2@C@SiO2 NWs exhibited simultaneously enhanced dielectric constant and suppressed dielectric loss characteristics. The dielectric constant and loss of nanocomposites increased with the increase of carbon inner shell thickness and decreased with the increasing of SiO2 outer shell thickness. The relationship between the dielectric loss and SiO2 outer shell thickness was further demonstrated by the finite simulation results.

Lors de la dégustation d’un vin, les tannins sont responsables de deux propriétés gustatives, l’amertume et l’astringence, respectivement dues à des associations avec les protéines salivaires et les récepteurs au goût amer. Néanmoins, leurs intensités perçues en bouche vont dépendre de multiples facteurs, notamment la présence de molécules externes aux complexes tannin-protéine tel que les lipides, qu’ils soient situés au niveau des membranes buccales ou issus de l’alimentation. L’objectif de cette thèse a ainsi été d’examiner l’impact des lipides sur ces sensations organoleptiques. Pour ce faire, cette étude, réalisée principalement par RMN, s’est intéressée aux interactions tannin-lipide sur des modèles de membranes buccales et d’émulsions de gouttelettes lipidiques. Nous avons pu alors étudier l’interaction tannin-lipide en termes de localisation, d’affinité et de dynamique. Nos résultats montrent dans un premier temps une localisation du tannin à l’interface de tous les modèles utilisés. En outre, l’insertion de tannins au niveau des vésicules multilamellaires, modèle utilisé pour mimer les membranes buccales, entraîne une fluidification de ce système lipidique. Il a été montré que cet effet fluidifiant dépend de la structure du tannin, de la présence d’éthanol et de la teneur en cholestérol du système lipidique. Enfin, un protocole permettant d’obtenir les constantes d’associations tannin-lipide par RMN a été établi. Ces dernières se sont révélées du même ordre de grandeur que celles relatives aux interactions tannin-protéine salivaire. Ces résultats montrent que les lipides auraient une influence d’une part sur l’astringence via une compétition entre les interactions tannin-lipide et les interactions tannin-protéines salivaires et d’autre part sur l’amertume en perturbant la dynamique de la membrane, ce qui pourrait induire une perturbation des récepteurs gustatifs. / When tasting a wine, tannins are responsible of two gustative properties, bitterness and astringency, respectively due to association between tannins and salivary proteins or bitter receptors. However, perceived intensities depend on several factors, including the presence of external molecules such as lipids, either located in the buccal membranes or from food. The main objective of this thesis was to study the effect of lipids on these two organoleptic properties. For that, this study, carried out mainly by NMR, is interested in tannin-lipid interaction using several models of buccal membranes and lipid droplets. We have studied these interactions in terms of localization, affinity and dynamics. Our results show a localization of tannins at the interface of all studied lipid models. Then, the insertion of tannins in multilamellar vesicles, used to mimic buccal membranes, causes a fluidification effect on these systems. This effect depends on the structure of the tannin, the presence of ethanol and the cholesterol content of the lipid system. Finally, a protocol to determine the tannin-lipid association constants was developed. The latter have proved to be in the same order of magnitude as those for tannin-salivary protein interaction. These results show that lipids could have an influence on the one hand on astringency, due to the competition between tannin-lipid interaction and tannin-salivary protein interaction, and on the other hand on bitterness due to the disturbance of the buccal membrane dynamics, which could induce a disturbance of the gustative receptors.

Orientadores: Edson Correa da Silva e Antonio Manoel Mansanares / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T17:40:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Albuquerque_MarcosLazarodeSouza_D.pdf: 2664850 bytes, checksum: 47305c651cc9350b772372c3f4181f3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um experimento de detecção fototémica com dois sensores piroelétricos em uma célula capacitiva que permite a realização de medidas térmicas e elétricas em materiais pastosos em função da temperatura.A célula idealizada para medidas elétricas e térmicas é um capacitor plano de placas paralelas capaz de obter das amostras investigadas os parâmetros de efusividade térmica, difusividade térmica,condutividade térmica e constante dielétrica relativa,simultaneamente,além de detectar transições,em especial fusão.A célula capacitiva fotopiroelétrica é composta por dois sensores piroelétricos entre os quais a amostra é posicionada.Um elemento Peltier associado a um termistor é utilizado para o controle de temperatura.Incide sobre a célula um feixe de radiação eletromagnética oriunda de uma fonte Laser Ar + (514,5 nm ).A radiação modulada atinge diretamente um dos sensores que é opaco e que está em contato térmico com a amostra.O calor gerado no primeiro sensor se propaga, então,pelo sistema amostra-segundo sensor gerando sinais nos dois sensores que são amplificados em amplitude e fase por dois amplificadores seletivos.Ao mesmo tempo,os sinais elétricos da célula capacitiva são registrados por uma ponte RCL operando em 2 kHz.A aquisição de dados dos sinais térmicos é procedida em programa escrito em ambiente LabView para varredura de freqüência de 0 a 100 Hz.Preliminarmente,medidas foram realizadas com margarina e mostraram o potencial da metodologia na verificação do comportamento térmico e elétrico de materiais pastosos.Foi investigado um conjunto de oito amostras constituídas por pares de componentes em proporções e métodos de sínteses diferentes de três tipos de óleos vegetais:algodão,palma e soja.Para a obtenção da constante dielétrica relativa da amostra,o valor da capacitância da mesma foi normalizado pelo valor de capacitância da célula vazia (dielétrico o ar).Modelos para a interpretação dos dados experimentais das medidas térmicas e elétricas foram desenvolvidos.Os gráficos dos sinais de amplitude e fase térmicas detectados pelos sensores foram plotados em função da freqüência de modulação e ajustados pelas equações teóricas dos sensores para a obtenção dos parâmetros térmicos.Foram obtidos valores dos parâmetros efusividade térmica, difusividade térmica,condutividade térmica e constante dielétrica relativa das oito amostras investigadas, além da identificação da região do ponto de fusão das mesmas.Os resultados mostraram que a célula desenvolvida neste trabalho para a aplicação em materiais pastosos pode identificar a região do ponto de fusão,obter os parâmetros térmicos e a constante dielétrica relativa das amostras investigadas / Abstract: This work consists in the development of an experimental apparatus of photopyroelectric detection using two pyroelectric sensors in a capacitive cell which allows the accomplishment of electrical and thermal measurements of pasty materials as a function of the temperature.The idealized cell for electrical and thermal measurements is based in a parallel plane-plate capacitor whose metallic plates are the internal surfaces of the pyroelectric sensors.The system is capable to obtain thermal parameters like effusivity, diffusivity and conductivity,and electric parameters like the dielectric constant for the investigated samples.The identification of the melt point region from either the thermal measurements of the photopyroelectric signal amplitude and phase or the electrical measurements is possible as well.The capacitive photopyroelectric cell is composed by two pyroelectric sensors.An insulator support is used to accommodate the samples which are placed between the sensors.An aluminum piece hold all parts of the cell;one Peltier element is associated with a termistor to control the temperature.An eletromagnetic radiation beam from a Ar + laser incides on the cell and is modulated by an acoustic-optic modulator.The modulated radiation reaches one of the sensors which is opaque and in contact with the sample.Two L ck-in amplifiers amplify the signals originated in each sensor due to the propagation of heat while the electrical signals are registered by an automatic RCL bridge operating at 2 kHz.For data acquisition a Labview language computer software was used allowing to frequency scanning from 0 to 100 Hz. Preliminary experiments were carried out with margarine and showed the methodology pontential in the verification of the thermal and electrical behavior of pasty materials.It was investigated a set of eight samples formed by different compositions of three vegetable oils:cotton,palm and soy in different proportions and within two synthesis methods (basic mixture of intersterification).The sample capacitance was normalized by the empty cell to obtain the relative dielectric constant of the sample.The models for the thermal and electrical data interpretation were developed.For the thermal case simulations were proceeded for a basic oil in order to verify the model.The graphs for thermal amplitude and phase from both sensors were plotted as a function of modulation frequency from which the thermal properties were obtained by fitting the model equations.The values of thermal effusivity,thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and relative dielectric constant were obtained for the samples and the transition melting region as well.The results have shown that the cell here developed is very suitable for the determination of thermal and electrical properties of pasty samples and the determination of transition as well. / Doutorado / Física Geral / Doutor em Ciências